作者要感谢维也纳大学的支持KYL和英国工程和物理科学研究理事会（EPSRC）的资助为SRS和工作（EP/J013390/1）的后续基金。

细菌纤维素剑麻纤维悬浮液1。准备<ol><li>通过测量湿重BC，随后湿BC的真空干燥，在80℃过夜（O / N）确定BC的湿对干质量。一旦干燥后，测出BC的干质量。 </li><li>从公元前的预定湿到干质量测量的湿公元前薄膜等效量18克干卑诗省。 </li><li>切公元前湿成药膜使用一对锋利的剪刀小件〜1-2厘米。切割后，浸泡在公元前药膜在1升水中，以允许切药膜的水合。 </li><li>饲料切公元前薄膜放入果汁机中，并加入适量水放入搅拌机中，使混合过程将顺利进行。 </li><li>这些混合药膜公元前2分钟。 </li><li>倒混合BC成15升容器中，加水直至总水量为14升，补足BC浓度为0.1（克/毫升）％的水（每非细菌纤维素的质量百分比水它体积）。对BC药膜可能需要被送入分批混合器进行混合。 </li><li>切72克宽松剑麻纤维（或短天然纤维的任何源）为1-2厘米长的纤维，并将其添加到公元前停牌。轻轻搅拌该悬浮液，以确保在BC悬浮液剑麻纤维的均匀分散体。 </li><li>浸泡剑麻纤维在这种悬浮液的O / N。 </li></ol>剑麻纤维预制体2。制造<ol><li>开片模具，并关闭排水阀。 </li><li>填充系统用DI水，直到水位达到衬线。 </li><li>将100目金属成形网的后盾线，内板模具基地为中心。 </li><li>关闭并锁紧片的模具。添加额外的淡水，直到成形网被淹没在水中。 </li><li>倒入准备剑麻纤维公元前悬挂成片的模具。轻轻地搅拌该悬浮液，以确保剑麻纤维是均匀DISTRIButed整个模具。 </li><li>打开排水阀进行排水，这将导致剑麻纤维和BC的成形网上的湿滤饼的形成。紧随水渠后，打开片状模，取出成形网。 </li><li>放置在成形金属丝上的一块吸墨纸。额外印迹文件被放置在滤饼的顶部，随后是金属板。 </li><li>翻转过来，滤饼。与成形网现在面临的顶部，取出成形网并放置额外印迹直接纸张上的滤饼的顶部，随后是金属板。 </li><li>放置在金属板的上面10公斤的重量压出来的水。当吸水纸完全浸湿后，用新鲜的印迹文件替换印迹文件，然后再次按下滤饼用10千克的重量。 </li><li>更换印迹文件1最后的时间，进行最后的压1吨的热压机，以巩固光纤预制棒。 </li><li>加热热压用高达120℃以促进残留水分的蒸发。这大约需要4小时。降低热压至室温（RT）中的温度，并允许预成型坯之前，除去从热压降温。 </li></ol> 3，BC-剑麻纤维预制体的扫描电子显微镜（SEM） <ol><li>切割一个2×2平方厘米 BC-剑麻纤维预成型件。 </li><li>使用碳标签坚持这种切割瓶坯到SEM存根。 </li><li>大衣铬溅射镀膜机1分钟运行在75毫安样品。 </li><li>图像的BC-剑麻纤维预成型件与场致发射枪扫描电子显微镜在透镜模式下使用的5千伏的电子束能量。 注意:不要试图像剑麻纤维预制件，而无需使用导电胶胶合瓶坯到SEM存根。扫描电镜室的抽空过程中松散的纤维将被吸走而损坏电子枪。 </li></ol> 4，复合材料制造使用Vacuum辅助树脂灌注（VARI） <ol><li>放置在预型件上的模具侧，它由一个涂覆的非多孔PTFE玻璃纤维释放的顶部。 </li><li>覆盖所述预成型体具有多孔的PTFE涂层的玻璃织物释放，也被称为一个剥离层，接着由多孔质的流动介质。同时剥离层和流动介质应该更大，该预制件（参见图2的过程示意图）。 </li><li>定位欧米茄管在VARI的预期树脂入口和出口设置。确保了ω管被放置在多孔介质中流动的顶部，使树脂分配到VARI设置输液过程中。欧米茄管的长度应尽可能宽的流媒体。 </li><li>周围的人的集合了外围的地方压敏胶带。 <ol><li>确保该压敏胶带纸背仍留在磁带在这一点上。 </li><li>将树脂进料管和出口管进入的开口欧米加管并覆盖设置与氟代乙烯聚合物为基础装袋膜和使用压敏胶带密封。 </li><li>密封树脂进料管。定位在通气布的顶部的树脂排出管的另一端。 </li></ol></li><li>放置金属板的内袋，其中该纤维预成型件的顶部，随后是一块通气布。金属板应该是预成型件的尺寸。 </li><li>确定位置的通制袋真空阀应，然后将底部件阀门上的通气布上。 </li><li>放置在真空密封胶带绕内袋并放置在真空装袋膜在它的顶部和密封。多余的真空装袋膜会形成褶皱。 </li><li>将褶内的密封带，以完成密封。 </li><li>在真空装袋膜，其中底部件的阀门是和螺钉的前片包通过真空阀来完成切一小"X"。这是importaNT避免真空袋膜起皱顶下一块，因为这可能导致泄漏路径。 </li><li>连接快速连接接头和抽真空。在此过程中，真空装袋膜可以四处移动并放置在需要过量。检查真空泄漏。 </li><li>由环氧树脂和固化剂，在100的重量比混合，以19。德加的树脂在减压条件下除去所有的环氧树脂和固化剂的混合过程中截留的气泡制备的树脂。 </li><li>一旦VARI设置被确定为无泄漏，通过连接到欧米茄管的管喂树脂。 </li><li>确保树脂被送入缓慢，使得其有时间来浸渍到纤维预成型件。使树脂从树脂出口管流出并渗入布通气，直至没有气泡可以观察到从出口管出来。 </li><li>密封出口管和使树脂固化24小时，在室温下，随后的后CURI纳克步骤在50℃下16小时。 注:（1）固化周期树脂依赖性。 （2）它是非常重要的，最大真空度是VARI内实现建立和存在内设置了没有真空泄漏。一个可怜的VARI设置（未达到最大真空度或泄漏），会导致毛孔的制造复合材料和复合材料内显著减少纤维体积分数内。 （3）环氧树脂对固化剂的比例是树脂依赖性。请检查该树脂为环氧树脂对固化剂的比例混合前将产品资料表。 </li></ol>

