RM是由医学研究理事会（职业发展奖学金）的支持。 JR是由威康信托（颁发给KEW和RM项目补助金）的支持。我们希望在制作视频感谢詹妮弗契斯特对她的帮助。

1。准备<ol><li>请参与者填写一份安全筛选的形式（ 例如，见21）。注：谁拥有禁忌TMS参与者不应该刺激;最常见的禁忌症有：睡眠 ​​不足，药物（ 如抗抑郁药），及癫痫家族史。 </li><li>解释TMS过程和实验细节的参与者，并取得知情同意。 </li><li>用酒精，清洁上面的外国直接投资的肌肉在右手的肚子，并在参考网站（ 如肌腱的外国直接投资肌肉）皮肤和电极附着在这些网站上。 </li><li>清洁的右侧面向对象的肌肉与醇的皮肤，并附加一个电极的上唇和一个电极到下嘴唇的右下角的右角。 </li><li>清理现场周围的皮肤的接地电极（ 如在前额），而将电德。 </li><li>电极导线连接到连接到肌电图记录系统的电极箱。 </li><li>检查从手和嘴唇的肌肉在录制时参与者收缩和放松这些肌肉（通过视觉检查他们使用如 Spike2的软件）的肌电信号。如果信号看嘈杂时，参与者放松嘴唇和手部肌肉，扭动电极线，再次清洁皮肤的电极部位和/或要求参加者以不交换自己的腿，脱掉鞋子，并把他们的脚在地板上（好接地）。 </li><li>通过使用耳塞保护参与者的听证会。 </li><li>把盖子上的参与者的头部，以便能够标记的TMS线圈的位置。 </li></ol>电机手表示2。本地化<ol><li>马克在帽的顶点（通过附加一个小粘纸或通过使用笔）和测量距离从顶点向左侧耳前点。移动从朝左侧耳前点的顶点这个距离的33％，标志着这个地方。 </li><li>将数字8字形的TMS线圈的中心在这一点上。定向从中线线圈45度的把手。 </li><li>交付首TMS脉冲例如按下脚踏板。选择低强度（最大刺激强度的例如 40％），如果参加者的运动阈值是未知的。移动线圈微微和/或增​​加的强度，如果没有MEP或肌肉抽搐可见于手。 </li><li>当MEP被引出，继续前进在这附近5毫米步骤线圈，以便找到一个合适的“热点”， 即网站和线圈的取向引发的最大的欧洲议会议员在一定的强度。保持至少一个脉冲之间5秒休息。观察参与者的手来检查是哪个的肌肉抽搐。当其中的MEP是最大当场被发现，纪念这个“热点”和取向在盖的线圈。 </li></ol>电机唇表示3。本地化<ol><li>标记一个点2-3厘米的外国直接投资现货沿着向左的眼角一条直线（电机代表性的位置较前壁及下比手代表性）。 </li><li>将线圈在这一点上。请参与者钱包唇部肌肉;这降低了电机的阈值，因此可以更容易地找到电机唇表示。 </li><li>告诉大家，TMS脉冲可能会觉得在这个位置比以前的位置更激烈的参与者，他/她可能会感到抽搐，在他/她的脸上（由于外围刺激）和非自愿的眼睛闪烁。请参与者告知实验者在任何时候，如果刺激变得不愉快或痛苦，或如果他们要停止的刺激。 </li><li>推出首个脉冲。如果没有欧洲议会议员被引出，将线圈微微和/或增​​加强度。记P中至少两个脉冲之间的5秒休息。当MEP被引出，继续前进在这附近的线圈在5毫米的步骤，以便找到一个“热点”，为面向对象的肌肉。注意：唇部的MEP的形状往往是多相并且它们的形状可以不同参与者的参与者。