深圳和DW收到一个不受限制的资金VIROPHARMA的。

1。菠萝蛋白酶处理过的红血细胞的制备<ol><li>洗0类型的红细胞3倍用1×PBS（离心664×g离心2-5分钟）。 </li><li>孵育1卷袋装RBC与两卷的10分钟0.5％的菠萝蛋白酶溶液在37°C </li><li>洗细胞3倍用1×PBS。 </li><li>该细胞可以被存储为在4℃下在1×PBS中3％的溶液，至少一个星期。 </li></ol> 2。 C3和C4沉积分析红细胞用流式细胞仪<ol><li>通过在56℃下将样品加热30分钟热失活所需的病人血清的量（或其它抗红细胞抗体来源） </li><li>在VBG洗菠萝蛋白酶处理的红细胞三次- （5 mM的佛罗那，150 mM氯化钠，0.05％明胶pH7.4）中重悬在他们VBG + +（VBG - + 2毫摩尔MgCl 2 +的10mM的CaCl 2），得到0.5％的溶液。 </li><li>吸取以下组件成圆底板中，用玻璃珠（六或适当的混合）：25微升0.5％的红细胞，37.5微升新鲜的AB血清（补源）和37.5μL200μg/ ml的抗C5。抗C5是昂贵的并且可能是很难获得的。人们可以考虑使用C5-/C6-/C7-或C8缺乏血清代替AB血清和抗-C5。 </li><li>添加每孔患者血清的0.1-33％的终浓度。正确的差异在血清浓度每孔由于使用热灭活的AB血清。加VBG + +得到150微升/终体积良好。关闭板与酶联免疫吸附贴膜。 </li><li>孵育1.5-2小时，在37℃振荡。 </li><li>用PBS +0.5％BSA（离心664×g离心2分钟）洗涤红细胞3次。 </li><li>添加荧光标记的抗C3和抗-C 4的单克隆抗体或其Fab片段在PBS +0.5％BSA（减少凝集），以1微克/毫升的最终浓度。这里定制开发的抗-C3-的Alexa Fluor 488和抗-C4的Alexa Fluor 647的单克隆抗体被使用;成分股的选择Ë荧光标记允许同时检测C3和C4的流式细胞仪。 </li><li>孵育30-45分钟，在室温下轻轻摇动。 </li><li>洗涤红细胞3次，用PBS +0.5％BSA中。 </li><li>重悬红细胞150微升的PBS +0.5％BSA和吸取到一个新板（玻璃珠的流式细胞仪分析之前干掉）。 </li><li>进行FACS分析。独立的单细胞在分散绘图FSC-A双峰，在 ​​单一红细胞设置闸门;选择的荧光信号（ 如 FITC和APC）的相应检测通道。 </li><li>使用中值荧光强度定量结果。 </li></ol>注意：可以使用同种型对照（ 例如，荧光标记的抗IL6小鼠IgG1）。然而，建议包含一个真阴性对照，例如通过孵育红细胞无患者血清（只有AB血清）或没有补体源（热灭活的AB血清和热灭活患者血清），一ð然后用相同的抗-C3-的Alexa Fluor 488和抗-C4的Alexa Fluor 647抗体染色这些。这给出了比在红血细胞12的情况下的同种型对照更有效的控制，尽管这些不同的控件通常给予相同的，负面的结果。 3。定量溶血测定<ol><li>通过将样品加热30分钟，在56℃下热失活所需的患者的血清的量（或其它抗红细胞抗体来源） </li><li>洗涤红细胞3倍与VBG -一旦与VBG + +。 </li><li>吸取以下组件成圆底板中，用玻璃珠（对于适当的混合）：35微升3％的红细胞，将25μl新鲜AB血清（补体源）和1〜50％患者血清。正确使用热灭活的AB血清的血清浓度的差异。加VBG + +得到150微升/终体积良好。关闭板与酶联免疫吸附贴膜。 </li><li>在37°C为1.5-2小时，用颤抖。 </li><li> Çentrifuge板在664×g离心5分钟以减少减速（ 例如减速至完全停止在2-3分钟）。 </li><li>小心吸取90微升上清液在一个新的微孔板。它以防止气泡，并防止带沿完整的细胞是在此步骤中很重要。 </li><li>在合适的分光光度计测量A414/690。 </li><li>表达的裂解作为与纯净水的样品的红细胞溶胞的百分比。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zeerleder, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+haemolytic+anaemia+-+a+practical+guide+to+cope+with+a+diagnostic+and+therapeutic+challenge.">Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - a practical guide to cope with a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.</a> Neth. J. Med. 69 (4), 177-184 (2011).</li><li>Reardon, J. E., Marques, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+and+transfusion+support+of+patients+with+autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia.">Laboratory evaluation and transfusion support of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</a> Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 125, 71-77 (2006).</li><li>Lai, M., Leone, G., Landolfi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia+with+gel-based+immunohematology+tests.">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with gel-based immunohematology tests.</a> Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 139 (4), 457-463 (2013).