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C., Schlufter, K., Bismarck, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+composites+reinforced+with+robust+short+sisal+fibre+preforms+utilising+bacterial+cellulose+as+binder.">Hierarchical composites reinforced with robust short sisal fibre preforms utilising bacterial cellulose as binder.</a> Composites Science and Technology. 72, 1479-1486 (2012).</li><li>Cincik, E., Koc, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+on+air+permeability+of+polyester/viscose+blended+needle-punched+nonwovens.">An analysis on air permeability of polyester/viscose blended needle-punched nonwovens.</a> Textile Research Journal. 82, 430-442 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, L., Miao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commingled+natural+fibre/polypropylene+wrap+spun+yarns+for+structured+thermoplastic+composites.">Commingled natural fibre/polypropylene wrap spun yarns for structured thermoplastic composites.</a> Composites Science and Technology. 70, 130-135 (2010).</li><li>Garkhail, S. K., Heijenrath, R. W. H., Peijs, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+natural-fibre-mat-reinforced+thermoplastics+based+on+flax+fibres+and+polypropylene.">Mechanical properties of natural-fibre-mat-reinforced thermoplastics based on flax fibres and polypropylene.</a> Applied Composite Materials. 7, 351-372 (2000).</li><li>Saito, T., Kuramae, R., Wohlert, J., Berglund, L. A., Isogai, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Ultrastrong+Nanofibrillar+Biomaterial:+The+Strength+of+Single+Cellulose+Nanofibrils+Revealed+via+Sonication-Induced+Fragmentation.">An Ultrastrong Nanofibrillar Biomaterial: The Strength of Single Cellulose Nanofibrils Revealed via Sonication-Induced Fragmentation.</a> Biomacromolecules. 14, 248-253 (2013).</li><li>Waldrop, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impregnating+a+fibrous+reinforcing+substrate+with+a+resin,+by+using+a+vacuum+and+differential+pressure+in+a+dual+chambered+system.">Impregnating a fibrous reinforcing substrate with a resin, by using a vacuum and differential pressure in a dual chambered system.</a> US patent. , (2001).</li><li>Seemann, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuum+assisted+moulding+of+fibre+reinforced+plastic+structures|in+which+even+distribution+of+resin+is+ensured+by+removable+medium+having+upwardly+facing+openings+and+connecting+lateral+passages.">Vacuum assisted moulding of fibre reinforced plastic structures|in which even distribution of resin is ensured by removable medium having upwardly facing openings and connecting lateral passages.</a> US patent. , (1989).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

