这项工作是由瑞士国家科学基金（批准N°PZ00P2_126430 / 1和PZ00P2_144595）的支持。 C. Leumann教授深表感谢提供实验室场地和设备，以及对他的一贯支持。苏克内希特女士是公认的富有成果的讨论。

1。修正的三磷酸核苷的合成选择的合成方法如下路德维希和埃克斯坦发展，因为这种方法一般是可靠的，并导致极少数的副产物（ 图1A）39的程序。 <ol><li> Coevaporate的适当3&#39;-OAC-保护的核苷（一般为0.1毫摩尔）与两次无水吡啶（2ml）中，然后在真空下干燥过夜。在同一时间，干三丁基焦磷酸（0.13毫摩尔）在真空下过夜。 </li><li>溶解核苷中的最小无水吡啶（0.2ml）中，并加入无水二恶烷（0.6毫升）作为助溶剂。最后，加入2 - 氯-1,3,2 - benzodioxaphosphorin -4 - 酮（0.11毫摩尔），并允许在室温下反应45分钟。 注意：值得注意的是，特别应注意与2 - 氯-1,3,2 - benzodioxaphosphorin -4 - 酮试剂。事实上，即使在惰性气体的标准大气储存此试剂这里是不足以防止其分解。因此，形成在该分解了的白色固体可以并且应该在使用前刮掉。 </li><li>制备三丁基焦磷酸在干燥的DMF（0.17毫升）中的溶液和新鲜蒸馏的三丁胺（58微升;从未加分子筛）。加所得到的溶液至反应混合物中（出现白色沉淀，但很快消失），并允许在室温下反应45分钟。 </li><li>制备碘溶液（0.16毫摩尔）在吡啶（0.98毫升）和H 2 O（20微升），并加入到以氧化Pα（III）的中间反应混合物中。允许所得到的深色溶液，以在室温下搅拌30分钟。 </li><li>使用的NaS 2 O 3为10％的水溶液以淬灭过量的I 2。在真空下除去溶剂（旋转蒸发器的水浴的温度必须保持在低于30℃）。加入H 2 O的（5毫升），并允许英里夹具放置在室温下30分钟以水解环状三磷酸基团。 </li><li>在这个阶段，保护基团通常被移除（ 即 3&#39;-醋酸和组上的核碱基的侧链）。因此，添加NH 4 OH（在H 2 O的，将10毫升30％）的粗品，并搅拌1.5小时，在室温下，并在真空下除去溶剂。 </li><li>加入2毫升H 2 O和分裂成2管。加12毫升的NaClO 4的丙酮，离心（1,000×g离心）处理30分钟2％的溶液。此过程重复一次。此沉淀允许在从三磷酸（这将沉淀）的合成中使用的溶剂和试剂的分离，从而简化了随后的RP-HPLC纯化基本上。 </li><li>空气干燥后，油状残余物，记录粗制的31 P-NMR谱（按照标准方法，参见材料清单和图3）和溶解在4毫升H 2 O。 注意：该合成方法主要侧重于改性脱氧核苷三磷酸的生成，但一个非常类似的过程可以应用于它们的RNA的对应（通过简单地使用2&#39;，3&#39;-双-O-乙酰化的前体）。 </li></ol> 2。修正的三磷酸核苷的高效液相色谱法分离纯化<ol><li>制备三乙基碳酸氢铵（TEAB）的1M储备溶液：40 <ol><li>在≈将600ml蒸馏水，过滤的H 2 O的制备1摩尔的三乙胺（139毫升）中的溶液</li><li>气泡的CO 2（通过干冰和气体鼓泡器）转换成在剧烈搅拌下将溶液直到pH为7.6为止（这将需要至少10小时）。此储备溶液可以储存在冰箱中长达一个月。 </li></ol></li><li>净化： <ol><li>准备从1个月股票两种缓冲溶液：在超纯水2升50毫米TEAB（洗脱液A）一次1升50mM的三乙胺碳酸氢盐在50％乙腈（洗脱液B）。既洗脱液在真空下搅拌20分钟脱气（特别注意，需要以不通过脱气过程中除去CO 2以改变pH值）。 </li><li>通过在300微升蒸馏水H 2 O的溶解将10μl粗三磷酸的制备分析样品，并注入到装有半制备反相柱（C18）和用梯度测距HPLC系统由在40分钟内0-100％B， （ 图4）。根据三磷酸酯中的R 吨 （这通常是在色谱图上主峰）和磷酸（其中有一个略微较低的R t）的调节性HPLC方案。使用这些条件，并删除可能包含一些二磷酸早分数纯化粗品混合物。 </li><li>结合所有包含该产物的级分并冷冻干燥（这是优选的，以蒸发在旋转蒸发器中以水解尽量减少不希望的diphosph吃了）。 Coevaporate几次用超纯水（从洗脱液除去残余三乙胺）。评估三磷酸通过NMR的纯度（包括1 H和31 P NMR）和MALDI-TOF由应用程序的标准协议（参见图5）。通过应用该协议获得典型的单产一般横亘在30-70％的范围内，根据在基板上。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。引物延伸反应和TDT聚合<ol><li>引物的5&#39;-末端标记<ol><li>拌30皮摩尔的适当引物（ 例如，P1，材料清单）与4微升10倍多核苷酸激酶（PNK）缓冲液，3微升的γ-[32 P]-ATP，1微升的PNK及ddh 2 O（对于将40μl的总反应体积）。在37℃下孵育反应混合物30分钟，然后加热去激活激酶（在70℃下10分钟）。 </li><li>在标记反应准备一个G10葡聚糖凝胶柱通过将1毫升枪头硅烷化玻璃棉，与G10的解决方案（在DDH 2 O 10％，高压灭菌）填补了一角。降速洗三次，用500μl双蒸2 O和50μL双蒸2 O。最后一个洗通过G10运行反应混合物（以除去游离的放射性标记物）。 </li><li>凝胶净化（页20％）的放射性标记引物和应用的美眉恢复和浸泡法（ 即洗脱，用500μl含有1％氯酸锂与 1 mm净重3（pH值为8）在72℃的水溶液中15分钟）。乙醇沉淀和G10脱盐洗脱寡核苷酸。 </li></ol></li><li>引物延伸反应<ol><li>退火1的放射性标记的引物P1皮摩尔，10pmol的引物P1和10的模板T1（材料清单）的10倍反应缓冲液（由所用的聚合酶的供应商提供）皮摩尔通过放置吨宇部在热的（90-95℃）水中，并通过允许逐步向下冷却到室温（超过45分钟）。 </li><li>把该管在冰上，并加入（依次）的dNTP混合物（含有两个修饰和天然核苷三磷酸，100μM的最终浓度）和DNA聚合酶1 U（放空（ 外 - ），Klenow酶，PWO或9°N 米 ），并完全与水（20微升的总反应体积）。孵化在酶的最佳工作温度（当排气阀（ 外如 60℃下进行30分钟- ）被使用）。 </li><li>加20μl的终止溶液（甲酰胺（70％），乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA，50毫摩尔），溴酚蓝（0.1％），二甲苯蓝（0.1％）），加热该样品（95℃，5分钟），冷却下（0℃），并通过变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳解决。通过磷屏可视化。 </li></ol></li><li>末端转移酶聚合<ol><li>稀7皮摩尔的单链，未标记的引物P2（材料清单），1皮摩尔放射性标记引物在1微升末端转移酶缓冲液10倍。 </li><li>把该管在冰上，并加入（依次）的dNTP混合物（在适当的浓度由10至200微米）和末端转移酶聚合酶（4 U）。在37℃下1小时。加入10μl终止液，加热样品（95℃，5分钟），冷却（0℃），并通过变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE 15％）解决。通过磷屏可视化。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。 PCR改性核苷三磷酸<ol><li>混合的同时向前8皮摩尔和反向引物与0.5皮摩尔待扩增的模板。加10倍反应缓冲液和dNTP混合物（为200μM的终浓度），并把该管置于冰上。加入DNA聚合酶1 U和完整的与H 2 O达到20微升的最终体积。转移混合物放入PCR小瓶中，并进行30个PCR循环。</li><li>稀释6微升含6微升2倍蔗糖加样缓冲液中，并通过琼脂糖解决2％（溴化乙锭染色）电泳。通过磷屏可视化。 </li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

