This research was supported by grants MOST102-2410-H-001-044 and MOST103-2410-H-001-058-MY2 to M. Liou, and RSF-14-15-00202 to A.N. Savostyanov. The support of Russian Science Foundation (RSF) was used for elaboration of experimental paradigm of face recognition.

伦理学声明:涉及人类受试者的程序已批准由人类参与研究伦理委员会/机构审查委员会中央研究院，台湾。 1.刺激和实验程序准备<ol><li>准备的60多情绪正面照片29分为三个面部表情（愤怒，快乐，中性）的游泳池。使用图形软件在与黑色背景的照片，以屏蔽掉的头发和耳朵的部件， 如图1A所示 ，使参与者能够集中精力在照片的面部特征。 <ol><li>打开图形软件的照片。使用选择工具箱绘制一个椭圆区域，并调整该区域的大小，使耳朵和最头发不会在椭圆下降。 </li><li>倒置选定的区域。点击"删除"以删除照片中不需要的区域，并与黑色的背景色更换。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig1.jpg" /> 图1.情感的脸刺激的例子。（A）照片的面孔，其中头发和耳朵已经在黑色的背景色被屏蔽掉，和（B）线绘图从（A）在图形编辑软件进行编辑的面孔。这些面分别显示中性，快乐，和愤怒的情绪从上下行。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>创建试点研究。招收飞行员学员从照片库中选择合适的刺激。 注:飞行员参与者不得参与脑电图实验。 <ol><li>配置与第一台电脑屏幕上呈现的任务指令开始刺激演示程序，其次是5法米尔iarization试验。开始定影横每次试验，接着一个面刺激，并通过一个情绪评估任务。见补充编码文件的示例程序。 注:真正的先导试验立即从池中随机的顺序选择正面照片按照熟悉试验。 <ol><li>创建一个实验计划，包括指令屏幕和一个中央眼睛注视屏幕。生成面刺激屏幕， 如图2所示，通过配置照片尺寸为18.3点¯x24.4厘米2（宽×高）与黑色背景颜色，给定计算机屏幕大小41点¯x25.6厘米2 1680点¯x1050的分辨率。见补充编码文件的示例程序。 </li><li>创建用于在程序情绪评价记分系统， 如图3所示放置一个水平线在连续尺度在屏幕的中心，从-100到+100 withouŧ任何勾号标记，除了中央和端点。准备程序，参与者可以自由地得分光标拖动到左侧很生气（-100），并为很开心的权利（+100）评价照片脸的情感，并按下GO按钮。 注:得分线的设计没有任何刻度的标记，因为AS患者很容易陷入情绪评估期间将蜱的光标。因此，连续的比例优选为患者。 </li><li>确保程序记录一个参与者的行为的结果（ 例如 ，反应时间和情感分数），其被用作标准从池中选择照片（见步骤1.3.1）。 </li></ol></li><li>招募飞行员的参与者（5个控制和5个试点参与者）。诊断根据Gillberg 30和DSM-IV标准的26例患者的临床和管理韦氏成人的临床衍生简短形式<html>智力量表（WAIS-III）31。尽可能地匹配控制，以他们作为同行性别，并在言语/性能智商。 </li><li>运行在每个单独参与者试点研究的实验程序。在完成情绪人脸识别任务后，采访每个导频的AS参与者在中心眼固定和刺激呈现周期的合理的持续时间，任务的难度，便于使用的评分系统和试验用于保持他/她的最大数量的浓度的基础上，该程序可以被重新配置为脑电图实验（见步骤1.3.2） </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig2.jpg" /> 图2.在程序的面刺激的屏幕截图。脸部的大小被构造以适应屏幕的高度。空区域用黑色填充。上传/ 53962 / 53962fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig3.jpg" /> 图3.情绪评估评分系统的屏幕截图。计分栏设计为无刻度标记。参与者需要拖动鼠标来选择分配给面子得分和按下GO按钮以完成任务。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="3"><li>计划任务1:照片会话。 <ol><li>从池30照片选择，包括每10快乐，愤怒，和中性表情（5男5女面临着每种类型的表达式），即给予最可比的平均反应时间和平均5 AS之间情感分数5个控制试点的参与者。 </l我&gt; <li>从试点的病人加入反馈，如优化中心眼固定期间（ 即 1000毫秒）更新实验方案配置，刺激呈现（ 即 1000毫秒），刺激间隔（ 即随机分配的持续时间评分系统（的-between 4和7秒），和规模即 -100〜100）。添加之前在方案30实验试验的5熟悉试验。 <ol><li>改变与实验程序相关联的外部配置文本文件的刺激和时间间隔的数目。 注:文本文件可以被修改，以适应不同的实验条件下，无需软件工程师的干预。 </li><li>不要指望对熟悉审判5张照片选取的30的照片。不要使用脑电图和数据分析记录在熟悉审判行为数据。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>节目f或任务2:线条绘制会议。 <ol><li>创建的35张照片（5熟悉试验中，30为实验性试验）通过追踪每个面的边缘在任务1中使用的画线图象。