此外，该运动阈值是常为唇肌肉比对于手部肌肉更高。 </li></ol> 4，定义为强单脉冲实验<ol><li>培训参与者保持收缩的一个恒定的水平，如果欧洲议会议员将由订约唇部肌肉进行记录。注：在培训期间提供了有关的肌电信号（ 如使用的Spike2软件）的功率视觉反馈帮助;训练可以在参与者能够保持稳定的收缩程度为至少1分钟停止。 </li><li>将线圈上的热点的面向对象的肌肉。提供10个脉冲具有固定的强度。保持至少一个脉冲之间5秒休息。 Ë通过视觉检查他们stimate欧洲议会议员的大小。增加强度，如果欧洲议会议员很小或没有环境保护部在每个审判。再次提供10个脉冲。不断增加的强度，直到一个强大的MEP是引起每一个试（ 例如约0.3 mV的幅度时嘴唇肌肉放松，或约1 mV当唇部肌肉收缩幅度）。单脉冲实验中使用这个强度。注：这是一个很好的做法，报告出版物刺激强度。 </li></ol> 5，定义活跃电机阈值的rTMS实验<ol><li>请参与者收缩唇部肌肉坚硬如他们可以。确定这个最大收缩幅度（通过视觉检查肌电图信号）。 </li><li>请参与者减少嘴唇的收缩。引导他/她达到收缩水平是最高的约20％。请参与者保持这个水平1英里Ñ​​。给他/她一个短暂的休息，并根据需要重复练习多次。注：在培训期间提供了有关的肌电信号（ 如使用的Spike2软件）的功率视觉反馈帮助;训练可以在参与者能够保持稳定的收缩程度为至少1分钟停止。 </li><li>提供10脉冲以上的热点，而面向对象的参与者是承包的唇在最高的20％。指望有多少欧洲议会议员被引出。如果有一个MEP（至少为0.2 mV峰 - 峰值）在不到5出10项试验，增加强度。如果有一个MEP上超过5出10项试验，降低强度。重复，直到引出的试验（主动运动阈值）至少50％的欧洲议会议员已发现的最小强度水平。 </li><li>请参与者放松唇部肌肉和10提供脉冲主动运动阈值的强度。检查没有被欧洲议会议员中引起（ 即刺激张力是亚阈值）。如果没有欧洲议会议员被引出，在接受rTMS火车期间使用此强度（ 即 100％的主动运动阈值）（而唇肌肉是放松的）。如果欧洲议会议员被引出，回到5.3。 </li></ol> 6，低频rTMS治疗<ol><li>递送TMS脉冲高达1赫兹为15分钟的rTMS的列车中的频率。当使用MagStim BiStim系统，它包括两个激励器，交替地触 ​​发这些刺激剂（ 即每个激励器提供了一个脉冲，每3秒），以创建为0.66赫兹单相脉冲序列。注意：的Spike2软件与肌电采集系统（由剑桥电子）一起，可用于创建触发脉冲的序列。注意：在实践中，最大强度为使用MagStim BiStim系统和标准线圈0.66赫兹脉冲序列是65％最大刺激器的输出。此限制涉及每个激励的最大脉冲频率（0.33赫兹），过度加热线圈和参与者的舒适性。 </li><li>监视录音从列车的rTMS在唇部和手部肌肉，以确保没有MEP将引出，将显示增加的兴奋性或扩散作用到相邻的代表性。还监视参与者不适症状或变动警惕性水平。 </li><li>为了避免过热变更后7.5分钟的线圈。注意：这一步可以使用被刺激时冷却特殊线圈时，可以省略;线圈的加热会影响磁场的强度。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

