作者要感谢维也纳大学的支持KYL和英国工程和物理科学研究理事会（EPSRC）的资助为SRS和工作（EP/J013390/1）的后续基金。

细菌纤维素剑麻纤维悬浮液1。准备<ol><li>通过测量湿重BC，随后湿BC的真空干燥，在80℃过夜（O / N）确定BC的湿对干质量。一旦干燥后，测出BC的干质量。 </li><li>从公元前的预定湿到干质量测量的湿公元前薄膜等效量18克干卑诗省。 </li><li>切公元前湿成药膜使用一对锋利的剪刀小件〜1-2厘米。切割后，浸泡在公元前药膜在1升水中，以允许切药膜的水合。 </li><li>饲料切公元前薄膜放入果汁机中，并加入适量水放入搅拌机中，使混合过程将顺利进行。 </li><li>这些混合药膜公元前2分钟。 </li><li>倒混合BC成15升容器中，加水直至总水量为14升，补足BC浓度为0.1（克/毫升）％的水（每非细菌纤维素的质量百分比水它体积）。对BC药膜可能需要被送入分批混合器进行混合。 </li><li>切72克宽松剑麻纤维（或短天然纤维的任何源）为1-2厘米长的纤维，并将其添加到公元前停牌。轻轻搅拌该悬浮液，以确保在BC悬浮液剑麻纤维的均匀分散体。 </li><li>浸泡剑麻纤维在这种悬浮液的O / N。 </li></ol>剑麻纤维预制体2。制造<ol><li>开片模具，并关闭排水阀。 </li><li>填充系统用DI水，直到水位达到衬线。 </li><li>将100目金属成形网的后盾线，内板模具基地为中心。 </li><li>关闭并锁紧片的模具。添加额外的淡水，直到成形网被淹没在水中。 </li><li>倒入准备剑麻纤维公元前悬挂成片的模具。轻轻地搅拌该悬浮液，以确保剑麻纤维是均匀DISTRIButed整个模具。 </li><li>打开排水阀进行排水，这将导致剑麻纤维和BC的成形网上的湿滤饼的形成。紧随水渠后，打开片状模，取出成形网。 </li><li>放置在成形金属丝上的一块吸墨纸。额外印迹文件被放置在滤饼的顶部，随后是金属板。 </li><li>翻转过来，滤饼。与成形网现在面临的顶部，取出成形网并放置额外印迹直接纸张上的滤饼的顶部，随后是金属板。 </li><li>放置在金属板的上面10公斤的重量压出来的水。当吸水纸完全浸湿后，用新鲜的印迹文件替换印迹文件，然后再次按下滤饼用10千克的重量。 </li><li>更换印迹文件1最后的时间，进行最后的压1吨的热压机，以巩固光纤预制棒。 </li><li>加热热压用高达120℃以促进残留水分的蒸发。这大约需要4小时。降低热压至室温（RT）中的温度，并允许预成型坯之前，除去从热压降温。 </li></ol> 3，BC-剑麻纤维预制体的扫描电子显微镜（SEM） <ol><li>切割一个2×2平方厘米 BC-剑麻纤维预成型件。 </li><li>使用碳标签坚持这种切割瓶坯到SEM存根。 </li><li>大衣铬溅射镀膜机1分钟运行在75毫安样品。 </li><li>图像的BC-剑麻纤维预成型件与场致发射枪扫描电子显微镜在透镜模式下使用的5千伏的电子束能量。 注意：不要试图像剑麻纤维预制件，而无需使用导电胶胶合瓶坯到SEM存根。扫描电镜室的抽空过程中松散的纤维将被吸走而损坏电子枪。 </li></ol> 4，复合材料制造使用Vacuum辅助树脂灌注（VARI） <ol><li>放置在预型件上的模具侧，它由一个涂覆的非多孔PTFE玻璃纤维释放的顶部。 </li><li>覆盖所述预成型体具有多孔的PTFE涂层的玻璃织物释放，也被称为一个剥离层，接着由多孔质的流动介质。同时剥离层和流动介质应该更大，该预制件（参见图2的过程示意图）。 </li><li>定位欧米茄管在VARI的预期树脂入口和出口设置。确保了ω管被放置在多孔介质中流动的顶部，使树脂分配到VARI设置输液过程中。欧米茄管的长度应尽可能宽的流媒体。 </li><li>周围的人的集合了外围的地方压敏胶带。 <ol><li>确保该压敏胶带纸背仍留在磁带在这一点上。 </li><li>将树脂进料管和出口管进入的开口欧米加管并覆盖设置与氟代乙烯聚合物为基础装袋膜和使用压敏胶带密封。 </li><li>密封树脂进料管。定位在通气布的顶部的树脂排出管的另一端。 </li></ol></li><li>放置金属板的内袋，其中该纤维预成型件的顶部，随后是一块通气布。金属板应该是预成型件的尺寸。 </li><li>确定位置的通制袋真空阀应，然后将底部件阀门上的通气布上。 </li><li>放置在真空密封胶带绕内袋并放置在真空装袋膜在它的顶部和密封。多余的真空装袋膜会形成褶皱。 </li><li>将褶内的密封带，以完成密封。 </li><li>在真空装袋膜，其中底部件的阀门是和螺钉的前片包通过真空阀来完成切一小“X”。这是importaNT避免真空袋膜起皱顶下一块，因为这可能导致泄漏路径。 </li><li>连接快速连接接头和抽真空。在此过程中，真空装袋膜可以四处移动并放置在需要过量。检查真空泄漏。 </li><li>由环氧树脂和固化剂，在100的重量比混合，以19。德加的树脂在减压条件下除去所有的环氧树脂和固化剂的混合过程中截留的气泡制备的树脂。 </li><li>一旦VARI设置被确定为无泄漏，通过连接到欧米茄管的管喂树脂。 </li><li>确保树脂被送入缓慢，使得其有时间来浸渍到纤维预成型件。使树脂从树脂出口管流出并渗入布通气，直至没有气泡可以观察到从出口管出来。 </li><li>密封出口管和使树脂固化24小时，在室温下，随后的后CURI纳克步骤在50℃下16小时。 注：（1）固化周期树脂依赖性。 （2）它是非常重要的，最大真空度是VARI内实现建立和存在内设置了没有真空泄漏。一个可怜的VARI设置（未达到最大真空度或泄漏），会导致毛孔的制造复合材料和复合材料内显著减少纤维体积分数内。 （3）环氧树脂对固化剂的比例是树脂依赖性。请检查该树脂为环氧树脂对固化剂的比例混合前将产品资料表。 </li></ol>