我们已经表明在这个实验是松散的剑麻纤维可以绑定BC。但是，纤维的选择并不限于只是剑麻纤维。其他类型的纤维，如亚麻，大麻的，也可以使用。除了这一点，我们还表明，木粉，再生纸和溶解浆也可以使用BC粘合剂（尚未公布结果）装订成坚固耐用的瓶坯。该准则是，所用的纤维应为亲水性和吸水性。如前面提到的，该纤维的亲水性会吸收水分，在​​被分散在介质中的BC绘制。对BC过滤针对这些亲水性纤维的表面上，形成一层公元前涂层时将纤维干燥。虽然细菌纤维素可以围绕天然纤维在天然纤维5，29，30的存在下培养醋xylinus沉积，这个过程是艰苦和重张塌塌昂贵的生物反应器与严格控制pH值和溶解氧含量。我们的改进方法，在另一方面，是基于一种造纸方法（ 即 :在BC悬浮液分散天然纤维），也没有必要对生物反应器31。 随着问候天然纤维复合材料，随机取向的非织造（短期和随机取向）天然纤维预制件是由针刺生产通过压实松散纤维33（基本上拼接）聚合物纤维（通常为聚酯）的应用程序。制成一复合物，该纤维预成型件，然后放置在一个模具中，注入的树脂。聚合物纤维还可以混合天然纤维34（通常为亚麻，大麻，或黄麻）或分散在天然纤维悬浮液并真空过滤35在高分子量部分（50体积％）。此聚合物纤维的天然纤维垫（预制件），然后再将其加热至熔融聚合物为produce的复合结构。制备复合材料的后处理在本质上是可扩展的，而是由聚合物纤维的选择是有限的（在聚合物熔体应在温度高于该纤维的分解温度较低），可用于制作预成型体，因此，矩阵的类型可使复合材料。用我们的方法，BC不只是起到粘结剂的作用，它也可作为纳米加固32。如前面提到的，杨氏模量的单个BC纳米纤维的估计为114 GPA。而BC的单纤维拉伸强度是不知道，单TEMPO氧化的木和被囊动物纤维的抗拉强度最近已经使用超声诱导空化36计量。的GPA 0.8-1.5之间的拉伸强度是衡量这些单纳米纤维。这些机械性能，随着BC的结合潜力，公元前做一个出色的候选人，生产真正的绿色和随机取向的短自然色人纤维增强，细菌纤维素纤维增强复合材料的再生与机械性能超出常规的纤维增强聚合物。 在复合材料制造的术语，我们的优选的制造过程中是所讨论的双袋真空辅助树脂灌注（DBVI）由沃尔德罗普等 37不同的是更传统的单个袋真空辅助树脂灌注（也被称为塞曼过程38），DBVI开发在输液过程中（参见图2）采用了两个独立的真空包装袋。而塞曼过程将适用于制造复合材料，该过程可能受到树脂的流动前锋后面真空袋松弛。发生这种情况时，松弛的地方出现的区域会感觉柔软海绵。真空袋松弛将导致真空袋远离流动介质，由于液态树脂中阻力最小的路径的优先流。 Ŧ其会导致所制造的复合材料具有非均匀的纤维体积分数（ 即松弛区域将具有较低的纤维体积分数大于真空袋的非放松区）。 DBVI不会从这个缺点苦，作为内真空袋从不放松的液态树脂的流动前锋的后面。其结果，所得到的复合材料板将具有比平均纤维体积分数和更均匀的厚度高。此外，使用的外真空袋提供了冗余的系统，提高了液体注入过程中的真空完整性。