</li><li>Zantek, N. D., Koepsell, S. A., Tharp Jr, ., R, D., Cohn, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+direct+antiglobulin+test:+A+critical+step+in+the+evaluation+of+hemolysis.">The direct antiglobulin test: A critical step in the evaluation of hemolysis.</a> Am. J. Hematol. 87 (7), 707-709 (2012).</li><li>Natukunda, B., Brand, A., Schonewille, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+blood+cell+alloimmunization+from+an+African+perspective.">Red blood cell alloimmunization from an African perspective.</a> Curr. Opin. Hematol. 17 (6), 565-570 (2010).</li><li>Packman, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemolytic+anemia+due+to+warm+autoantibodies.">Hemolytic anemia due to warm autoantibodies.</a> Blood Rev. 22 (1), 17-31 (2008).</li><li>Berentsen, S., Tj&#248;nnfjord, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+and+treatment+of+cold+agglutinin+mediated+autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia.">Diagnosis and treatment of cold agglutinin mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</a> Blood Rev. 26 (3), 107-115 (2012).</li><li>Petz, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cold+antibody+autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia.">Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</a> Blood Rev. 22 (1), 1-15 (2008).</li><li>Barros, M. M. O., Blajchman, M. A., Bordin, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Warm+autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia:+recent+progress+in+understanding+the+immunobiology+and+the+treatment.">Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia: recent progress in understanding the immunobiology and the treatment.</a> Transfus. Med. Rev. 24 (3), 195-210 (2010).</li><li>Endoh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+prewarming+conditions+for+Rh+antibody+testing.">Optimal prewarming conditions for Rh antibody testing.</a> Transfusion. 46 (9), 1521-1525 (2006).</li><li>Wouters, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C1-esterase+inhibitor+concentrate+rescues+erythrocytes+from+complement-mediated+destruction+in+autoimmune+hemolytic+anemia.">C1-esterase inhibitor concentrate rescues erythrocytes from complement-mediated destruction in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</a> Blood. 121 (7), 1242-1244 (2013).</li><li>Arndt, P. A., Garratty, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Critical+Review+of+Published+Methods+for+Analysis+of+Red+Cell+Antigen-Antibody+Reactions+by+Flow+Cytometry,+and+Approaches+for+Resolving+Problems+with+Red+Cell+Agglutination.">A Critical Review of Published Methods for Analysis of Red Cell Antigen-Antibody Reactions by Flow Cytometry, and Approaches for Resolving Problems with Red Cell Agglutination.</a> Transfus. Med. Rev. 24 (3), 172-194 (2010).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