使用图形软件来修改灰度照片成黑色和白色线图， 如图1B所示 。 注意:下面的照片编辑步骤是用于制造线图的可能的解决方案之一。 <ol><li>在图形软件，调节照片的亮度/对比度，使得在大多数像素的原始灰度强度落在黑色或白色。 </li><li>申请中的"效应""草图效应"或软件的"过滤器"菜单中的灰度照片，以便只有高空间频率部分的轮廓被保留，并且应用"遇险效应"，以增加的轮廓线的扩张。 </li><li>使用任何画笔工具来增强轮廓和使用橡皮擦工具清理不需要的部分。确保通过检查来回原始照片和画线之间的对应，保持重要的面部特征。 </li></ol></li><li>使在步骤1.3以创建任务2的程序，并与相应的线路附图替换在任务1 35照片任务1的程序的副本。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.脑电图记录过程<ol><li>准备工作<ol><li>招募10名健康对照和10例AS根据当地人力参与研究伦理委员会/机构审查委员会的指导方针脑电图实验。 </li><li>辖WAIS-III 31的短形式向患者单独AS之前的实验，找出谁尽可能地满足患者的性别和口头/性能智商的控件。 </li></ol></li><li>脑电图记录<ol><li>座椅舒适的椅子参与者在一个健全的绝缘这样电脑屏幕是在参与者面前60厘米D（昏暗）室，并调整座椅的位置。对实验过程的教程后，有参与者填写了知情同意书，在他/她的霸道几个问题一起。 </li><li>使用EEG帽带132的Ag / AgCl电极（包括122 10-10系统脑电图，和双极VEOG，HEOG，心电图，肌电图的电极，具有六个面部肌肉渠道一起）记录脑电图。盖连接到具有0.1〜100赫兹的模拟带通滤波器2个64信道放大器在1000赫兹的采样率进行数字化原始脑电图。 </li><li>符合标准的128通道脑电帽每个参与者的头上。调整帽使得电极标记为"参考"被放置在"直拉"的位置，其位于相对于前部/后部中线地标（ 即鼻根到INION距离的中间），以及左/右地标（ 即 ，左/右tragis的中间），根据电子如国际10/10系统。 </li><li>轻轻地用钝针注入凝胶传导到所有的电极。与针慢慢电极内部搅拌，以确保头皮和电极（ 即 ，保持低于5千欧的阻抗）之间有良好的凝胶接触。不断检查凝胶接触的条件在标以"参考"和"地"的EEG帽，以确保阻抗测量是正确的电极。 <ol><li>通过查看脑电图记录软件支持的电极阻抗屏幕观察电极阻抗（ 例如，扫描4.5在本研究中），通常与EEG系统进入。在屏幕上，电极示于颜色，不同的颜色表示阻抗的电平。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在一只眼睛（正位点）的眦1 HEOG电极，和在另一只眼睛（负位点），大于1 VEOG电极和另一个第l以下的眦的第二电极EFT眼，在左边和右边的手，和双极肌电电极在该地区的拇指和右手的食指，和周围的眉毛和面颊的六个面电极之间的背面双极EKG电极。 </li><li>记录在笔记本那些坏信道，其中所述阻抗高于5千欧，或直接保存在屏幕示出阻抗在所有电极。以此作为将来在脑电数据处理阶段丢弃坏信道的参考。 </li><li>指示参与者闭上眼睛12分钟后记录静息态脑电图。在此期间，双重检查由脑电记录软件支持的屏幕上显示的即时EEG流的质量。 注:应该用眼睛开放条件相比，眼睛闭合状态下分布于枕部渠道清晰α波。如果α波是太嘈杂（忽略坏信道）或扭曲，返回到步骤2.2.4和调整凝胶接触。 </li><li>跨越参与者反平衡才能启动两个实验任务。通过单击录音软件支持在屏幕上录制图标记录脑电图。 <ol><li>阅读屏幕上显示的任务指令后，有每个参与者执行5熟悉试验中，其次是30任务试验。同时用于照片和画线任务相同的步骤。在任务指令，鼓励参与者尽快分配比分脸刺激情绪。 </li><li>重要提示:检查步骤1.3.2和1.4.2准备正确发送事件时间锁定到中央眼注视，面刺激呈现的发作，以及情绪的评价过程中按下GO按钮录音软件的程序。那些起效时间被编码为数字，并且可以通过记录软件支持的屏幕上检查。 注:参加者可以休息一会在这两个任务之间。没有脑电图重在休息的时候盘带。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字转换器（ 如 Polhemus的FASTRAK 3D扫描仪在这项研究中）来记录电极的3D位置，并将其保存在一个文件中（ 如 .3dd或.dat文件），用于数据分析跨参与者共同注册脑电图帽。 </li><li>脑电图实验后，让参与者填写他/她的行为和感情问题35库存脑电图实验过程中（ 例如 ，有负面情绪，几乎陷入休眠），并为参与实验的为他们提供付款。 </li><li>使与会者到洗手间清洗/干他/她的头发。 </li><li>根据临床说明书清洗，消毒脑电帽。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.加工脑电数据注:本节提供的软件命令特定于EEGLAB。 <ol><li>用1赫兹的高通滤波器和50Hz的低通滤波器通过调用过滤EEG信号pop_eegfilt.m功能32。 注意:使用40赫兹的低通滤波器对于一些国家有50赫兹电网频率</li><li>检查记录的步骤2.2.6电极阻抗后丢弃坏信道具有阻抗高于5千欧。丢弃那些坏信道具有非常不同的功率谱，在每个信道由功率谱特征目视检查（ 例如 ，最大值，曲率等）相 ​​邻信道进行比较。 <ol><li>计算并通过调用函数pop_spectopo.m 32绘出脑电信号的功率谱。 </li></ol></li><li>再引用通过调用函数pop_reref.m的平均脑渠道不坏信道的EEG信号。 </li><li>段成脑电图刺激锁定的时代，每一个从-2.0秒前1.5秒后刺激发病范围。通过去除基线VALU的平均正确的基线（-2.0到刺激发病前-1.2秒）从每个历上课。 <ol><li>调用pop_epoch.m和pop_rmbase.m功能，分别为。中央眼固定周期和面刺激的发病前选择的基准的时间间隔。 </li></ol></li><li>马克坏的时代，似乎包含文物。扬弃时代同时保留通过眨眼污染时期。与文物的时期通常看起来嘈杂或有典型的时代相比非常高的峰值（ 如高于100μV）。 <ol><li>调用pop_rejmenu.m功能推出半自动程序。交互窗口会弹出由通过目测用户重新确认自动选择的不好的时期。虽然多数历元由眨眼污染，这些历元可以暂时保留通过独立分量分析（ICA）33在步骤3.8以后除去。 </li></ol></li><li>丢弃坏信道和坏的时期后，在使用pop_runi剪掉的脑电数据运行ICAca.m功能。 </li><li>其中估算的独立的组件（ICS），确定自眼球运动/眨眼，肌肉活动，心跳，线路噪音造成32假象。 注:组件的IC成绩和那些所有参考通道（VEOG，HEOG，心电图，和面部通道）之间的显著很高的相关性（R 2&gt; 0.9），表示该部件主要贡献的文物。由文物解释估计IC分数可以采用多元回归分析进行清理。 </li><li>除去伪影的IC，并估计这是由在ICA的混合矩阵和工件清洗集成电路得分矩阵的乘积获得的清洁脑电图。保存清洁脑电图进行进一步的分析。 <ol><li>远离在IC得分矩阵参考VEOG，HEOG，心电图和面部渠道预测神器集成电路（R 2&gt; 0.9）的残差。由pop_subcomp.m功能删除其他神器集成电路。该函数返回神器清洗脑电图。 </LI&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4.统计分析<ol><li>分区脑电图通道为11均匀区域，以减少统计比较的数量在ERP和ERSP分析，即左（10信道），midline-（14），和右额叶（10）;左（13）和右颞（13）;左（9），midline-（14）和右中央（9）;左（9），midline-（12）和右枕顶叶（9）， 如图4。这些区域根据皮层34的功能解剖限定。在这些区域脑电信号的功能同质化已经在不同的实验13,35,36得到验证。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig4.jpg" /> 图4.通道分区。该信道被划分为11的区域。 LF:左额叶（10通道），MF:中线额叶（14），RF:右额叶（10），LT:左颞（13），RT:右颞（13），LC:左中部（9），MC:中线中部（14），RC:右中心（9），LP:左枕顶（9），MP:中线枕顶（12），RP :右顶枕部（9） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>装入干净的脑电图步骤3.8。在同一区域内平均计算的ERP在每个通道均跨越时代的信号通道ERP和ERP地区。 注意:当脑电图使用在EEGLAB的pop_loadset.m函数加载，信号被存储在结构变量"EEG.data"在通道中逐个时间逐历元阵列。 <ol><li>在Matlab命令窗口，通过在历元平均EEG.data为每个信道计算的信道的ERP（ 例如 ，channelERP =平均（EEG.dat，3））。按照4.1（ 例如 ，REGI分区通过平均每个区域内的通道计算的ERP地区ERPonalERP =平均值（channelERP（索引，:)，1），其中，"指数"表示在给定的区域中的信道索引）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过施加一个时间-频率变换（ 例如小波变换），以划时代的每个信道信号在同一区域平均信道ERSPs计算信道ERSPs，和区域ERSPs。 <ol><li>执行时频通过调用函数pop_newtimef.m变换。 注意:在此研究中，"子波周期"项设置为[1，0.5]和"基准"设定为[-2000至-1200]毫秒。所得通道ERSPs将被储存在一个频率逐时间逐通道阵列。 </li><li>在Matlab命令窗口，根据在4.1分区由每个区域内各渠道平均ERSPs计算区域ERSP（ 例如 ，regionalERSP =平均（channelERSP（:，:，索引），3），其中"channelERSP"是输出从pop_newtimef.m功能，和"索引"代表在股份公司的信道索引伊芬区域）。 </li></ol></li><li>在不同的时间间隔计算出的平均值（ 例如 50〜150，150-250，250-350，350-450毫秒）区域的ERP。在不同的时间频率间隔计算出的平均值（ 例如 50〜150，150-250，250-350，350-450，450-800毫秒在1-7赫兹和200-800毫秒在8-30赫兹），区域ERSPs。 </li><li>统计软件（ 如 IBM SPSS）应用MANOVA地区的ERP和ERSPs的平均值来评估任务（照片与线图），区域（此处为十头皮地区），并且组主效应（AS与控制） ，以及任务，区域，和群之间的相互作用的影响。 <ol><li>在统计分析中，考虑到性别（男性与女性）作为协变量，并通过举办性别影响评估不变的主要和互动效应。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