在过去的二十年中，TMS已经成为认知神经科学的一种广泛使用的方法，因为它可以提供，是相辅相成的影像学资料。它也提供了一种语音科学家用新的工具，以调查是否可以参与的运动言语生产系统在言语知觉。具体来说，TMS提供测试实验的神经回路，控制语言清晰度是否便利，同时聆听语音和，这些电路是否言语感知贡献的重要手段。 这篇文章描述了如何电动机唇表示可以用TMS刺激，如何既单脉冲和重复TMS技术已被用于检查运动皮层的语音感知的作用。本文报道的研究提供的证据表明，在运动皮层有助于语音处理在人的大脑。其他TMS范式也已经用于研究藻在电机系统EECH处理。双脉冲TMS交付超过听觉音节之前电机嘴唇和舌头表示已经显示，以方便识别的唇，舌，关节音节，分别为22。采用配对线圈范式可以用来研究在言语感知23唇代表性和其他皮层区域之间的有效连接。它表明，在电机唇表示和颞顶交界处和下额叶皮质之间的有效连接是在听讲话时听白噪声增强，但并非如此。连续θ-突发刺激（CTBS）在颞顶交界取消其有效连接与电动机唇表示，提供了进一步的证据表明这些皮层区域都在听讲话23功能上耦合。 CTBS超过低频rTMS治疗的优点是相对较短的CTBS的列车（&lt;EM&gt;例如40秒）可以在运动皮层（最多60分钟）24产生一个持久的破坏。然而，CTBS对电动机的兴奋性的影响是高度可变跨参与者25。 与衡量整个大脑活动的其他神经影像学技术相结合的TMS可以提供​​洞察TMS如何影响神经系统的过程既邻国和更远端的皮层区域中。彼此在感知和认知过程的脑区无疑是互动，所以也就不足为奇了一个大脑区域中引起的“虚病变”将调制从事同一进程中的其他脑区的功能。为了推进语音感知的神经基础的认识，有必要探讨在听演讲，以及这些相互作​​用有助于言语感知与颞皮层听觉区域如何发音运动皮层进行交互。合作TMS的mbination与脑成像技术提供了一种方法来解决这些问题。例如，可以检查TMS诱发的干扰的影响，在使用脑电图（EEG）的语音信号的处理的发音系统在颞皮层，脑磁图（MEG），功能性磁共振成像和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）。实验相结合的低频rTMS治疗和脑电图表明，在关节运动皮层的TMS引起的干扰调制的语音自动识别，但不非语音，声音在听觉系统中，显示出这些系统的语音处理16中进行交互。与MEG的rTMS的组合也是一种强大的方法来研究听觉电动机的相互作用17的时间。 尽管如此，言语产生和知觉之间的联系仍然知之甚少。 TMS结合的语音任务和额外的神经影像学技术可以帮助科学家以提高语音的感知和生产的神经基础的理解，以及他们是否重叠。