上述测定是可再现的和鲁棒性。它们很容易进行，并有可能与许多样品在同一时间（在96孔板中）执行它们。因此，这种方法也将适合于一个完全自动化的系统中， 例如在ELISA机器人系统。相反，目前使用的技术，这些测定是定量的，这将有助于例如在补体抑制剂的作用的研究。此外，该解释是客观的，这是一个改进目前使用的检测。 这两种检测方法有一个关键...

对红血细胞（红细胞）的抗体可通过红细胞表达抗原其不存在于接收者的红细胞输血诱发。这些异体抗体可能会由于须待下列输血5，补充活化严重的急性溶血性输血反应。在自身免疫性溶血性贫血（AIHA），患者有自身抗体对自身红细胞。这导致了细胞通过的IgG结合到红细胞上的脾和/或壳体的自身抗体能够通过补体受体在肝脏6,7，激活补体的吞噬细胞的Fcγ-受体的相互作用加速间隙。暴发性补体激活导致血管内溶血是罕见的，但往往是致命的。加速，补体介导的红细胞破坏引起的任何异体或自身抗体导致急性贫血，因此潜在的致命性组织缺氧。自动抗体AIHA归类在温暖和寒冷的抗体，dependin在他们结合到红细胞（37°C或更低，分别）的最佳温度克。温暖的抗体是IgG同种型通常和IgM抗体的冷抗体同型8,9。 AIHA可继发如 lymphoprolyferative疾病，结缔组织疾病，实体肿瘤，感染或药物，但在50％的案件AIHA是特发性9。 检测丙种球蛋白（ 例如 ，IgG或IgM）和补体结合到病人的红细胞是通过半定量直接抗球蛋白（Coombs）试验（DAT）装置进行的。在DAT患者红细胞温育与抗IgG或抗体C3d。红细胞凝集的现象证明了附加的补体组分或IgG结合的存在。检测异体或在患者的血清中的自身抗体是由间接抗球蛋白试验（IAT）的装置执行。 IAT中，菠萝蛋白酶处理过的试验红细胞温育与病人血清，洗涤，然后用抗-H培养乌曼IgG抗体。的情况下的红细胞已被致敏的抗红细胞抗体存在于病人血清凝集会发生。 IgM抗体对红细胞后的菠萝蛋白酶治疗试验的红细胞与患者血清孵育，将直接导致凝集。红细胞凝集的直接Coombs试验或IAT中或者由眼睛在试管中或通过在一个小Sephadex柱由大小为1分离凝集和单个红细胞将样品加载在视觉上进行评估。 另一种常用的技术来测量红细胞的补体激活是溶血测定1中，其中患者血清诱导的菠萝蛋白酶处理的红细胞10（补体-介导的），溶血的能力进行评估。测试记为阳性时，离心后的上清液染成红色由于释放血红蛋白，并认为，如果它仍然无色为负。无论是抗人球蛋白试验和溶血试验是半定量以来的最高塞鲁米稀释来表示，其中，测试仍然是阳性。 抗球蛋白试验和溶血试验是强大的分析认为在诊断常规使用。因为这些测定是半定量的，依赖于执行它们不适合研究补体活化的红细胞上细微的差别，如在评估补体抑制剂的疗效所需的测定中的技术人员的经验。因此，我们开发了两个定量检测由（自动）抗体，以确定补体激活对红细胞，我们将在本文中介绍。 首先，我们开发了一种测定法来测量补体C3和C4的激活片段对红细胞的沉积（ 图1A）。在该试验中，人的菠萝蛋白酶处理过的0型红细胞温育用热灭活的患者血清（抗红细胞抗体来源），清新AB血清（补体源）和抗C5单克隆抗体（艾库组单抗）。在这个INCubation，会发生C3和C4的沉积，如果病人血清中含有补体激活抗红细胞抗体。为了防止红细胞裂解由下游的补体激活阻断性抗-C5单克隆抗体被加入。接着，C3和C4上的红细胞沉积是通过使用荧光标记的单克隆抗体或Fab片段与C3和C4，分别进行反应的FACS检测。门上的单个红细胞是很重要的，以确保结果的可靠性。这种技术的优点包括所需要的小体积患者材料制成，在级联的早期活化补体被评估，并且该​​方法是可重复的和定量的。看着两个C3和C4的一个附加优点是可以区别的经典和凝集素途径的激活（包括C3和C4沉积）和交替途径激活（只有C3沉积）之间进行。而不是未经处理的红细胞使用菠萝蛋白酶处理的红细胞增加了作为灵敏度说。 第二个分析是基于当前使用的溶血测定（ 图1B）。人类菠萝蛋白酶治疗0型红细胞孵育用热灭活的患者血清（抗红细胞抗体源）和新鲜的AB血清（补源）。如果补体是由患者抗红细胞抗体激活，会出现剂量依赖性红细胞溶解，导致释放出血红蛋白。发布血红蛋白量是通过降低盘片的完整和支离破碎的红细胞后，测量其吸光度在上清液414 nm的量化。吸光度关联与发生溶血的量。相反，目前使用的测定法，该协议允许一个目标，溶血，这是非常可重复的和不依赖于解释该测定中的人的数量值。 这些方法的应用已在11，在那里可能使用的C1-抑制剂如AIHA补体抑制剂呈S被描述tudied。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="845">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:316px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-4287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Barbital</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fagron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0261</td>
			<td>This chemical is subject to drug regulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Barbital</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fagron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0263</td>
			<td>This chemical is subject to drug regulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.0470.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06404.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.05833.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.0238.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dylight 488 amine reactive dye</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dylight 650 amine reactive dye</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#945;C5 (Eculizumab)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Alexion Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FACS (Canto)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Any FACS can be used that has the appropiate lasers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spectrophotometer (e.g. Multiskan spectrum)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Labsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1500-193</td>
			<td>Any spectrophotometer with the right wavelength range can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD FACSDiva software v 6.1.2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">643629</td>
			<td>Any compatible FACS analysis software can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bromelain</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sanquin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for quantitative detection of antibody-induced complement activation on red blood cells