文学性的识别面部情绪的自闭症患者脑电图反应44的分析研究，并在识别高，低空间频率内容使用的视觉刺激43。据我们所知，然而，缺乏对大脑活动的振荡现有工作相结合的情感识别具有不同空间频率的内容。我们的协议是朝着估算AS患者与健康对照相比，情绪（正，中性和负面）和对识别的情绪的空间频率信息（照片和线图）的影响的第一个步骤。我们在空间，时间和频率域脑...

面部情感识别是一家从事社会交往中最重要的大脑过程之一。各种精神障碍都涉及到面部的情绪4-6明确的检测问题。一个面的照片包含可被过滤为任一高空间频率（HSF）或低空间频率（LSF）内容的空间信息的频谱。 HSF涉及的图像的非常详细的部分，如一个面的边缘，而LSF涉及较粗或更少明确定义的部分，如一个整体脸LSF内容物7。任何脸部识别任务同时诱导意识和非意识过程8-12，和非意识的过程的参与150-250毫秒后发病间隔甚至更早13发生。在健康对照中，非意识的过程一般比自觉的过程14,15更快。一些神经影像学研究表明，在面部的刺激（或动机上显著刺激）的LSF主要激活杏仁核，丘脑枕，和上丘尤其是可怕的面孔3,16。这些区域构成在情绪非意识知觉边缘结构和直接或间接地1调节皮质活动。与此相反，情绪意识表示是前扣带，前额叶皮层，并且在面对9,17,18导向自愿注重细节躯体感觉皮层更加明显。 阿斯伯格综合症（AS）19,20表示影响感官，情感和交际能力，没有正常的语言能力和智力干扰非典型的精神困扰。一些研究发现，在神经回路功能缺损面部情感识别重要的是可以部分解释社会交往失败的AS 21-25。在儿童观察行为障碍可诊断前三年的生活26，在这一期间，他们在自愿的行为（或意识）控制没有完全开发27。在成人中，行为障碍可以通过注意第28条补偿。在一定的空间频率范围内难以处理的细节可以指示在不同的信息处理阶段中断。到目前为止，还没有研究直接涉及特定的空间频率范围的脸刺激情绪认知期间讨论的诱发电位和AS病人振荡的活动。当通过控制任务的需求和人口的效果，如性别和IQ处理具有不同的空间频率内容的面部刺激过程中与健康对照相比检查患者的AS功能轨迹是重要的。 为了澄清间情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的表示之间发挥，脑电图实验方案的设计比较脑诱发患者之间的电位和振荡活动与AS和IQ /性别匹配的健康对照。参加试点的队列是为了促进业绩的评价AS患者脑电图实验与实验刺激和评分系统的开发选择援助之前招募。该协议包括涉及任一照片或画线面的情绪评价两个任务。两组之间的差异可以通过计算事件相关电位和事件相关谱扰动（ERSPs）进行评估。在接下来的部分中，实验方案的细节阐述，包括试点研究和脑电图数据处理/分析方法，接着由主分析结果。最后，在协议中的关键步骤和其相对于现有的意义讨论的方法。限制和协议的可能延长患者使用其他情绪障碍也指出。

