We thank Erin Douglas, Anna Evans, and Carolyn Bellion for their contributions to participant recruitment and clinical assessment. We also thank Michael Casp, Zoe Englander, Justin Woodlief, and James Carter for their contributions to data collection and analysis, and Robert M. Hamer for consultation on statistical analysis and editing of the manuscript. Finally, we thank the individuals and their families who participated in this study. 
This study was supported by Conte center grant P50 MH064065 from the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Hart was supported by T32 HD040127 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

在这项研究中所使用的研究技术被批准的机构审查委员会杜克大学（IRB）和北卡罗来纳大学 - 教堂山分校。 1.成像任务设计<ol><li>生成呈现稀少目标刺激（圆）的更频繁标准刺激（加扰图像）的序列内的基于事件的行为的任务。的任务的示意图示于图1。出示使用CIGAL软件10的任务。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51484/51484fig1.jpg" /> 图1.原理任务设计的，这个数字已经被修改哈特等人 20，许可。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51484/51484fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>选择作为厌恶刺激等和一组从国际情感图片系统数据库（IAPS）中性刺激的。 IAPS图像以反映觉醒和价11的水平在额定1-9。高数值表示较高正价和觉醒。选择一组是年龄相适应的研究组，如蛇，蜘蛛，或其他动物的照片图像。 注意:用于此研究的任务无关的厌恶刺激图像具有3.38（标准差= 1.78）和6.14（标准差= 2.08）的平均觉醒评分的平均价的评价。中性刺激的图像有6.21（SD = 0.26）和3.72（SD = 2.15）的平均觉醒等级的平均价。 </li><li>计划任务脚本，使得图像显示在一个伪随机的顺序为1500毫秒用500毫秒的平均刺激间的时间间隔。现在的目标刺激和任务无关的中性影像不超过频繁每15秒，使每个约4％的刺激。吉tter事件发生时间，以提供更好的分辨率的血流动力学响应函数。 </li></ol><ol start="2"><li>创建8套图像，一个用于每个的8个功能的运行，使得与会者都带有总共40个目标和40的任务无关的中性图像对所有8次操作过程。 </li></ol> 2.参与者设置和扫描<ol><li>招募儿童和青少年的9岁至18岁谁不是健康对照个人或谁在家族性高风险的精神病之间。 <ol><li>确保健康的人没有精神疾病或任何一级的家庭成员有精神疾病。确保家族性风险的参与者都至少有一个一级亲属（父母或兄弟姐妹）患有精神分裂症。不排除他们对其他精神疾病的一级亲属的存在。 </li><li>年龄和性别匹配的健康参与者家族危组参与者秒。 </li></ol></li><li>收购参与者知情同意18岁的未成年人超过，获取家长/监护人知情同意书。此外，收购未成年人参加学习谁写的同意。 </li><li>将在一个模拟的核磁共振成像扫描仪的参与者，以便与环境的熟悉他们。播放扫描仪噪音的录音，让他们完成任务的行为的实践运行，以确保他们了解任务的说明。 </li><li>将在核磁共振成像扫描仪的参与者，并获得必要的脑部扫描定位和/或解剖图像。 </li><li>使用MRI安全的输入框，告诉参与者按下一个按钮，与他们的食指针对所有目标刺激和另一个按钮与中指所有其他刺激。 </li><li>随着功能磁共振成像扫描，收集觉醒和价的参与者的一个子集，在研究中使用的图像的主观评价。该柯伦来自15个控制器和13家族高危T研究获得的评级。 </li></ol> 3.图像采集<ol><li>将参与者分为一个3.0特斯拉的核磁共振成像扫描仪。首先，获取了一组结构图像，包括一个3D共面解剖T1对比度图像使用一个被宠坏的梯度召回收购脉冲序列（TR的:5.16毫秒; TE:2.04毫秒，FOV:24厘米;图像矩阵:256×256;翻转角度:20;像素大小:0.94毫米×0.94毫米×1.9毫米; 68轴位片）。 </li><li>采用梯度回波平面回波成像序列全脑覆盖采集功能成像数据（TR:2000毫秒; TE:27毫秒; FOV:24厘米;图像矩阵:64×64;翻转角度:60;像素大小:3.75毫米×3.75毫米×3.8毫米; 34轴位片），使大脑的活动可以在行为任务的执行过程中进行测量。竞选行为的任务的每次运行该成像序列。每次运行应包括120成像时间点。 </li><li>目前TASK在8个功能运行时，每次持续约4分钟。 </li></ol> 4.分析<ol><li>图像预处理:开放式磁共振成像专家分析工具（技艺）的FSL 12。