对红血细胞（红细胞）的抗体可导致补体激活导致通过补体受体在肝脏中（血管外溶血）或导致红细胞的血管内溶解的加速间隙。同种抗体（ 如 ABO）或自身抗体红细胞抗原（如自身免疫性溶血性贫血，AIHA看出），导致补体激活有潜在危害，可-导致血管内溶解，尤其是当-致命1。目前，补体激活，由于对红细胞（自动）抗体是通过使用Coombs试验反映了补体沉积于红细胞或由非定量溶血测定反映红细胞裂解1-4评估体外 。但是，为了评估补体抑制剂的疗效，它是强制性的，具有定量技术。在这里，我们描述了两个这样的技术。首先，检测以检测C3和C4上的沉积是由抗体诱导在患者血清中红细胞是预sented。为此，FACS分析是使用荧光标记的抗-C3或抗-C 4的抗体。接着，定量溶血测定进行说明。在此测定法，补体介导的溶血引起的病人血清的测量是利用分光光度法检测所释放的血红蛋白的。这两个实验都非常重复性和定量，促进抗体诱导补体活化的研究。

图2A显示了一个代表性的散点图红细胞。对于单个红细胞合适的门可以看出，在去FSC-W - FSC-A地块（P1）。通常约95％的红细胞落入本P1栅极（单细胞）内，但是，当患者血清的高百分比被使用时，这可降低到70-80％，特别是当抗红细胞IgM是存在于病人血清。 对C4沉积AIHA患者血清的效果代表性的结果示于图2B和图2C C3沉积。如在这些图中可?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells at JoVE.com

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

在这里，我们描述了两个测定法用于测定补体活化诱导的抗红细胞。过电流测定法的主要优点是它们的数量和易于理解的性质。

定量检测抗体诱导补体激活的方法对红血细胞

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

methods-for-quantitative-detection-antibody-induced-complement

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

30.4K 次观看.  University of Amsterdam. 在这里，我们描述了两个测定法用于测定补体活化诱导的抗红细胞。过电流测定法的主要优点是它们的数量和易于理解的性质。 

视频: Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions. In particular, molecular approaches such as real-time PCR and microarray analysis require the isolation of cell populations with high purity. Commonly used purification strategies include fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic bead separation and complement depletion. Of the three strategies, complement depletion offers the advantages of being fast, inexpensive, gentle on the cells and a high cell yield. The complement system is composed of a large number of plasma proteins that when activated initiate a proteolytic cascade culminating in the formation of a membrane-attack complex that forms a pore on a cell surface resulting in cell death1. The classical pathway is activated by IgM and IgG antibodies and was first described as a mechanism for killing bacteria. With the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the complement cascade can be used to lyse any cell population in an antigen-specific manner. Depletion of cells by the complement cascade is achieved by the addition of complement fixing antigen-specific antibodies and rabbit complement to the starting cell population. The cells are incubated for one hour at 37&deg;C and the lysed cells are subsequently removed by two rounds of washing. MAb with a high efficiency for complement fixation typically deplete 95-100% of the targeted cell population. Depending on the purification strategy for the targeted cell population, complement depletion can be used for cell purification or for the enrichment of cell populations that then can be further purified by a subsequent method.

To effectively study the function of immune cell populations their purification is often required. Complement depletion is a fast and inexpensive technique for the isolation of immune cell populations with high purity.

补消耗的特定细胞群的枯竭

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions.  In particular, molecular approaches such as ...