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C., Schlufter, K., Bismarck, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+composites+reinforced+with+robust+short+sisal+fibre+preforms+utilising+bacterial+cellulose+as+binder.">Hierarchical composites reinforced with robust short sisal fibre preforms utilising bacterial cellulose as binder.</a> Composites Science and Technology. 72, 1479-1486 (2012).</li><li>Cincik, E., Koc, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+on+air+permeability+of+polyester/viscose+blended+needle-punched+nonwovens.">An analysis on air permeability of polyester/viscose blended needle-punched nonwovens.</a> Textile Research Journal. 82, 430-442 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, L., Miao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commingled+natural+fibre/polypropylene+wrap+spun+yarns+for+structured+thermoplastic+composites.">Commingled natural fibre/polypropylene wrap spun yarns for structured thermoplastic composites.</a> Composites Science and Technology. 70, 130-135 (2010).</li><li>Garkhail, S. K., Heijenrath, R. W. H., Peijs, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+natural-fibre-mat-reinforced+thermoplastics+based+on+flax+fibres+and+polypropylene.">Mechanical properties of natural-fibre-mat-reinforced thermoplastics based on flax fibres and polypropylene.</a> Applied Composite Materials. 7, 351-372 (2000).</li><li>Saito, T., Kuramae, R., Wohlert, J., Berglund, L. A., Isogai, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Ultrastrong+Nanofibrillar+Biomaterial:+The+Strength+of+Single+Cellulose+Nanofibrils+Revealed+via+Sonication-Induced+Fragmentation.">An Ultrastrong Nanofibrillar Biomaterial: The Strength of Single Cellulose Nanofibrils Revealed via Sonication-Induced Fragmentation.</a> Biomacromolecules. 14, 248-253 (2013).</li><li>Waldrop, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impregnating+a+fibrous+reinforcing+substrate+with+a+resin,+by+using+a+vacuum+and+differential+pressure+in+a+dual+chambered+system.">Impregnating a fibrous reinforcing substrate with a resin, by using a vacuum and differential pressure in a dual chambered system.</a> US patent. , (2001).</li><li>Seemann, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuum+assisted+moulding+of+fibre+reinforced+plastic+structures|in+which+even+distribution+of+resin+is+ensured+by+removable+medium+having+upwardly+facing+openings+and+connecting+lateral+passages.">Vacuum assisted moulding of fibre reinforced plastic structures|in which even distribution of resin is ensured by removable medium having upwardly facing openings and connecting lateral passages.</a> US patent. , (1989).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