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conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in asperger's syndrome

几个神经影像学研究表明，在一个情感面低空间频率内容主要激活杏仁核，枕，和上丘尤其是可怕的面孔1-3。这些区域构成在情绪非意识知觉边缘结构和直接或间接2调节皮质活动。与此相反，情绪的意识表示是前扣带，前额叶皮层，并且在面3,4-引导自愿注重细节躯体感觉皮层更加明显。阿斯伯格综合症（AS）5,6代表是影响感官，情感和交际能力，没有正常的语言能力和智力干扰非典型的精神困扰。一些研究发现，在神经回路功能缺损面部情感识别重要的是可以部分地解释社会交往失败AS患者7-9。为了阐明在AS情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用，脑电图实验协议被设计与涉及任一照片或画线面的情绪评价两个任务。试点研究介绍了选择面对刺激，最大限度地减少与AS和IQ /性别匹配的健康对照组的反应时间并分配到预测试的患者之间的面部情感分数的差异。从预测试患者信息是用于开发用于情绪评价评分系统。研究面部情绪和不同空间频率内容的视觉刺激已达取决于参与者的人口特征差异的结果和任务要求2。实验方案旨在澄清AS病人赤字加工情绪面孔时，与正常对照组相比，通过控制因素Ş无关识别面部情绪，比如任务难度，智商和性别。

平均口头和性能智商列于表1的控制和AS的平均反应时间和分配给两组面情绪平均分数沿基。在表中，没有一个组间差异实现除了在线描绘任务，其中的基团具有接近零（P &lt;0.001）13的平均得分的中立面统计学意义。有趣的是，AS组仍然有稍长的反应时间比对照组在应对愤怒和幸福的笑脸，和更短的反应时间，甚至性别，智商和面部的刺激实验控...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome at JoVE.com