稳步上升的油价和公众对可持续发展的未来不断增长的需求已经引发和恢复的绿色环保材料，特别是聚合物和复合材料的研究和开发。不幸的是，相比于传统的基于石油的聚合物1的绿色或可再生聚合物的热-机械性能通常较差。例如，市售的聚乳酸（PLA）和聚羟基丁酸酯（PHB）是脆，具有低的热变形温度。创建匹配甚至超过常用的基于石油的工程材料的性能可再生材料中的一种解决方案是从过去的学习;亨利福特使用的复合策略， 即结合bio-based/renewable聚合物与加强件2，以提高可再生聚合物的性能。人们常常声称，天然纤维，因为其成本低，密度低，renewabili的作为理想的候选人加固TY和生物降解性3。天然纤维复合材料已经看到了复兴在20世纪90年代作为可通过同行审查的科学出版物的数量（ 图1）4的指数增长可以看出。然而，天然纤维和大多数热塑性塑料的疏水特性的亲水性往往归咎于到导致较差的纤维-基质粘附5，这通常会导致所得到的纤维增强的聚合物复合材料的机械性能较差。为解决这一难题，许多研究者试图进行化学改性的天然纤维6,7的表面上。这些化学修饰包括乙酰化8，9甲硅烷基化，高分子接枝10，异氰酸酯治疗11,12，使用马来酸偶联剂13-17，和苯甲酰18。尽管这些化学处理已提供天然纤维疏水性更强，由此产生的天然纤维增强ð聚合物依然未能在机械性能方面19交付。托马森20推测，此故障可能是anisotropicity和扩大天然纤维的高线性热膨胀系数的结果。除了 ​​这一点，天然纤维也从缺点，如有限的处理温度21，批与批之间的变化3，低拉伸强度相比，合成纤维，诸如玻璃，芳族聚酰胺纤维或碳纤维和缺乏合适的制造工艺，以患产生增强聚合物复合材料的天然纤维。因此，使用天然纤维作为加固将不足以关闭绿色材料和石油基聚合物之间的上述属性能隙。 纳米纤维素是一种新兴的绿色补强剂。特别地，纳米纤维素的细菌，如由醋杆菌属物种22，也被称为细菌cellulos产生Ë作为由于利用高刚度纤维素晶体24和 ​​实力的可能性一个有趣的选择为绿色环保材料23的设计。单一纤维素晶体的刚度估计为约100-160 GPA用X-射线衍射，喇曼光谱和数值模拟25-27。这是比玻璃纤维〜70 GPa时，这不过是更加密集高。细菌纤维素（BC）也是固有的纳米尺寸的直径为约50纳米和几微米，长度28。我们通过在天然纤维5,29,30的存在下培养醋xylinius报道的方法，以天然外衣（剑麻和大麻）纤维与BC层。这导致了PLLA和BC包覆天然纤维29,31之间改进的界面粘合性。为了简化涂覆这些纤维的过程中，Lee 等人开发的31涂覆天然（剑麻）FIBE的方法RS在不使用的生物反应器。这种方法是基于淤浆浸渍法，由此干燥剑麻纤维被浸入到BC悬浮液。这种方法32的延伸是滤除水中悬浮物含松剑麻纤维和BC，生产适合于典型的复合材料结构制造剑麻纤维预制件。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bacterial cellulose</td><td>fzmb</td><td>9004-34-6</td><td>The CAS number is based on the CAS number for cellulose</td></tr><tr><td>Sisal fibers</td><td>Wigglesworth Co. Ltd, UK</td><td></td><td>The type of fibers can be substituted with any type of natural fibers</td></tr><tr><td>Prime 20 ULV</td><td>SP Gurit</td><td></td><td>The type of resin can be substituted with any type of liquid resin designed for vacuum assisted resin infusion</td></tr><tr><td>Formax standard sheet mould</td><td>Adirondack Machine Corporation</td><td></td><td>This piece of equipment could be replaced with a B&amp;uuml;chner funnel.</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>Edwards, UK</td><td>XDS 5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>Wenesco Inc, USA</td><td>HP 1836-AH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Porous PTFE coated glass release fabric</td><td>Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td><td>TFG075P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Omega tubes</td><td>Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td><td>Omegaflow 313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Breather cloth</td><td>EasyComposites Ltd, UK</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure sensitive tapes</td><td>Aerovac, UK</td><td>SM5127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum bagging film (FEP)</td><td>Tygavac Advaced Materials Ltd, UK</td><td>RF260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum bagging film (Nylon)</td><td>Aerovac, UK</td><td>Capran 519</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