列入修改成核酸是利益的许多实际应用，包括反义和反基因药物的开发42,43，标签和寡核苷酸41的功能标记，并在努力扩大遗传字母44-46。化学改变和官能团通过应用标准和自动化固相合成用的协议，通常引入的核酸。然而，亚磷积木需要抵御由这种方法，这反过来又施加了严重的限制上的化学官能团47的性质所施加的相当苛刻的条件。相反，修饰的三磷酸核苷的酶...

<html> 5&#39;-三磷酸核苷（（四）国家结核病防治规划）是一类参与无数的​​流程和功能，从作为能源的通用货币为细胞代谢的调节是重要的生物分子。他们除了在这些基本的生物转化作用，其修改的同行拥有先进的引入官能团成寡核苷酸一种多用途的，温和的平台，一种方法，很好地补充了自动固相合成，通常是应用1,2。实际上，所提供的（D）的NTPs可作为RNA和DNA聚合酶3基板，具有丰富的官能团，包括氨基酸4-13，硼酸14,15，nornbornene 16，金刚石状残留物17，侧链为有机催化18，胆汁酸19，甚至20的寡核苷酸可被引入到寡核苷酸。 _content“&gt;除了较方便的载体核酸的官能化，改性的dNTPs可从事SELEX和体外选择的用于改性催化核酸21-30和核酸适体用于各种实际应用10的产生等相关的组合方法， 31-36。被修饰的dNTP的聚合而引入的附加 ​​侧链被认为是增加的化学空间，可在一个选择的实验探讨和补充的核酸37的相当差的功能的军火库。然而，尽管这些有吸引力的特征和近期的进展，合成和分析方法的发展作出了，没有普遍适用的和高产的过程存在修饰的核苷三磷酸2,38的各具特色。 目前这个协议的目的是摆脱光线进入（有时）复杂的程序，导致吨Ø合成和激活这些积木（ 图1B）的生化特性。特别强调将在所有合成的细节，往往是很难找到或不存在的实验部分，但尚未至关重要，为圆满完成合成途径导致纯（四）国家结核病防治规划的隔离（ 图1）给出。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="799">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">tributylammonium pyrophosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P8533</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Hygroscopic solid, keep under Ar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">324124</td>
			<td>Moisture sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Pyridine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">82704</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Dioxane</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">296309</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">40248</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">90342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Tributylamine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">90781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:333px;">ddH2O</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Milli-Q</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>deionized and purified water, autoclaved in the presence of Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">159220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="86">
			<td height="86" style="height:86px;width:333px;">D2O</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">DLM-4-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Biochemical reagents</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">g-[32P]-ATP</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hartmann Analytics</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">FP-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Natural dNTPs</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">U1420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:333px;">Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M0257S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">DNA polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MO210S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:333px;">9&#176;Nm DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MO260S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M828A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Pwo DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Peqlab</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">01 01 5010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">T4 PNK</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EK0032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Acrylamide/bisacrylamide (19:1, 40%)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Serva</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">10679.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Apollo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIA1177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">G10 Sephadex</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">G10120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Apollo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIU4110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Jupiter semi-preparative RP-HPLC column (5m C18 300&#197;)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Gene Q Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bioconcept</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BYQ6042E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">PCR vials</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bioconcept</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3220-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">HPLC system</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Amersham Pharmacia Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>&#196;kta basic 10/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Oligonucleotides</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">All oligonucleotides were purchased from Microsynth and purified by PAGE</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">5&#39;-CAAGGACAAAATACCTGTATTCCTT P1</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">5&#39;-GACATCATGAGAGACATCGCCTCTGGGCTAAT-AGGACTACTTCTAATCTGTAAGAGCAGATCCCTGG-ACAGGCAAGGAATACAGGTATTTTGTCCTTG T1</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">5&#39;-GAATTCGATATCAAG P2</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">More information on experimental procedures and equipment can be found in the following articles:</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 13320 &#8211; 13330</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3OB40842F.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nucleoside triphosphates - from synthesis to biochemical characterization

传统的策略用于引入化学官能团是通过附加适当修改的亚磷酰胺前体到新生链中使用的固相合成的。然而，合成和限制期间使用，以相当短的序列的条件妨碍本方法的适用性。在另一方面，修饰的核苷三磷酸激活已用于轻度引入众多的官能团为核酸，一种策略，铺平了道路，在实际应用广泛的调色板使用修饰的核酸构建模块如功能性标记核酶和脱氧核酶的产生。其中一个主要的挑战在于导致这些核苷类似物的分离和鉴定方法的复杂性。 在这个视频文章中，我们提出的成分股合成一个详细的协议用磷（Ⅲ）为基础的试剂ë修饰的类似物。此外，其生化特性的程序泄露，并特别强调对引物延伸反应和TDT拖尾聚合。这个详细的协议将用于修饰的dNTP的各具特色及其在化学生物学进一步利用。