科研

免疫与感染

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal tract and other viscera. It harbors a number of immune cells including macrophages, B cells and T cells. The presence of a high number of na&iuml;ve macrophages in the peritoneal cavity makes it a preferred site for the collection of na&iuml;ve tissue resident macrophages (1). The peritoneal cavity is also important to the study of B cells because of the presence of a unique peritoneal cavity-resident B cell subset known as B1 cells in addition to conventional B2 cells. B1 cells are subdivided into B1a and B1b cells, which can be distinguished by the surface expression of CD11b and CD5. B1 cells are an important source of natural IgM providing early protection from a variety of pathogens (2-4). These cells are autoreactive in nature (5), but how they are controlled to prevent autoimmunity is still not understood completely. On the contrary, CD5+ B1a cells possess some regulatory properties by virtue of their IL-10 producing capacity (6). Therefore, peritoneal cavity B1 cells are an interesting cell population to study because of their diverse function and many unaddressed questions associated with their development and regulation. The isolation of peritoneal cavity resident immune cells is tricky because of the lack of a defined structure inside the peritoneal cavity. Our protocol will describe a procedure for obtaining viable immune cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice, which then can be used for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry and for different biochemical and immunological assays.

The peritoneal cavity in mammals contains different immune cell populations crucial for innate immune responses. An efficient isolation method is required for biochemical and functional analyses of these cells. Here we provide a comprehensive method for the isolation of peritoneal cavity cells in the mouse.

小鼠腹膜腔细胞的分离

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal ...

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

激活的B细胞CD40的小鼠模型

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of microbial (e.g., viruses, bacteria and parasite) infections, they also play an important role in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and possibly in autoimmune diseases. Thus, the intensity and duration of TLR responses against infectious diseases must be tightly controlled. It follows that understanding the structural integrity of sensor receptors, their ligand interactions and signaling components is essential for subsequent immunological protection. It would also provide important opportunities for disease modification through sensor manipulation. Although the signaling pathways of TLR sensors are well characterized, the parameters controlling interactions between the sensors and their ligands still remain poorly defined. We have recently identified a novel mechanism of TLR activation by its natural ligand, which has not been previously observed 1,2. It suggests that ligand-induced TLR activation is tightly controlled by Neu1 sialidase activation. We have also reported that Neu1 tightly regulates neurotrophin receptors like TrkA and TrkB 3, which involve Neu1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cross-talk in complex with the receptors 4. The sialidase assay has been initially use to find a novel ligand, thymoquinone, in the activation of Neu4 sialidase on the cell surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblast cells via GPCR G&alpha;i proteins and MMP-9 5. For TLR receptors, our data indicate that Neu1 sialidase is already in complex with TLR-2, -3 and -4 receptors, and is induced upon ligand binding to either receptor. Activated Neu1 sialidase hydrolyzes sialyl &alpha;-2,3-linked &beta;-galactosyl residues distant from ligand binding to remove steric hinderance to TLR-4 dimerization, MyD88/TLR4 complex recruitment, NFkB activation and pro-inflammatory cell responses. In a collaborative report, Neu1 sialidase has been shown to regulate phagocytosis in macrophage cells 6. Taken together, the sialidase assay has provided us with powerful insights to the molecular mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor activation. Although the precise relationship between Neu1 sialidase and the activation of TLR, Trk receptors has yet to be fully elucidated, it would represent a new or pioneering approach to cell regulation pathways.

The sialidase assay is a simple technical approach that will elucidate novel molecular mechanism(s) of TLR sensors of microbial infections and involvement in inflammatory diseases at the receptor level on the cell surface of live macrophages.

在调节Toll样受体激活Neu1唾液酸酶活动的检测

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of ...