言语感知是一个要求很高的技能，需要复杂和充满变数传入听觉信号编码。虽然这是没有争议的听觉皮层中起着至关重要的作用，在语音处理，这个讲话在生产过程中控制发音器官（ 如嘴唇）的运动的运动区是否也有助于言语感知仍然积极的调查和科学的辩论1的话题- 5。有观点认为，电机陈述涉及言语感知并不新颖。根据利伯曼的电机理论言语感知6,7的监听器通过模拟“意发音手势”说话的感知讲话。 TMS已被证明是在调查的关节运动皮层的过程中言语感知的推定作用的强大工具（复审，见8）。采用单脉冲和本文侧重于唇部电机代表性的刺激重复性TMS技术。 单脉冲TMS提供调查运动皮层和语音处理8-10之间的联系的一个非常有效的手段。施加到初级运动皮层（M1）的单TMS脉冲引起电机中，可以使用肌电图（EMG）记录对侧目标肌肉诱发电位（ 即维护端点）。从手部肌肉记录的MEP（第一背侧骨间; FDI）峰值约24毫秒的脉冲之后，而维护端点从唇肌肉记录（口轮匝; OO）的峰约15毫秒的脉冲后（参见图1）。这反映了不同的距离从运动皮层的嘴唇和手部肌肉;在皮质延髓通路的嘴唇比皮质脊髓通路的手短。引出一个MEP所需要的脉冲的强度相差很大跨越参与者，最可能反映了神经解剖学差异和迪菲在颅骨分配办法厚度11。该MEP的幅值依赖于电动机系统的功能状态，具有恒定强度诱导时靶肌肉收缩时相比，在肌肉放松较大的MEP的脉冲。环境保护部测量提供本地化的每个参与者不同的肌肉皮质陈述以及正火主体之间的TMS强度的准确的方法。此方法还提供了一种直接测量电动机的兴奋性（ 即 MEP幅度）相对于所关注的独立变量。例如，单脉冲TMS的研究表明，听语音和查看语音相关的唇动10,12,13时的唇代表性的刺激诱 ​​导更大的MEP（ 即增加的兴奋性）。合并后的PET和单脉冲TMS的研究表明，在听觉言语感知语音电机系统的兴奋性是由活动在调制部分后左额下回14。 虽然单脉冲TMS能够证明在言语感知改变电机系统的兴奋性它并不表示运动皮层是否有助于语音处理。重复性TMS（rTMS的）可用于诱导暂时中断（ 即 “虚拟病变”）在运动皮层15。这种“虚拟病变”的方式使言语感知过程中的控制，短线受阻于电机系统的重点领域调查。 “虚拟病变”引起的TMS从患者实​​际病变通常涉及导致脑的随时间的功能重组广泛皮层区域不同。病人的研究比较典型的病人行为对照组，很少前卒中/病变提供性能知识。使用的rTMS能够调查参与者的执行能力带和不带电机干扰和，皮志感知任务，因此，研究这些中断是否贡献业绩。 亚阈值低频率的rTMS可以用来暂时中断电机唇表示，它已被用来研究关节运动皮层在言语感知16-18的作用。在这些实验中，单相脉冲序列被使用，因为单相低频rTMS治疗已被证明是更有效地相对于双相的rTMS 19减小皮层的兴奋性。从嘴唇记录的MEP的尺寸有15分钟的列车施加在低于1赫兹，即马达的兴奋性率低于阈值的单相TMS脉冲后降低被抑制18。这rTMS的诱导破坏也损害了听众的断然感知声连续统两个语音听起来不等能力是不同的发音部位（ 例如 &#39;BA＆＃39;与&#39;哒&#39;和&#39;巴&#39;与&#39;助教&#39;）。中断唇部运动皮层后受损的表现表明，电机系统有助于言语知觉。手电机表示的干扰对语音的声音明确的看法，没有任何影响。这些发现与先前的调查结果显示，适用于运动前皮层低频rTMS的使用比较匹配的难度，任务结构和反应型20色鉴别控制任务的噪音音节提出损害时，在语音辨别任务中的表现是一致的。这些研究表明，rTMS的是探索，可能会同时支持语音产生和感知的听觉电机电路的一个非常有效的手段。低频rTMS治疗，也可用于与神经影像学技术相结合，以进一步调查这一问题（见讨论）。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1221px;" width="1220">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:331px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">TMS stimulator</td>
			<td>Magstim Limited, Wales, U.K.</td>
			<td>Magstim BiStim (two MagStim 200s connected)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2 TMS coils</td>
			<td>Magstim Limited, Wales, U.K.</td>
			<td>70-mm figure-of-eight coil, D70 Alpha</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Electrodes for recording EMG signal</td>
			<td>Covidien llc, MA, USA.</td>
			<td colspan="2">Kendall Neonatal ECG electrodes, 22 mm x 30 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrode box (for EMG recording)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, U.K.</td>
			<td>CED 1902-11/4 Electrode Adaptor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Data acquisition unit (for EMG)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, U.K.</td>
			<td>Micro1401-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amplifier (for EMG)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, U.K.</td>
			<td>1902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Software for EMG recording and analyses</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, U.K.</td>
			<td>Spike2, version 7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stimulating the lip motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation