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

脑电图实验方案旨在澄清情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用患者阿斯伯格综合征。该技术表明，患者阿斯伯格综合症有情绪面孔的不自觉的表现赤字，但在与健康对照组有意识的表现相当的性能。

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

conscious-non-conscious-representations-emotional-faces-asperger-s

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.9K 次观看.  Academia Sinica. 脑电图实验方案旨在澄清情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用患者阿斯伯格综合征。该技术表明，患者阿斯伯格综合症有情绪面孔的不自觉的表现赤字，但在与健康对照组有意识的表现相当的性能。 

视频: Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

科研

行为学

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, preclinical ERG and VEP measurements are performed with anesthesia to ensure stable electrode placements. However, the very presence of anesthesia has been shown to contaminate normal physiological responses. To overcome these anesthesia confounds, we develop a novel platform to assay ERG and VEP in conscious rats. Electrodes are surgically implanted sub-conjunctivally on the eye to assay the ERG and epidurally over the visual cortex to measure the VEP. A range of amplitude and sensitivity/timing parameters are assayed for both the ERG and VEP at increasing luminous energies. The ERG and VEP signals are shown to be stable and repeatable for at least 4 weeks post surgical implantation. This ability to record ERG and VEP signals without anesthesia confounds in the preclinical setting should provide superior translation to clinical data.

We show surgical implantation and Recording procedures to measure visual electrophysiological signals from the eye (electroretinogram) and brain (visual evoked potential) in conscious rats, which is more analogous to the human condition where recordings are conducted without anesthesia confounds.

植入和无线电图记录和视觉诱发电位清醒大鼠

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as a useful biological indicator of water quality. Even though crayfish cannot directly specify the substances that cause water quality deterioration, they can immediately (within a few seconds) warn humans of water quality deterioration via acute changes in their cardiac and behavioral activities.
In this study, we present a noninvasive method that is simple enough to be implemented under various conditions due to a combination of simplicity and reliability in one model.
This approach, in which the biological organisms are implemented into environmental evaluation processes, provides a reliable and timely alarm for warning of and preventing acute water deterioration in an ambient environment. Therefore, this noninvasive system based on crayfish physiological and ethological parameter recordings was investigated for the detection of changes in an aquatic environment. This system is now applied at a local brewery for controlling&#160;quality of the water used for beverage production, but it can be used at any water treatment and supply facility for continuous, real-time water quality evaluation and for regular laboratory investigations of crayfish cardiac physiology and behavior.

This article presents a noninvasive biomonitoring system for the continuous recording and analyses of crayfish cardiac and locomotor activities. This system consists of a near-infrared optical sensor, a video-tracking module, and software for evaluating crayfish heartbeats that reflects its physiological condition and characterizes crayfish behavior during heartbeat fluctuations.

小龙虾心脏的连续无创测量与行为活动

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing outward symptomology and appear to be a key contributor to an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition, athletes can incur more than 1,000 of these hits per season. The subconcussive soccer heading model (SSHM) is a relevant, reproducible, and leading method of isolating and examining the effects of these subconcussive head impacts. By controlling variables such as ball traveling speed, the frequency of impacts, interval, ball placement to the head, as well as by measuring head impact magnitude, the SSHM provides the scientific community with a superior avenue of investigating the acute subconcussive effects on neuronal health. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of SSHM in studying a time-course expression of neurofilament-light polypeptide (NF-L) in plasma in a repeated measures fashion. NF-L is an axonal injury marker that has previously been shown to be elevated in boxers and football players following subconcussive head trauma. Thirty-four adult aged soccer players were recruited and randomly assigned to either a soccer heading (n = 18) or kicking (n = 16) group. The heading group executed 10 headers with soccer balls projected at a velocity of 25 mph over 10 min. The kicking group followed the same protocol with 10 kicks. Plasma samples were obtained before and at 0 h, 2 h, and 24 h after heading/kicking and assessed for NF-L expressions. The heading group showed a gradual increase in plasma NF-L expression and peaked at 24 h after the heading protocol, whereas the kicking group remained consistent across the time points. These results confirmed the NF-L data from clinical field studies, encouraging the use of SSHM to validate clinical subconcussion data.

The subconcussive soccer heading model is a safe and concise methodological approach to isolate and measure the effects of subconcussive head impacts.

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...