我们已经表明在这个实验是松散的剑麻纤维可以绑定BC。但是，纤维的选择并不限于只是剑麻纤维。其他类型的纤维，如亚麻，大麻的，也可以使用。除了这一点，我们还表明，木粉，再生纸和溶解浆也可以使用BC粘合剂（尚未公布结果）装订成坚固耐用的瓶坯。该准则是，所用的纤维应为亲水性和吸水性。如前面提到的，该纤维的亲水性会吸收水分，在​​被分散在介质中的BC绘制。对BC过滤针对这些亲水性纤维的表面上，形成一层公元前涂层时将纤维干燥。虽然细菌纤维素可以围绕天然纤维在天然纤维5，29，30的存在下培养醋xylinus沉积，这个过程是艰苦和重张塌塌昂贵的生物反应器与严格控制pH值和溶解氧含量。我们的改进方法，在另一方面，是基于一种造纸方法（ 即 ：在BC悬浮液分散天然纤维），也没有必要对生物反应器31。 随着问候天然纤维复合材料，随机取向的非织造（短期和随机取向）天然纤维预制件是由针刺生产通过压实松散纤维33（基本上拼接）聚合物纤维（通常为聚酯）的应用程序。制成一复合物，该纤维预成型件，然后放置在一个模具中，注入的树脂。聚合物纤维还可以混合天然纤维34（通常为亚麻，大麻，或黄麻）或分散在天然纤维悬浮液并真空过滤35在高分子量部分（50体积％）。此聚合物纤维的天然纤维垫（预制件），然后再将其加热至熔融聚合物为produce的复合结构。制备复合材料的后处理在本质上是可扩展的，而是由聚合物纤维的选择是有限的（在聚合物熔体应在温度高于该纤维的分解温度较低），可用于制作预成型体，因此，矩阵的类型可使复合材料。用我们的方法，BC不只是起到粘结剂的作用，它也可作为纳米加固32。如前面提到的，杨氏模量的单个BC纳米纤维的估计为114 GPA。而BC的单纤维拉伸强度是不知道，单TEMPO氧化的木和被囊动物纤维的抗拉强度最近已经使用超声诱导空化36计量。的GPA 0.8-1.5之间的拉伸强度是衡量这些单纳米纤维。这些机械性能，随着BC的结合潜力，公元前做一个出色的候选人，生产真正的绿色和随机取向的短自然色人纤维增强，细菌纤维素纤维增强复合材料的再生与机械性能超出常规的纤维增强聚合物。 在复合材料制造的术语，我们的优选的制造过程中是所讨论的双袋真空辅助树脂灌注（DBVI）由沃尔德罗普等 37不同的是更传统的单个袋真空辅助树脂灌注（也被称为塞曼过程38），DBVI开发在输液过程中（参见图2）采用了两个独立的真空包装袋。而塞曼过程将适用于制造复合材料，该过程可能受到树脂的流动前锋后面真空袋松弛。发生这种情况时，松弛的地方出现的区域会感觉柔软海绵。真空袋松弛将导致真空袋远离流动介质，由于液态树脂中阻力最小的路径的优先流。 Ŧ其会导致所制造的复合材料具有非均匀的纤维体积分数（ 即松弛区域将具有较低的纤维体积分数大于真空袋的非放松区）。 DBVI不会从这个缺点苦，作为内真空袋从不放松的液态树脂的流动前锋的后面。其结果，所得到的复合材料板将具有比平均纤维体积分数和更均匀的厚度高。此外，使用的外真空袋提供了冗余的系统，提高了液体注入过程中的真空完整性。