经颅磁刺激（TMS）已被证明是在调查的关节运动皮层在言语感知中的作用的有用工具。研究人员利用单脉冲和重复TMS刺激的运动皮层的唇表示。 （; EMG肌电图）的唇马达代表性的兴奋性可通过施加单一的TMS脉冲移到该皮质区和记录TMS诱发的电机通过连接在唇肌肉电极诱发电位（MEPS）进行调查。较大的欧洲议会议员反映增加的皮质兴奋。在听完演讲以及观看演讲相关的运动过程中有研究表明，兴奋性增加。也可以使用TMS扰乱唇电机表示。有15分钟的火车低频子阈重复刺激已显示出抑制兴奋性马达的进一步15-20分钟。这TMS诱发电机唇代表性的破坏削弱后续在要求苛刻的言语感知任务和调制听觉皮层反应，讲话的声音表现。这些发现与该运动皮层有助于言语感知的建议是一致的。本文介绍如何本地化的运动皮层的唇代表性，以及如何定义适当的刺激强度进行单脉冲和重复TMS实验。

结果从单脉冲实验在单脉冲实验中，依赖的措施是MEP波幅。欧洲议会议员的大小通常是衡量无论是作为峰-峰振幅13,18或区域的曲线10下。唇欧洲议会议员可以从轻松的肌肉或轻微收缩的肌肉被记录下来。在后一种情况下，在TMS脉冲可以传送具有较低的强度，因为收缩降低了运动阈值。这是非常重要的是，收缩的水平保持在整个实验常数，由于收缩的强度会影响该MEP振幅。较强的收缩，规模较大的欧洲议会议员的。因此，培养参与者限定TMS强度之前保持收缩的恒定电平，如果MEP有从收缩肌肉记录是很重要的。在培训过程中的视觉反馈帮助（见协议4.1）。有时门槛是如此之高，在TMS脉冲的强度是不舒服的参与者与实验无法进行。此外，它并不总是可能找到唇表示或记录健壮的MEP，特别是当唇肌肉放松。这是一个很好的做法，报告参与者在其中的实验不能在出版物进行的次数。 图1显示了一个轻松，收缩唇肌的一个参与者记录的MEP。在TMS脉冲的强度保持恒定的三个等级的收缩。电机兴奋性增加时，肌肉收缩，并因此获得欧洲议会议员较大。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig1highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图1。肌肉收缩的唇欧洲议会议员的影响。的欧洲议会议员是从一个参与者测量，而她（1）放松她的嘴唇，（2）承包的嘴唇微微，她可以（&lt;最大的5％），以及（3），当她承包的嘴唇约20％的最大的。该单相位TMS脉冲的强度是相同的所有三个条件（最大强度的58％）。 6欧洲议会议员被记录在每个状态（重叠在图中）。该图说明了欧洲议会议员越来越大时，收缩水平的提高。皮质静默期是清晰可见的与最强的收缩状态。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 期间听演讲和观看演讲相关的唇动嘴唇表示增加电机的兴奋性。 图2显示了唇环境保护部在听演讲和非语言的噪音记录，看眼球运动和语言相关的嘴唇动作10时。在T他研究欧洲议会议员，记录到轻微收缩唇肌。收缩的水平增加一条，作为在MEP分析协变量并用来调整MEP大小。由左M1刺激诱发的唇欧洲议会议员在听演讲和看相对于基线条件演说相关的嘴唇动作均显著提高，而在任何条件下都不会通过调节货币供应量M1右刺激引起的唇欧洲议会议员。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig2.jpg" /> 图2。感知的一个参与者听觉和视觉讲话中的MEP的欧洲议会议员是从轻微收缩嘴唇肌肉记录而左运动皮层进行刺激。在听演讲和查看语音相关嘴唇动作的欧洲议会议员进行了增强。从图修改<suP&gt; 10。 在观察期间的视觉嘴的动作13最近的一项研究调查了在唇运动皮层的变化兴奋性的特异性。 Z分数为已知的讲话（英文）的视觉感知过程中记录的唇欧洲议会议员，未知的讲话（希伯来文），非语音嘴的动作（鬼脸）和静止的脸示于图3。这些Z值的计算相对意味着所有条件。 TMS脉冲被交给了左M1和从松弛唇肌记录的MEP。在观察期间已知的讲话比未知语音或非语音的嘴动作的MEP为大。在观察期间静止的脸记录了欧洲议会议员都一样大，在观察期间英语演讲。这些结果表明，唇部运动皮层参与了言语交际过程中的视觉信号处理。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请她</a>E要查看此图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig3.jpg" /> 感知视觉讲话中图3。电机兴奋。A.与会者提出了著名演讲（ 即英语）的视频，未知的讲话（ 即希伯来文），非语音嘴的动作（ 即 gurns）和静止的嘴。一个脉冲TMS的每个视频期间交付。