选择第一个层次的分析和预统计。 <ol><li> 在 "数据"选项卡中，选择输入图像的数量和进入路径每次你要处理的MR图像。设置输出目录。进入总体积，废旧收购的数量，以及TR。 </li><li>在"预统计 "选项卡上，设置动态校正MCFLIRT，空间平滑FWHM为5彩信， 和 " 切片定时校正"，选择"下注大脑提取"和"高通 "时间滤波，但不要选择B0解弯曲（UNESS你有一个梯度场地图）或"我ntensitiy normaization"。12,14。 </li><li> 在 " 注册"选项卡， 选择 "主STRUctural图像"。输入路径主体的头骨剥离T1加权像，用线性正常的搜索与至少6个自由度，选择的标准空间复选框，输入路径MNI图谱的图像，使用正常，线性搜索与12 DOF。 按 GO。 </li><li>排除参与者大于3毫米头部运动在X，Y或Z方向。 </li></ol></li><li> 1级:在一次运行中的任务条件之间的数据进行比较。开放式的壮举。选择"第一级分析"和 " 统计+后统计"。 <ol><li> 在数据选项卡，设置的输入数量，并输入路径到每个MR图像。输入"输出目录"的路径。 进入 " 总卷"，放弃收购的数量，以及TR。 </li><li>在" 统计信息 "选项卡，选择" 使用针对电影预先白化 "复选框16。按"全模式本身TUP"按钮。设置为任务条件的数量"原电动车的数量"。对于每个条件，"从双伽马HRF"卷积 "下拉菜单中选择17,18从基本形状下拉菜单和"自定义（3列格式 ）"，并选择包含任务进度的文本文件。 <ol><li>格式化在3列这个文本文件与对于给定类型的每个"事件"一个条目。第一列应包含的发作时间（以秒计），第二应包含的持续时间（以秒为单位），以及第三应包含该事件的重量。在对比与F检验标签，创建一个对比每个任务的条件，并为每个比较。 </li></ol></li><li>在"后统计"选项卡中， 选择 " 集群"中的" 阈值"下拉菜单中，并设置"Z门槛"和群P牛逼hreshold为2.3和0.05分别为8,19。 </li><li> 在 " 注册"选项卡， 选择 "主结构性形象"，输入路径主体的头骨剥离T1加权像。使用线性正常的搜索与至少6个自由度。 选择 " 标准空间"复选框。输入路径MNI图谱形象。使用正常的，线性的自由度12搜索。按"开始"。 </li></ol></li><li> 2级:比较运行之间的数据为每个任务的条件。开放式的壮举。选择从下拉菜单中选择"更高层次的分析"和"统计+后统计"。 <ol><li>在数据选项卡， 选择 " 输入是低级别FEAT目录 "。设置的输入的数量和输入路径到每个MR图像。输入"输出目录"的路径。 </li><li> 在 " 统计信息"选项卡，将" 混合效应:FLAME1"选择框"固定êffects"，按"模式设置向导"按钮，选择"单组平均"，然后单击"进程"按钮 。 </li><li>在"后统计 "选项卡中， 选择 " 集群"中的" 阈值 "下拉菜单中，并设置"Z 门槛 "和" 群P"门槛为2.3和0.05分别为8,19。按"开始"。 </li></ol></li><li> 3级:比较对象之间的数据在所有运行的每个任务的条件。开放式的壮举。选择从下拉菜单中选择" 更高层次的分析 "和" 统计+后统计 "。 <ol><li>在数据选项卡，选择" 输入是3D从FEAT目录应对图像。"设置的输入数量，并输入路径到每个MR图像。输入"输出目录 "的路径。 </li><li> 在 " 统计"TAB，按"全模式的设置"。设置电动汽车等于组变量和协变量如诊断组，年龄，性别等输入每个受试者的值（输入1 - 输入n）的数目的数目为每个EV。您可以使用"粘贴"窗口，以复制这些值的电子表格。 <ol><li> 在 " 对比与F-测试 "选项卡中，为每个测试变量和每个对比差异（例如，诊断组）添加对比。对于每个测试变量，设定由下的相应的EV选择该列中的值1的对比度。对于每一个相对，设置第一值1和第二为-1。选择"完成"。 </li></ol></li><li>在"后统计 "选项卡中， 选择 " 集群"中的"阈值"下拉菜单中，并设置"Z 门槛 "和 " 群P"门槛为2.3和0.05分别为8,19 </suP&gt;。按"开始"。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Dr. Perkins is currently receiving grant support from Janssen, and is a consultant to Dainippon. In the past, Dr. Perkins is or has been on speaker's bureau for Eli Lilly and AstraZeneca. Dr. Perkins has previously received grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Otsuka, Eli Lilly, Janssen and Pfizer; and consulting and educational fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Glaxo Smith Kline, Forest Labs, Pfizer and Shire. All other authors declare no biomedical financial interests or potential conflict of interest.