稳步上升的油价和公众对可持续发展的未来不断增长的需求已经引发和恢复的绿色环保材料，特别是聚合物和复合材料的研究和开发。不幸的是，相比于传统的基于石油的聚合物1的绿色或可再生聚合物的热-机械性能通常较差。例如，市售的聚乳酸（PLA）和聚羟基丁酸酯（PHB）是脆，具有低的热变形温度。创建匹配甚至超过常用的基于石油的工程材料的性能可再生材料中的一种解决方案是从过去的学习;亨利福特使用的复合策略， 即结合bio-based/renewable聚合物与加强件2，以提高可再生聚合物的性能。人们常常声称，天然纤维，因为其成本低，密度低，renewabili的作为理想的候选人加固TY和生物降解性3。天然纤维复合材料已经看到了复兴在20世纪90年代作为可通过同行审查的科学出版物的数量（ 图1）4的指数增长可以看出。然而，天然纤维和大多数热塑性塑料的疏水特性的亲水性往往归咎于到导致较差的纤维-基质粘附5，这通常会导致所得到的纤维增强的聚合物复合材料的机械性能较差。为解决这一难题，许多研究者试图进行化学改性的天然纤维6,7的表面上。这些化学修饰包括乙酰化8，9甲硅烷基化，高分子接枝10，异氰酸酯治疗11,12，使用马来酸偶联剂13-17，和苯甲酰18。尽管这些化学处理已提供天然纤维疏水性更强，由此产生的天然纤维增强ð聚合物依然未能在机械性能方面19交付。托马森20推测，此故障可能是anisotropicity和扩大天然纤维的高线性热膨胀系数的结果。除了 ​​这一点，天然纤维也从缺点，如有限的处理温度21，批与批之间的变化3，低拉伸强度相比，合成纤维，诸如玻璃，芳族聚酰胺纤维或碳纤维和缺乏合适的制造工艺，以患产生增强聚合物复合材料的天然纤维。因此，使用天然纤维作为加固将不足以关闭绿色材料和石油基聚合物之间的上述属性能隙。 纳米纤维素是一种新兴的绿色补强剂。特别地，纳米纤维素的细菌，如由醋杆菌属物种22，也被称为细菌cellulos产生Ë作为由于利用高刚度纤维素晶体24和 ​​实力的可能性一个有趣的选择为绿色环保材料23的设计。单一纤维素晶体的刚度估计为约100-160 GPA用X-射线衍射，喇曼光谱和数值模拟25-27。这是比玻璃纤维〜70 GPa时，这不过是更加密集高。细菌纤维素（BC）也是固有的纳米尺寸的直径为约50纳米和几微米，长度28。我们通过在天然纤维5,29,30的存在下培养醋xylinius报道的方法，以天然外衣（剑麻和大麻）纤维与BC层。这导致了PLLA和BC包覆天然纤维29,31之间改进的界面粘合性。为了简化涂覆这些纤维的过程中，Lee 等人开发的31涂覆天然（剑麻）FIBE的方法RS在不使用的生物反应器。这种方法是基于淤浆浸渍法，由此干燥剑麻纤维被浸入到BC悬浮液。这种方法32的延伸是滤除水中悬浮物含松剑麻纤维和BC，生产适合于典型的复合材料结构制造剑麻纤维预制件。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1196px;" width="1196">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
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		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:624px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Bacterial cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">fzmb</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9004-34-6</td>
			<td>The CAS number is based on the CAS number for cellulose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Sisal fibres</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Wigglesworth &#38; Co. Ltd, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>The type of fibres can be substituted with any type of natural fibres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Prime 20 ULV</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">SP Gurit</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>The type of resin can be substituted with any type of liquid resin designed for vacuum assisted resin infusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;"></td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">Formax standard sheet mould</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Adirondack Machine Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>This piece of equipment could be replaced with a B&#252;chner funnel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Edwards, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">XDS 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Hot plate</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Wenesco Inc, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HP 1836-AH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">Porous PTFE coated glass release fabric</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TFG075P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">Omega tubes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Omegaflow 313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Breather cloth</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">EasyComposites Ltd, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Pressure sensitive tapes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Aerovac, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SM5127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">Vacuum bagging film (FEP)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RF260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Vacuum bagging film (Nylon)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Aerovac, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Capran 519</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

manufacturing of robust natural fiber preforms utilizing bacterial cellulose as binder