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

胶粘剂基于磁带的采样和荧光组合原位杂交快速检测沙门氏菌新鲜农产品

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection

Based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide variety of pathogens 1-3. Since the mammalian cell system is capable of post-translational modification, thus forming properly folded and glycosylated proteins, recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian cells have shown the greatest potential to maintain high antigenicity and immunogenicity 4-6.
Although no new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004, future outbreaks are a constant threat; therefore, the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV is a prudent preventive step and should be carried out. The RBD of SARS-CoV S protein plays important roles in receptor binding and induction of specific neutralizing antibodies against virus infection 7-9. Therefore, in this protocol, we describe novel methods for developing a RBD-based subunit vaccine against SARS. Briefly, the recombinant RBD protein (rRBD) was expressed in culture supernatant of mammalian 293T cells to obtain a correctly folded protein with proper conformation and high immunogenicity 6. The transfection of the recombinant plasmid encoding RBD to the cells was then performed using a calcium phosphate transfection method 6,10 with some modifications. Compared with the lipid transfection method 11,12, this modified calcium phosphate transfection method is cheaper, easier to handle, and has the potential to reach high efficacy once a transfection complex with suitable size and shape is formed 13,14. Finally, a SARS pseudovirus neutralization assay was introduced in the protocol and used to detect the neutralizing activity of sera of mice vaccinated with rRBD protein. This assay is relatively safe, does not involve an infectious SARS-CoV, and can be performed without the requirement of a biosafety-3 laboratory 15.
The protocol described here can also be used to design and study recombinant subunit vaccines against other viruses with class I fusion proteins, for example, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Ebola virus, influenza virus, as well as Nipah and Handra viruses. In addition, the methods for generating a pseudovirus and subsequently establishing a pseudovirus neutralization assay can be applied to all these viruses.

This protocol describes a general procedure for studying recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based subunit vaccines against SARS. It includes methods for transfection and expression of RBD protein in 293T cells, immunization of mice with RBD and detection of neutralization activity of mouse sera using an established SARS pseudovirus neutralization assay.

协议RBD - SARS疫苗的重组蛋白的制备，动物疫苗接种和中检测

Based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide ...

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

流感病毒的高通量检测方法

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia 1-3. Due to the presence of multitude of antigens on the RBC surface (~308 known antigens 4), patients in the chronic blood transfusion therapy develop alloantibodies due to the miss match of minor antigens on transfused RBCs 4, 5. Grafting of hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) forms an exclusion layer on RBC membrane that prevents the interaction of antibodies with surface antigens without affecting the passage of small molecules such as oxygen ,glucose, and ions3. At present no method is available for the generation of universal red blood donor cells in part because of the daunting challenge presented by the presence of large number of antigens (protein and carbohydrate based) on the RBC surface and the development of such methods will significantly improve transfusion safety, and dramatically improve the availability and use of RBCs. In this report, the experiments that are used to develop antigen protected functional RBCs by the membrane grafting of HPG and their characterization are presented. HPGs are highly biocompatible compact polymers 6, 7, and are expected to be located within the cell glycocalyx that surrounds the lipid membrane 8, 9 and mask RBC surface antigens10, 11.

The cell membrane modification of red blood cells (RBCs) with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) is presented. Modified RBCs were characterized by aqueous two phase partitioning, osmotic fragility and complement mediated lysis. The camouflage of surface proteins and antigens was evaluated using the flow cytometry and Micro Typing System (MTS) blood phenotyping cards.

紧凑型超支化聚乙二醇接枝的膜抗原受保护的功能性红血细胞

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Assays for Detection and Characterization of Protein Antimicrobials

Initial evaluations of large microbial libraries for potential producers of novel antimicrobial proteins require both qualitative and quantitative methods to screen for target enzymes prior to investing greater research effort and resources. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate two complementary assays for conducting these initial evaluations. The microslide diffusion assay provides an initial or simple detection screen to enable the qualitative and rapid assessment of proteolytic activity against an array of both viable and heat-killed bacterial target substrates. As a counterpart, the increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the dye-release assay provides a quantitative platform for evaluating and comparing environmental influences affecting the hydrolytic activity of protein antimicrobials. The ability to label specific heat-killed cell culture substrates with Remazol brilliant blue R dye expands this capability to tailor the dye-release assay to characterize enzymatic activity of interest.

Here, we present protocols to rapidly screen and characterize enzymes for antimicrobial activity. The microslide diffusion assay and the dye-release assay utilize target bacterial substrates for qualitative and quantitative enzymatic activity evaluation.

定性和定量测定为检测和蛋白质抗菌药物的表征

Initial evaluations of large microbial libraries for potential producers of novel antimicrobial proteins require both qualitative and quantitative methods ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

葡聚糖增强小鼠和人原发性 NK 细胞的慢转导效率

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...