The modified emotional oddball paradigm in the current study has been shown to elicit differences in neural recruitment during selective attention and emotional processing in children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia. While existing paradigms using the emotional oddball task have been used to investigate neural changes in adult populations with psychiatric illness8, the current paradigm may be particularly useful for measurement of vulnerability markers in younger age groups. 
<p class='jove_conte...

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a known genetic component1,2 and with symptoms including deficits in both executive and emotional processing3,4. First-degree relatives are thought to be at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and have been shown to share some of these same neurocognitive deficits in both cognitive and social-emotional domains5. We therefore expect that brain activity in regions associated with executive and emotional processing may be altered in at-risk family members preceding the onset of clinical symptoms. 
Previous studies have indicated that both adults with schizophrenia and adults at familial high risk show aberrant activity within executive and emotional processing networks; however it remains unclear how these changes come about during development. Demonstrating that these changes occur early in life will be a critical first step in understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. Therefore, this study utilizes an emotional oddball paradigm during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning in order to measure brain activity during the completion of a task that requires both executive and emotional processing in adolescents who are at risk for developing schizophrenia. Oddball paradigms are frequently used to examine the function of fronto-striate circuitry in schizophrenia6 and in individuals with familial high risk7 by measuring selective attention processes allocated to task-relevant target stimuli. Here, a standard oddball task has been modified to include task-irrelevant aversive and neutral stimuli that have been shown to elicit changes in brain activity in patients with schizophrenia8. 
This paper measures functional differences between healthy adolescents and adolescents at high familial risk for schizophrenia using an emotional oddball task. The task design is similar to that used by Fichtenholtz and colleagues9, but the selection of aversive emotional images has been modified to be appropriate for children between the ages of 9-18. The use of this task during functional MRI allowed for the identification of specific brain regions that showed patterns of hyperactivation and hypoactivation in children and adolescents with FHR for schizophrenia, in addition to age-related changes in neural activity during adolescent development.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3T MRI scanner</td><td>GE</td><td></td><td>BIAC 3T scanner (replaced)</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of fronto-limbic activity using an emotional oddball task in children with familial high risk for schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

有基于人口统计特征20组无显着差异。行为数据表明，目标探测任务是在困难的9-18岁之间的儿童和青少年适当的水平。在目前的研究中，控制系统正确识别目标（SD = 0.14）82.36％，而家族高危人群正确识别目标（SD = 0.17），76.8％。两个组识别情绪的图像时相比，中性图片精度降低（F（1,40）= 5.63，p值= 0.03）。 成像数据表明，实验条件导致显著激活...

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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

measurement-fronto-limbic-activity-using-an-emotional-oddball-task

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR). FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

视频: Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

科研

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

行为学

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

情绪调节策略的童年有效性的心理生理评估

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to improve adolescents' and adults' emotion regulation. These studies instruct adolescents and adults to use visual imagery or language to create distance from the self before engaging in self-regulation tasks and when thinking about past and future events. For example, adults are asked to recall past, negative emotional experiences from either a first-person perspective (no distance) or a third-person perspective (self-distanced). These studies show that a self-distanced perspective allows adults to cope more adaptively when recalling negative feelings. However, the self-distancing paradigm used with adults was not developmentally appropriate for young children. This modified self-distancing paradigm involves instructing children to think about their thoughts, feelings, and actions from different perspectives that vary in their distance from the self while completing a self-regulation task. The paradigm involves randomly assigning children to use one of three perspectives: self-immersed, third-person, or exemplar. In the self-immersed condition, children are asked to think about themselves using the first-person perspective (e.g., "How am I feeling?") and no distance is created from the self. In the third-person condition, children are asked to create distance from the self by using the third-person perspective (e.g., "How is [child's name] feeling?"). In the exemplar condition, the greatest distance from the self is created by asking children to pretend to be a media character and to think about that character's thoughts and feelings (e.g., "How is Batman feeling?"). Studies using the self-distancing paradigm with 4-6-year-olds have found that as the amount of distance from the self increases (self-immersed &lt; third-person &lt; exemplar), children perform better on self-regulation tasks. These findings suggest that the strategies implemented in the self-distancing protocol may be useful to include in self-regulation interventions for young children.

An experimental paradigm was created to measure the effects of self-distancing in young children (4-6-year-olds). Self-distancing is a process through which individuals adopt a less egocentric perspective. This paradigm has been used to examine the effects of self-distancing on young children&#39;s self-regulation.

衡量幼儿自距离效应的实验范式

Self-distancing (i.e., creating mental distance between the self and a stimulus by adopting a less egocentric perspective) has been studied as a way to ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

使用传统恐惧测试来评估牛的不同情绪回路

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.