制造坚固耐用的天然纤维预制件的一种新方法，在这里提出。此方法是基于造纸工艺，从而松动和短剑麻纤维分散成水悬浮液含细菌纤维素。纤维和纳米纤维素悬浮液，然后过滤（使用真空或重力）和湿滤饼压挤出多余的水，然后进行干燥步骤。这将导致细菌纤维素网络的hornification，保持松散天然纤维粘合在一起。 我们的方法特别适用于亲水性纤维的刚性和强大的预制棒的制造。这类纤维的多孔和亲水性质导致显著水分吸收，在细菌纤维素分散在悬浮液中绘制。细菌纤维素将被过滤对这些纤维的表面，形成一个细菌纤维素涂层。当松散的纤维细菌细胞ULOSE悬浮液过滤并干燥，相邻的细菌纤维素形成网络和hornified持有否则松散纤维粘结在一起。 引入细菌纤维素在预成型体中产生的纤维预成型件的机械性能显著增加。这可以归因于高刚性的细菌纤维素的网络和强度。与此预成型体，可再生高性能分层复合材料，也可以通过使用常规的复合材料的生产方法，如树脂膜渗透（RFI）或树脂传递模塑（RTM）制造。在这里，我们也采用双层袋真空辅助树脂灌注描述的可再生分层复合材料制造。

未经公元前粘结剂，短期，松散剑麻纤维仅由纤维之间的摩擦和缠结在一起。其结果是，此预成型体松散，它不能够支持多少重量。 图3显示了剑麻纤维预制件无BC作为粘合剂，用在3点弯曲方式施加的载荷。预成型件可以被看作是相当松散的，当一个负载是通过将水倒入聚丙烯杯应用，该预型件开始偏转严重。施加的负载是相当于40克水。然而，当20重量％的BC被用作粘合剂，这些短而松剑麻纤维，硬质光纤预制件的制造。这个预成型件可以承受满聚丙烯杯的负载（〜170 g）无任何显著偏转（ 图3）。 一个典型的BC-剑麻纤维预成型件的扫描电子显微照片示于图4。公元前可以看出被覆盖的表面剑麻纤维。这种效果是由于剑麻纤维（或任何其它天然纤维）的亲水性。剑麻纤维的亲水性吸水，在被分散在介质中的BC绘制。由于BC是比天然纤维的孔隙较大，他们不能渗透到纤维中。相反，它们被过滤针对剑麻纤维的表面并形成一层公元前涂层时将纤维干燥。 在张力下这些纤维预成型件的机械性能列于表1，由于该纤维预成型件具有〜70％的孔隙率的多孔性，拉伸强度的预制件的（每单位面积的负荷）没有明确定义。因此，我们制表的拉伸力和我们的试样的抗张指数（每单位克重的拉伸力）（失败的每单位宽度的样品，这是该材料为15毫米在我们的实验中，所需的负载）。 12.1千牛·米-1的张力和抗张指数<html>和15 N·米·克-1测定时，分别20重量％BC被用作粘合剂。然而，整齐剑麻纤维预型件的拉伸性能是不能测定的光纤预制件松动。 图图例： <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig1.jpg" /> 在天然纤维和复合材料领域的出版物图1的数量。数据是从知识的网站通过使用关键字搜索分别以「自然的谎*&#39;和&#39;复合*&#39;，收集。从俾斯麦等人。4得到来自美国科学出版有限公司的许可files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig2.jpg“/&gt; 图2原理图双联袋真空辅助树脂灌注。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig3.jpg" /> 图3。照片说明弯曲的剑麻纤维预制件的刚度无（顶部两个图像），并与（底部的两个图像）BC作为粘结剂的差异。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="3in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig4.jpg" /> 。使用BC作为粘合剂在不同放大倍数的典型天然纤维预制体图4扫描电镜顶：100X，中间：1,000 X和底部：25,000 x，分别。 （ 一 ）和（b）分别表示在SiSAL纤维和BC纳米纤维，分别为。 <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 物料 </td><td> 拉伸力（千牛 · 米-1） </td><td> 抗张指数（牛顿米 · 克-1） </td></tr><tr><td>整齐的剑麻瓶坯</td><td>无法衡量</td><td>无法衡量</td></tr><tr><td> BC-剑麻瓶坯</td><td> 12.1±2.4 </td><td> 15±3 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。剑麻纤维预型件的拉伸性能，使用和不使用BC作为粘合剂。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder at JoVE.com