修饰的核苷三磷酸是诱人合成的目标，因为它们允许轻便引入官能团的浩大到核酸41。然而，这些激活的构建块的分离和鉴定往往显露是艰巨的。因此，本文所示的结果被认为是提供一个帮手追随于上述合成和生物化学方法（ 图1B）中的各个步骤。 特别地， 图3示出了修改后的dNTP的典型粗31 P-NMR谱（在此特定情况下，dU的BPU <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization at JoVE.com

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

本文所描述的协议旨在解释和删节的复杂路线导致修饰的三磷酸核苷的方法的许多障碍。因此，该协议有利于激活这些构建模块两者的合成及其可用性的实际应用。

核苷三磷酸 - 从合成到生化特征

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

nucleoside-triphosphates-from-synthesis-to-biochemical

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

17.0K 次观看.  University of Bern. 本文所描述的协议旨在解释和删节的复杂路线导致修饰的三磷酸核苷的方法的许多障碍。因此，该协议有利于激活这些构建模块两者的合成及其可用性的实际应用。 

视频: Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

分裂和池合成及肽叔酰胺图书馆表征

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

科研

化学

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

功能化的合成与表征金属 - 有机骨架

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the hydroxylmethylene phosphine precursor with ammonia in methanol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The N-triphosPh ligand precipitates from the solution after approximately 1 hr of reflux and can be isolated analytically pure via simple cannula filtration procedure under nitrogen. Reaction of the N-triphosPh ligand with [Ru3(CO)12] under reflux affords a deep red solution that show evolution of CO gas on ligand complexation. Orange crystals of the complex [Ru(CO)2{N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (2) were isolated on cooling to RT. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed a characteristic single peak at lower frequency compared to the free ligand. Reaction of a toluene solution of complex 2 with oxygen resulted in the instantaneous precipitation of the carbonate complex [Ru(CO3)(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (3) as an air stable orange solid. Subsequent hydrogenation of 3 under 15 bar of hydrogen in a high-pressure reactor gave the dihydride complex [RuH2(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (4), which was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3 and 4 are potentially useful catalyst precursors for a range of hydrogenation reactions, including biomass-derived products such as levulinic acid (LA). Complex 4 was found to cleanly react with LA in the presence of the proton source additive NH4PF6 to give [Ru(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P{CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H}-&#954;2O](PF6) (6).

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Ruthenium phosphine complexes are widely used for homogeneous catalytic reactions such as hydrogenations. The synthesis of a series of novel tridentate ruthenium complexes bearing the N-triphos ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 is reported. Additionally, the stoichiometric reaction of a dihydride Ru&#8211;N-triphos complex with levulinic acid is described.

一系列钌的合成，表征和反应<em&gt;Ñ</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt;博士</sup&gt;配合

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

合成，表征和混合金/硫化镉和Au / ZnS核/壳纳米颗粒功能化

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

超分子胶体的合成与表征

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and validated for the quantification of extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleosides produced by purified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells under different culture conditions. The chromatographic separation of adenosine 5&#39;-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine (ADO) and inosine (INO) is performed at RT on a silica-based, reversed-phase column that is used for polar compound retention. The method includes a binary mobile phase, which consists of 7 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1.00 ml/min. The eluates are monitored using a Photodiode Array UV detector set at 260 nm. A standard calibration curve is generated to calculate the equation for the analytical quantification of each purine compound. System control, data acquisition and analysis are then performed. Applying this protocol, AMP, INO and ADO elute at 7, 11 and 11.9 min, respectively, and the total run time for each sample is 20 min. This protocol may be applied to different cell types and cell lines (both suspension and adherent), using culture media as matrix. The advantages are easy and fast sample preparation and the requirement of a small amount of supernatant for analysis. Furthermore, the use of a serum-free medium allows skipping the protein precipitation step with acetonitrile that impacts the final concentration of purine compounds. One of the limitations of the method is the requirement of the equilibration column run before each single sample run, making the total run time of the experiment longer and preventing high throughput screening applications.

The protocol described here represents an easy and reproducible method that employs reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to measure purine metabolism on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cultured under different conditions.