manufacturing of robust natural fiber preforms utilizing bacterial cellulose as binder

制造坚固耐用的天然纤维预制件的一种新方法，在这里提出。此方法是基于造纸工艺，从而松动和短剑麻纤维分散成水悬浮液含细菌纤维素。纤维和纳米纤维素悬浮液，然后过滤（使用真空或重力）和湿滤饼压挤出多余的水，然后进行干燥步骤。这将导致细菌纤维素网络的hornification，保持松散天然纤维粘合在一起。 我们的方法特别适用于亲水性纤维的刚性和强大的预制棒的制造。这类纤维的多孔和亲水性质导致显著水分吸收，在细菌纤维素分散在悬浮液中绘制。细菌纤维素将被过滤对这些纤维的表面，形成一个细菌纤维素涂层。当松散的纤维细菌细胞ULOSE悬浮液过滤并干燥，相邻的细菌纤维素形成网络和hornified持有否则松散纤维粘结在一起。 引入细菌纤维素在预成型体中产生的纤维预成型件的机械性能显著增加。这可以归因于高刚性的细菌纤维素的网络和强度。与此预成型体，可再生高性能分层复合材料，也可以通过使用常规的复合材料的生产方法，如树脂膜渗透（RFI）或树脂传递模塑（RTM）制造。在这里，我们也采用双层袋真空辅助树脂灌注描述的可再生分层复合材料制造。