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

我们提出了一种新的制造坚固耐用的天然短纤维预制件用造纸工艺的方法。细菌纤维素同时充当粘合剂的松散的纤维，并提供刚性的纤维预型件。这些预成型件可以被注入的树脂，以产生真正的绿色分级复合材料。

制造业的鲁棒天然纤维预制体的利用细菌纤维素为粘结剂

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

manufacturing-robust-natural-fiber-preforms-utilizing-bacterial

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

27.3K 次观看.  University of Vienna. 我们提出了一种新的制造坚固耐用的天然短纤维预制件用造纸工艺的方法。细菌纤维素同时充当粘合剂的松散的纤维，并提供刚性的纤维预型件。这些预成型件可以被注入的树脂，以产生真正的绿色分级复合材料。 

视频: Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Patient-specific simulations of heart (dys)function aimed at personalizing cardiac therapy are hampered by the absence of in vivo imaging technology for clinically acquiring myocardial fiber orientations. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology to estimate cardiac fiber orientations from in vivo images of patient heart geometries. An accurate representation of ventricular geometry and fiber orientations was reconstructed, respectively, from high-resolution ex vivo structural magnetic resonance (MR) and diffusion tensor (DT) MR images of a normal human heart, referred to as the atlas. Ventricular geometry of a patient heart was extracted, via semiautomatic segmentation, from an in vivo computed tomography (CT) image. Using image transformation algorithms, the atlas ventricular geometry was deformed to match that of the patient. Finally, the deformation field was applied to the atlas fiber orientations to obtain an estimate of patient fiber orientations. The accuracy of the fiber estimates was assessed using six normal and three failing canine hearts. The mean absolute difference between inclination angles of acquired and estimated fiber orientations was 15.4 &deg;. Computational simulations of ventricular activation maps and pseudo-ECGs in sinus rhythm and ventricular tachycardia indicated that there are no significant differences between estimated and acquired fiber orientations at a clinically observable level.The new insights obtained from the project will pave the way for the development of patient-specific models of the heart that can aid physicians in personalized diagnosis and decisions regarding electrophysiological interventions.

A methodology to estimate ventricular fiber orientations from in vivo images of patient heart geometries for personalized modeling is described. Validation of the methodology performed using normal and failing canine hearts demonstrate that that there are no significant differences between estimated and acquired fiber orientations at a clinically observable level.

病人的具体建模之心：的心室纤维方向估计

Patient-specific  simulations of heart (dys)function aimed at personalizing cardiac therapy are hampered  by the absence of in vivo imaging technology for ...

科研

生物工程

High-throughput, Automated Extraction of DNA and RNA from Clinical Samples using TruTip Technology on Common Liquid Handling Robots

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. The geometry of the monolith can be adapted for specific pipette tips ranging in volume from 1.0 to 5.0 ml. The large porosity of the monolith enables viscous or complex samples to readily pass through it with minimal fluidic backpressure. Bi-directional flow maximizes residence time between the monolith and sample, and enables large sample volumes to be processed within a single TruTip. The fundamental steps, irrespective of sample volume or TruTip geometry, include cell lysis, nucleic acid binding to the inner pores of the TruTip monolith, washing away unbound sample components and lysis buffers, and eluting purified and concentrated nucleic acids into an appropriate buffer. The attributes and adaptability of TruTip are demonstrated in three automated clinical sample processing protocols using an Eppendorf epMotion 5070, Hamilton STAR and STARplus liquid handling robots, including RNA isolation from nasopharyngeal aspirate, genomic DNA isolation from whole blood, and fetal DNA extraction and enrichment from large volumes of maternal plasma (respectively).