HPLC-基于化验，以监测外核苷酸/核苷代谢的人类慢性淋巴细胞白血病细胞

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-doped Aluminosilicate Nanotubes with Enhanced Electron Conductive Properties

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe aims at lowering the band gap of imogolite, an insulator with the chemical formula (OH)3Al2O3SiOH, and at modifying its adsorption properties towards azo-dyes, an important class of organic pollutants of both wastewater and groundwater.
Fe-doped nanotubes are obtained in two ways: by direct synthesis, where FeCl3 is added to an aqueous mixture of the Si and Al precursors, and by post-synthesis loading, where preformed nanotubes are put in contact with a FeCl3&#8226;6H2O aqueous solution. In both synthesis methods, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ occurs, preserving the nanotube structure. Isomorphic substitution is indeed limited to a mass fraction of ~1.0% Fe, since at a higher Fe content (i.e., a mass fraction of 1.4% Fe), Fe2O3 clusters form, especially when the loading procedure is adopted. The physicochemical properties of the materials are studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption isotherms at -196 &#176;C, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-Vis spectroscopy, and &#950;-potential measurements. The most relevant result is the possibility to replace Al3+ ions (located on the outer surface of the nanotubes) by post-synthesis loading on preformed imogolite without perturbing the delicate hydrolysis equilibria occurring during nanotube formation. During the loading procedure, an anionic exchange occurs, where Al3+ ions on the outer surface of the nanotubes are replaced by Fe3+ ions. In Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ is found to affect the band gap of doped imogolite. Nonetheless, Fe3+ sites on the outer surface of nanotubes are able to coordinate organic moieties, like the azo-dye Acid Orange 7, through a ligand-displacement mechanism occurring in an aqueous solution.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize and characterize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes. The materials are obtained by either sol-gel synthesis upon addition of FeCl3&#8226;6H2O to the mixture containing the Si and Al precursors or by post-synthesis ionic exchange of preformed aluminosilicate nanotubes.

以增强电子导电性能的合成与表征Fe掺杂碳纳米管硅铝的

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe ...

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Amino alcohols are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. For instance, they have been used as chiral scaffolds in organic synthesis. Their synthesis by conventional organic chemistry often requires tedious multi-step synthesis processes, with difficult control of the stereochemical outcome. We present a protocol to enzymatically synthetize amino alcohols starting from the readily available L-lysine in 48 h. This protocol combines two chemical reactions that are very difficult to conduct by conventional organic synthesis. In the first step, the regio- and diastereoselective oxidation of an unactivated C-H bond of the lysine side-chain is catalyzed by a dioxygenase; a second regio- and diastereoselective oxidation catalyzed by a regiodivergent dioxygenase can lead to the formation of the 1,2-diols. In the last step, the carboxylic group of the alpha amino acid is cleaved by a pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) decarboxylase (DC). This decarboxylative step only affects the alpha carbon of the amino acid, retaining the hydroxy-substituted stereogenic center in a beta/gamma position. The resulting amino alcohols are therefore optically enriched. The protocol was successfully applied to the semipreparative-scale synthesis of four amino alcohols. Monitoring of the reactions was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after derivatization by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Straightforward purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) afforded the amino alcohols with excellent yields (93% to &#62;95%).

Chiral amino alcohols are versatile molecules for use as scaffolds in organic synthesis. Starting from L-lysine, we synthesize amino alcohols by an enzymatic cascade reaction combining diastereoselective C-H oxidation catalyzed by dioxygenase followed by cleavage of the carboxylic acid moiety of the corresponding hydroxyl amino acid by a decarboxylase.

酶联反应合成 l-赖氨酸手性氨基醇的研究

Amino alcohols are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. For instance, they have been used as chiral scaffolds in organic synthesis. ...

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting self-assembled supramolecular structures. The synthetic route takes advantage of solid-phase peptide synthesis with the on-resin coupling of the dithiolane precursor molecule, 3-(acetylthio)-2-(acetylthiomethyl)propanoic acid, and the microwave-assisted thioacetate deprotection of the peptide N-terminus before final cleavage from the resin to yield the 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide. After the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification of the 1,2-dithiolane peptide, derived from the nucleating core of the A&#946; peptide associated with Alzheimer&#39;s disease, the peptide is shown to self-assemble into cross-&#946; amyloid fibers. Protocols to characterize the amyloid fibers by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are presented. The methods of N-terminal modification with a 1,2-dithiolane moiety to well-characterized self-assembling peptides can now be explored as model systems to develop post-assembly modification strategies and explore dynamic covalent chemistry on supramolecular peptide nanofiber surfaces.

A protocol for the synthesis of a 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide and the characterization of the supramolecular structures resulting from the peptide self-assembly.

12-Dithiolane 改性自组装肽的合成与表征

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

两栖金纳米粒子的合成与表征

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...