未经公元前粘结剂，短期，松散剑麻纤维仅由纤维之间的摩擦和缠结在一起。其结果是，此预成型体松散，它不能够支持多少重量。 图3显示了剑麻纤维预制件无BC作为粘合剂，用在3点弯曲方式施加的载荷。预成型件可以被看作是相当松散的，当一个负载是通过将水倒入聚丙烯杯应用，该预型件开始偏转严重。施加的负载是相当于40克水。然而，当20重量％的BC被用作粘合剂，这些短而松剑麻纤维，硬质光纤预制件的制造。这个预成型件可以承受满聚丙烯杯的负载（〜170 g）无任何显著偏转（ 图3）。 一个典型的BC-剑麻纤维预成型件的扫描电子显微照片示于图4。公元前可以看出被覆盖的表面剑麻纤维。这种效果是由于剑麻纤维（或任何其它天然纤维）的亲水性。剑麻纤维的亲水性吸水，在被分散在介质中的BC绘制。由于BC是比天然纤维的孔隙较大，他们不能渗透到纤维中。相反，它们被过滤针对剑麻纤维的表面并形成一层公元前涂层时将纤维干燥。 在张力下这些纤维预成型件的机械性能列于表1，由于该纤维预成型件具有〜70％的孔隙率的多孔性，拉伸强度的预制件的（每单位面积的负荷）没有明确定义。因此，我们制表的拉伸力和我们的试样的抗张指数（每单位克重的拉伸力）（失败的每单位宽度的样品，这是该材料为15毫米在我们的实验中，所需的负载）。 12.1千牛·米-1的张力和抗张指数<html>和15 N·米·克-1测定时，分别20重量％BC被用作粘合剂。然而，整齐剑麻纤维预型件的拉伸性能是不能测定的光纤预制件松动。 图图例: <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig1.jpg" /> 在天然纤维和复合材料领域的出版物图1的数量。数据是从知识的网站通过使用关键字搜索分别以「自然的谎*&#39;和&#39;复合*&#39;，收集。从俾斯麦等人。4得到来自美国科学出版有限公司的许可files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2原理图双联袋真空辅助树脂灌注。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig3.jpg" /> 图3。照片说明弯曲的剑麻纤维预制件的刚度无（顶部两个图像），并与（底部的两个图像）BC作为粘结剂的差异。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="3in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51432/51432fig4.jpg" /> 。使用BC作为粘合剂在不同放大倍数的典型天然纤维预制体图4扫描电镜顶:100X，中间:1,000 X和底部:25,000 x，分别。 （ 一 ）和（b）分别表示在SiSAL纤维和BC纳米纤维，分别为。 <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 物料 </td><td> 拉伸力（千牛 · 米-1） </td><td> 抗张指数（牛顿米 · 克-1） </td></tr><tr><td>整齐的剑麻瓶坯</td><td>无法衡量</td><td>无法衡量</td></tr><tr><td> BC-剑麻瓶坯</td><td> 12.1±2.4 </td><td> 15±3 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。剑麻纤维预型件的拉伸性能，使用和不使用BC作为粘合剂。

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Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

我们提出了一种新的制造坚固耐用的天然短纤维预制件用造纸工艺的方法。细菌纤维素同时充当粘合剂的松散的纤维，并提供刚性的纤维预型件。这些预成型件可以被注入的树脂，以产生真正的绿色分级复合材料。

制造业的鲁棒天然纤维预制体的利用细菌纤维素为粘结剂

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

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27.4K 次观看.  University of Vienna. 我们提出了一种新的制造坚固耐用的天然短纤维预制件用造纸工艺的方法。细菌纤维素同时充当粘合剂的松散的纤维，并提供刚性的纤维预型件。这些预成型件可以被注入的树脂，以产生真正的绿色分级复合材料。 

视频: Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall.

The objective of this research was to form synthetic plant cell wall tissue using layer-by-layer assembly of nanocellulose fibrils and isolated lignin assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions.&#160; Surface measurement techniques of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the formation of the polymer-polymer nanocomposite material.

朝仿生学木:纳米纤维素，木质素的装配式自由站立电影和合成聚阳离子

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

科研

化学

Highly Stable, Functional Hairy Nanoparticles and Biopolymers from Wood Fibers: Towards Sustainable Nanotechnology

Nanoparticles, as one of the key materials in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, have gained significant importance during the past decade. While metal-based nanoparticles are associated with synthetic and environmental hassles, cellulose introduces a green, sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. Here, we present the chemical synthesis and separation procedures to produce new classes of hairy nanoparticles (bearing both amorphous and crystalline regions) and biopolymers based on wood fibers. Through periodate oxidation of soft wood pulp, the glucose ring of cellulose is opened at the C2-C3 bond to form 2,3-dialdehyde groups. Further heating of the partially oxidized fibers (e.g., T = 80 &#176;C) results in three products, namely fibrous oxidized cellulose, sterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (SNCC), and dissolved dialdehyde modified cellulose (DAMC), which are well separated by intermittent centrifugation and co-solvent addition. The partially oxidized fibers (without heating) were used as a highly reactive intermediate to react with chlorite for converting almost all aldehyde to carboxyl groups. Co-solvent precipitation and centrifugation resulted in electrosterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (ENCC) and dicarboxylated cellulose (DCC). The aldehyde content of SNCC and consequently surface charge of ENCC (carboxyl content) were precisely controlled by controlling the periodate oxidation reaction time, resulting in highly stable nanoparticles bearing more than 7 mmol functional groups per gram of nanoparticles (e.g., as compared to conventional NCC bearing &#60;&#60; 1 mmol functional group/g). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attested to the rod-like morphology. Conductometric titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrokinetic-sonic-amplitude (ESA) and acoustic attenuation spectroscopy shed light on the superior properties of these nanomaterials.