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. Consequently, the sample preparation format is compatible with most liquid handling instruments, and can be used for many medium to high-throughput clinical applications and sample types.

高通量，自动化的DNA和RNA的提取从临床样品使用TruTip技术常见的液体处理机器人

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction  technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a  pipette tip. The geometry of the ...

Manufacturing Devices and Instruments for Easier Rat Liver Transplantation

Orthotopic rat liver transplantation is a popular model, which has been shown in a recent JoVE paper with the use of the "quick-linker" device. This technique allows for easier venous cuff-anatomoses after a reasonable learning curve. The device is composed of two handles, which are carved out from scalpel blades, one approximator, which is obtained by modifying Kocher's forceps, and cuffs designed from fine-bore polyethylene tubing. The whole process can be performed at a low-cost using common laboratory material. The present report provides a step-by-step protocol for the design of the required pieces and includes stencils.

We describe the design of the &#x201C;quick-linker&#x201D; device for easier orthotopic rat liver transplantation.

大鼠肝移植更容易的制造设备和仪器

Orthotopic rat liver transplantation is a popular model, which has been shown in a recent JoVE paper with the use of the "quick-linker" device. This ...

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This technology has shown potential in addressing previously challenging applications; including, delivery to primary immune cells, cell reprogramming, carbon nanotube, and quantum dot delivery. This vector-free microfluidic platform relies on mechanical disruption of the cell membrane to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the target material. Herein, we describe the detailed method of use for these microfluidic devices including, device assembly, cell preparation, and system operation. This delivery approach requires a brief optimization of device type and operating conditions for previously unreported applications. The provided instructions are generalizable to most cell types and delivery materials as this system does not require specialized buffers or chemical modification/conjugation steps. This work also provides recommendations on how to improve device performance and trouble-shoot potential issues related to clogging, low delivery efficiencies, and cell viability.

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This protocol provides detailed steps on how to use the system for a broad range of applications.

电池挤压作为一种强大的，微流控细胞内传送平台

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This ...

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradated organization of fibers and explore their applications in regulating cell morphology/orientation. Gradients with regard to physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber scaffolds offer a wide variety of applications in the biomedical field.

静电纳米纤维支架与渐变的纤维组织

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme saccharification processes release sugars that can be fermented by yeast. Traditional industrial yeasts do not ferment xylose (comprising up to 40% of plant sugars) and are not able to function in concentrated hydrolyzates. Concentrated hydrolyzates are needed to support economical ethanol recovery, but they are laden with toxic byproducts generated during pretreatment. While detoxification methods can render hydrolyzates fermentable, they are costly and generate waste disposal liabilities. Here, adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of the native Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to efficiently convert hydrolyzates to economically recoverable ethanol despite adverse culture conditions. Improved individuals are enriched in an evolving population using multiple selection pressures reliant on natural genetic diversity of the S. stipitis population and mutations induced by exposures to two diverse hydrolyzates, ethanol or UV radiation. Final evolution cultures are dilution plated to harvest predominant isolates, while intermediate populations, frozen in glycerol at various stages of evolution, are enriched on selective media using appropriate stress gradients to recover most promising isolates through dilution plating. Isolates are screened on various hydrolyzate types and ranked using a novel procedure involving dimensionless relative performance index (RPI) transformations of the xylose uptake rate and ethanol yield data. Using the RPI statistical parameter, an overall relative performance average is calculated to rank isolates based on multiple factors, including culture conditions (varying in nutrients and inhibitors) and kinetic characteristics. Through application of these techniques, derivatives of the parent strain had the following improved features in enzyme saccharified hydrolyzates at pH 5-6: reduced initial lag phase preceding growth, reduced diauxic lag during glucose-xylose transition, significantly enhanced fermentation rates, improved ethanol tolerance and accumulation to 40 g/L.

Adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to rapidly consume hexose and pentose mixed sugars in enzyme saccharified undetoxified hydrolyzates and to accumulate over 40 g/L ethanol.

鲁棒戊糖发酵酵母的木质纤维素生物转化的演进技术乙醇

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme ...