脉冲间间隔（IPI）5和8秒之间变化。B.由图可见 欧洲议会议员（±标准差）的标准化幅度从唇中观察的视频测量。 Z值计算相对于所有条件的平均值。在观察期间已知的讲话比未知的讲话（P = 0.001）或g的欧洲议会议员均显著较大瓮（P &lt;0.05）。差异在MEP振幅条件之间反映在运动皮层的唇代表性的兴奋性差异。从图13修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 结果从rTMS的实验它已被证明，低频rTMS的在手电机表示可以降低电机的兴奋性和诱导在这方面暂时中断（ 即 “虚拟病变”）15。 rTMS的在唇电机表示也减少了这方面18的兴奋性。低频刺激了在左侧M1皮质唇代表性的15分钟后变化的MEP幅度如图4所示。从嘴唇录制的欧洲议会议员被压制7分钟的重复性TMS列车结束后，却不得不STarted后恢复15分钟。这抑制兴奋性表明，低频rTMS的破坏在运动皮层的唇代表性的运转约15分钟。 在关节运动皮层IMPAIR参与者在苛刻的言语感知任务性能的TMS引起的干扰。 图5显示了TMS诱发唇表示调制性能的破坏在同不同的辨别任务18。与会者赠送了对前两者的低频rTMS治疗后其合成音节。它们的任务是，以指示音节是否是相同的或不同的。在TMS诱发的破坏损害参与者的歧视合成语音声音，是唇铰接式从不是由嘴唇（&#39;BA&#39;与&#39;大&#39;和&#39;巴&#39;与&#39;助教&#39;）铰接讲话声音的能力。然而，这种破坏没有影响他们的能力歧视不是由嘴唇铰接式（&#39;KA&#39;与&#39;嘎&#39;和&#39;大&#39;与&#39;嘎&#39;）两个语音的声音。这表明，唇表示有助于语音感知在咬合的具体方式。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig4.jpg" /> 图4。电机兴奋和语音识别的rTMS的影响。 A.该图给出平均变化（±SEM）在后的rTMS的MEP的峰-峰振幅相对于预rTMS的维护端点。维护端点从唇肌，记录和rTMS的涂布过唇运动皮层在左半球在两个实验1和2的后rTMS的维护端点被记录〜7分钟（POST1）和〜15分钟（POST2）结束之后的15分钟低频rTMS的火车。欧洲议会议员的rTMS后显著抑制两个Éxperiments 1和2。与会者赠送了两个语音之间的声音合成语音的声音从八步声连续统。基于该被分别确定各参与者类别界限的地方“跨类”对被选中。与会者进行同不同的歧视任务前置和后置低频rTMS的在嘴唇电机表示。变化的“不同”的反应（±SEM）的比例绘制。 TMS后，参加者在鉴别跨类别对，包括唇阐述讲话的声音（&#39;BA&#39;与&#39;大&#39;和&#39;巴&#39;与&#39;助教&#39;）rTMS治疗比以前更穷。其他对辨别力稳定住。数字是从18修改。 ** P &lt;0.01，*** P &lt;0.001。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51665/51665fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看这个数字的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

经颅磁刺激（TMS）已被证明是在调查的关节运动皮层在言语感知中的作用的有用工具。本文介绍如何记录电机从唇肌诱发电位（MEPS）和如何使用重复TMS扰乱电机唇表示。

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

stimulating-lip-motor-cortex-with-transcranial-magnetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K 次观看.  University of Oxford. 经颅磁刺激（TMS）已被证明是在调查的关节运动皮层在言语感知中的作用的有用工具。本文介绍如何记录电机从唇肌诱发电位（MEPS）和如何使用重复TMS扰乱电机唇表示。 

视频: Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.

临床治疗抑郁症的深层重复经颅磁刺激使用Brainsway H1线圈

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠大脑的单边半球

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...