Synthesis schemes to prepare highly stable wood fiber-based hairy nanoparticles and functional cellulose-based biopolymers have been detailed.

高稳定性，功能性毛纳米粒子和木纤维生物聚合物:迈向可持续纳米技术

Nanoparticles, as one of the key materials in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, have gained significant importance during the past decade. While ...

Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils (CNF) from bleached eucalyptus pulp (BEP) and unbleached mixed hardwood kraft pulp (UMHP) fibers using highly recyclable dicarboxylic solid acids. Typical operating conditions were acid concentrations of 50 - 70 wt% at 100 &#176;C for 60 min and 120 &#176;C (no boiling at atmospheric pressure) for 120 min, for BEP and UMHP, respectively. The resultant CNCs have a higher thermal degradation temperature than their corresponding feed fibers and carboxylic acid group content from 0.2 - 0.4 mmol/g. The low strength (high pKa of 1.0 - 3.0) of organic acids also resulted in CNCs with both longer lengths of approximately 239 - 336 nm and higher crystallinity than CNCs produced using mineral acids. Cellulose loss to sugar was minimal. Fibrous cellulosic solid residue (FCSR) from the dicarboxylic acid hydrolysis was used to produce carboxylated CNFs through subsequent mechanical fibrillation with low energy input.

Here we demonstrate a novel method for green and sustainable productions of highly thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF) using highly recyclable solid dicarboxylic acids.

热稳定和羧基化纤维素纳米晶和纳米原纤维使用高度可回收的二元羧酸绿色和低成本生产

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils ...

Fabrication of a Functionalized Magnetic Bacterial Nanocellulose with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus is synthesized and impregnated in situ with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) (Fe3O4) to yield a magnetic bacterial nanocellulose (MBNC). The synthesis of MBNC is a precise and specifically designed multi-step process. Briefly, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) pellicles are formed from preserved G. xylinus strain according to our experimental requirements of size and morphology. A solution of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3&#183;6H2O) and iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2&#183;4H2O) with a 2:1 molar ratio is prepared and diluted in deoxygenated high purity water. A BNC pellicle is then introduced in the vessel with the reactants. This mixture is stirred and heated at 80 &#176;C in a silicon oil bath and ammonium hydroxide (14%) is then added by dropping to precipitate the ferrous ions into the BNC mesh. This last step allows forming in situ magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) inside the bacterial nanocellulose mesh to confer magnetic properties to BNC pellicle. A toxicological assay was used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the BNC-IONP pellicle. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to cover the IONPs in order to improve their biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the IONP were located preferentially in the fibril interlacing spaces of the BNC matrix, but some of them were also found along the BNC ribbons. Magnetic force microscope measurements performed on the MBNC detected the presence magnetic domains with high and weak intensity magnetic field, confirming the magnetic nature of the MBNC pellicle. Young&#39;s modulus values obtained in this work are also in a reasonable agreement with those reported for several blood vessels in previous studies.

Here, we present a protocol to make a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) magnetic for applications in damaged blood vessel reconstruction. The BNC was synthesized by G. xylinus strain. On the other hand, magnetization of the BNC was realized through in situ precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ferrous ions inside the BNC mesh.

一机能磁性纳米纤维素的细菌与氧化铁纳米粒子的制备

In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus is synthesized and impregnated in situ with iron oxide ...