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

用原位滞后测量进行磁畴成像的优化设置和协议

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) with micrometer-scale channels are expected as efficient platforms for reactions and separations because of their large surface areas. Up to now, MHMs have been prepared by a unidirectional freeze-drying (UDF) method only from very limited precursors. Herein, we report a protocol from which a series of MHMs consisting of different components can be obtained. Recently, we found that cellulose nanofibers function as a distinct structure-directing agent towards the formation of MHMs through the UDF process. By mixing the cellulose nanofibers with water soluble substances which do not yield MHMs, a variety of composite MHMs can be prepared. This significantly enriches the chemical constitution of MHMs towards versatile applications.

Here, we present a general protocol to prepare a variety of microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) in which fluid can pass through with an extremely low pressure drop. MHMs obtained are expected to be used as filters, catalyst supports, flow-type electrodes, sensors and scaffolds for biomaterials.

纤维素碳纤维溶胶单向冷冻干燥制备 Microhoneycomb 石柱: 方法和外延

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation purposes. The process to generate such tissues is complex, and includes an appropriate combination of specific cell types, scaffolds, and physical or biochemical stimuli to guide cell growth and differentiation. Microcarriers represent an appealing tool to expand cells in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, since they provide higher surface-to volume ratios and mimic more closely the in vivo situation compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. The vascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and ensuring waste removal, constitutes an important building block when generating engineered tissues. In fact, most constructs fail after being implanted due to lacking vascular support. In this study, we present a protocol for endothelial cell expansion on recombinant collagen-based microcarriers under dynamic conditions in spinner flask and bioreactors, and we explain how to determine in this setting cell viability and functionality. In addition, we propose a method for cell delivery for vascularization purposes without additional detachment steps necessary. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to evaluate the cell vascularization potential in a perfusion bioreactor on a decellularized&#160;biological matrix. We believe that the use of the presented methods could lead to the development of new cell-based therapies for a large range of tissue engineering applications in the clinical practice.

We propose a cell expansion protocol on macroporous microcarriers and their use as delivery system in a perfusion bioreactor to seed a decellularized tissue matrix. We also include different techniques to determine cell proliferation and viability of cells cultured on microcarriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate functionality of cells after bioreactor cultures.

重组胶原蛋白 i. 肽载体在生物反应器中的应用及其作为细胞传递系统的潜力

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation ...

Manufacturing Abdominal Aorta Hydrogel Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Ultrasound Elastography Validation

Ultrasound (US) elastography, or elasticity imaging, is an adjunct imaging technique that utilizes sequential US images of soft tissues to measure the tissue motion and infer or quantify the underlying biomechanical characteristics. For abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), biomechanical properties such as changes in the tissue's elastic modulus and estimates of the tissue stress may be essential for assessing the need for the surgical intervention. Abdominal aortic aneurysms US elastography could be a useful tool to monitor AAA progression and identify changes in biomechanical properties characteristic of high-risk patients.
A preliminary goal in the development of an AAA US elastography technique is the validation of the method using a physically relevant model with known material properties. Here we present a process for the production of AAA tissue-mimicking phantoms with physically relevant geometries and spatially modulated material properties. These tissue phantoms aim to mimic the US properties, material modulus, and geometry of the abdominal aortic aneurysms. Tissue phantoms are made using a polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-c) and molded using 3D printed parts created using computer aided design (CAD) software. The modulus of the phantoms is controlled by altering the concentration of PVA-c and by changing the number of freeze-thaw cycles used to polymerize the cryogel. The AAA phantoms are connected to a hemodynamic pump, designed to deform the phantoms with the physiologic cyclic pressure and flows. Ultra sound image sequences of the deforming phantoms allowed for the spatial calculation of the pressure normalized strain and the identification of mechanical properties of the vessel wall. Representative results of the pressure normalized strain are presented.

Here we describe a method to manufacture aneurysmal, aortic tissue-mimicking phantoms for the use in testing ultrasound elastography. The combined use of computer-aided design (CAD) and 3-dimensional (3D) printing techniques produce aortic phantoms with predictable, complex geometries to validate the elastographic imaging algorithms with controlled experiments.

超声弹性成像验证腹主动脉水凝胶组织模拟幻影的研制

Ultrasound (US) elastography, or elasticity imaging, is an adjunct imaging technique that utilizes sequential US images of soft tissues to measure the ...