生物工程

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often result in fragile aerogels with poor shape control. The use of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to form a covalently bonded hydrogel allows for the reduction of metal ions such as palladium on the CNFs with control over both nanostructure and macroscopic aerogel monolith shape after supercritical drying. Crosslinking the carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers is achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in the presence of ethylenediamine. The CNF hydrogels maintain their shape throughout synthesis steps including covalent crosslinking, equilibration with precursor ions, metal reduction with high concentration reducing agent, rinsing in water, ethanol solvent exchange, and CO2 supercritical drying. Varying the precursor palladium ion concentration allows for control over the metal content in the final aerogel composite through a direct ion chemical reduction rather than relying on the relatively slow coalescence of pre-formed nanoparticles used in other sol-gel techniques. With diffusion as the basis to introduce and remove chemical species into and out of the hydrogel, this method is suitable for smaller bulk geometries and thin films. Characterization of the cellulose nanofiber-palladium composite aerogels with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry indicates a high surface area, metallized palladium porous structure.

A synthesis method for cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented.The resulting composite aerogel materials offer potential for catalysis, sensing, and hydrogen gas storage applications.

纤维素纳米纤维生物模板复合气凝胶的合成方法

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

基于木材的高性能复合材料的制造与设计

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

工程学

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

双螺丝挤压工艺，以生产可再生纤维板

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Bacterial Cellulose Spheres that Encapsulate Solid Materials

Bacterial cellulose (BC) spheres have been increasingly researched since the popularization of BC as a novel material. This protocol presents an affordable and simple method for BC sphere production. In addition to producing these spheres, an encapsulation method for solid particles has also been identified. To produce BC spheres, water, black tea, sugar, vinegar, and bacterial culture are combined in a baffled flask and the contents are agitated. After determining the proper culture conditions for BC sphere formation, their ability to encapsulate solid particles was tested using biochar, polymer beads, and mine waste. Spheres were characterized using ImageJ software and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicate that spheres with 7.5 mm diameters can be made in 7 days. Adding various particles increases the average size range of the BC capsules. The spheres encapsulated 10 - 20% of their dry mass. This method shows low-cost sphere production and encapsulation that is possible with easily obtainable materials. BC spheres may be used in the future as a contaminant removal aid, controlled release fertilizer coating, or soil amendment.

This protocol presents an easy, inexpensive method of forming bacterial cellulose (BC) spheres. This biomaterial can function as an encapsulation medium for solid materials, including biochar, polymer spheres, and mine waste.

封装固体材料的细菌纤维素球体

Bacterial cellulose (BC) spheres have been increasingly researched since the popularization of BC as a novel material. This protocol presents an ...

Production of Extracellular Matrix Fibers via Sacrificial Hollow Fiber Membrane Cell Culture

Engineered scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) have driven significant interest in medicine for their potential in expediting wound closure and healing. Extraction of extracellular matrix from fibrogenic cell cultures in vitro has potential for generation of ECM from human- and potentially patient-specific cell lines, minimizing the presence of xenogeneic epitopes which has hindered the clinical success of some existing ECM products. A significant challenge in in vitro production of ECM suitable for implantation is that ECM production by cell culture is typically of relatively low yield. In this work, protocols are described for the production of ECM by cells cultured within sacrificial hollow fiber membrane scaffolds. Hollow fiber membranes are cultured with fibroblast cell lines in a conventional cell medium and dissolved after cell culture to yield continuous threads of ECM. The resulting ECM fibers produced by this method can be decellularized and lyophilized, rendering it suitable for storage and implantation.

The goal of this protocol is production of whole extracellular matrix fibers targeted for wound repair which are suitable for preclinical evaluation as part of a regenerative scaffold implant. These fibers are produced by the culture of fibroblasts on hollow fiber membranes and extracted by dissolution of the membranes.

牺牲纤维膜细胞培养生产细胞外基质纤维

Engineered scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) have driven significant interest in medicine for their potential in expediting wound closure ...