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这个协议被用于神经正常人类志愿者无创性脑刺激批准伦敦大学学院伦理审查委员会（第249/001）。 1，创建TMS方案在认知神经科学的几乎所有的TMS实验使用的双相刺激与数字8字形的成形线圈一起使用。这提供了能够提供脉冲的快速列车的能力（&gt; 1赫兹），并针对一个皮质站点尽可能精确。它可以使用单相性刺激35或不同的线圈形状36，但是这里的标准配置被应用。 <ol><li>选择一个频率刺激和持续时间。 注：在认知神经科学的一个常见的选择是使用10赫兹刺激发病的刺激37-40 500毫秒。 </li><li>选择强度基于广泛的试点测试的水平。保持跨越参与者它不变。 注：对于设备üSED这里，常用强度介于50 -最大刺激器输出11,41-44的70％。 </li><li>选择一个试验间隔。 5秒27,45 -对于兼具实用和安全的原因，由最低3分开的刺激试验。 </li></ol> 2执行主管注册<ol><li>获取高分辨率，T1加权解剖磁共振成像（MRI）扫描在一个单独的会话在TMS之前，每个参与者。将在步骤2.3中使用的图像中包含的基准点。 </li><li>加载扫描到无框立体定向系统TMS的会议之前，让每个参与者的刺激部位的准确定位。马克在头部的刺激部位在实验开始时或在整个实验持续监控。 </li><li>纪念参与者的形象在四个基准点。通常，这些包括鼻尖，鼻桥，以及不CH每个耳朵的耳屏上。 </li><li>提供有关TMS参与者的信息，以便他们作出知情同意参加试验。 </li><li>请参与者完成已批准的机构审查委员会TMS的屏幕保护形式。 注意：长期矛盾，TMS包括癫痫的个人史或家族史，神经或精神问题的临床病史，或植入式医疗设备，如心脏起搏器或植入人工耳蜗。不遵守TMS的安全要求可能会引起晕厥和癫痫发作。 </li><li>广场上的参与者的头部的主题跟踪;它会测量基准点时，作为参考。触摸每一个基准点关于这个问题的头自带的立体定向系统的指针，并保存在计算机上的相应坐标。校准对象的头部与MRI图像。入住登记和重复的质量这个过程，如果必要的。 </li><li>请参与者的刺激时戴上耳塞，以减轻线圈放电的声音，避免损坏参与者的听证会46。 </li><li>根据第1节中所做的选择设置TMS机。 </li><li>测试，以确保参加者熟悉它的感觉和容忍以及之前介绍的参与者刺激。首先证明在研究人员的手臂的刺激，然后在参与者的臂来适应环境的人的感觉。 注意：这是为参与者谁遇到TMS的第一次尤为重要。 </li><li>表明在每个测试位点的感觉刺激协议可以是不同的在不同的位置。放置在线圈上的第一个位点所确定的无框立体定向系统，使得线圈相切头皮和最大磁通的线相交的圣imulated网站。 注：刺激有时会影响面部神经和肌肉，并可能导致不适，以便测试参与者是否容忍它做好是很重要的。 </li></ol> 3，执行的职能定位<ol><li>通过它定制到每个参与者优化的刺激部位。马克参与者的结构图像上感兴趣的脑区域内的几个潜在的刺激部位。彼此定位目标10mm以上给出的TMS 47的使用网格或解剖标记（ 图1）的空间分辨率。 </li><li>选择一个本地化的任务，水龙头到感兴趣的认知功能，并有一个可衡量的行为（ 例如 ，反应时间，精确度，眼球运动）。测试的可能地点时，重复的任务多次，并创建不同版本的任务，以避免刺激不断的重复。 </li><li>允许参与者练习任务，而不刺激直到他们舒服。然后引入第二次练习赛与TMS随机（或伪随机）提交了一份关于试验的50％，使参与者习惯了而不必分心刺激执行任务。 </li><li>选择一个测试网站，并运行航向任务的一个版本。随后马上检查结果，看看是否刺激影响性能。 注：在许多情况下，刺激的“不正确”的网站实际上将有利于因跨感官便利2，在这种情况下，相对于无刺激反应，由于听力的点击和感觉刺激头皮的感觉。此外，刺激（ 即超过100毫秒）的大影响往往是伪迹，需要重新测试。如果他们复制和特定于某个特别的测试网站，那么他们可能是真正的效果。一定要选择一个强大的度量TMS的效果有信心在localiz通报BULLETIN。 </li><li>如果发现没有效果，选择一个新的测试网站，并重复，否则再次测试同一个网站，以确定它是否复制。测试多个站点背到后端在同一会话中，以确保他们不会都产生影响，因为这将表明非特异性TMS的效果。制衡的网站跨激发参与者的顺序。 </li></ol>四，主要任务<ol><li>本地化后在同一会话中，使用了本地化的功能目标站点运行的主要实验。 注：这将涉及不同的任务，以一个本地化使用，但一个股份中拥有权益的关键过程。例如，韵判断任务可用于定位的区域，以处理的字的声音，而一个同音判断任务可能被用于在主试验敏感。在这个例子中，两个任务需要的书面文字音韵处理虽然具体的任务要求，都能够激活李差异。 </li><li>包括足够的控制条件，以排除TMS的非特异性作用。 </li><li>测试相同的位点上的控制任务不包括感兴趣的过程，以证明官能特异性的处理。 </li><li>测试的主要任务不同的站点来演示的效果解剖特异性。 </li><li>包括附加的控制条件，如假刺激，控制刺激，或多个时间窗口。 </li><li>使用本地化过程中所使用的相同的TMS参数（ 如强度，频率和刺激的持续时间）进行传统的“虚拟病变”的实验。对于计时TMS实验中，使用相同的强度，但更换由一个单一的48或双脉冲49在不同的发病延迟交付本地化过程中使用的脉冲串。 </li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

本文介绍了一个协议，用于评估的因果和脑区的时间参与网上使用TMS的认知过程。这个讨论突出了先为创造一个成功的TMS方案的关键步骤，然后需要设计的TMS实验时，需要考虑的限制。 因为TMS协议有大量的自由参数，保证了最佳刺激参数是在准备TMS实验的关键步骤。通常情况下，这是通过大量的试验测试，以确定刺激频率，持续时间，强度，试验间隔，并需要产生强大的效果线圈的方向来实现。要建立一个有效的“虚拟病变”的频率必须诱使一个强大的效果，覆盖了足够大的时间窗口，包括感兴趣的认知过程。其结果是，频率和持续时间不同研究有所不同。同样，＆＃8220;右“的刺激强度是1，保证了磁场影响神经处理在目标脑区域和这里的主要因素是从线圈到刺激位点51的距离。许多研究确定必要的刺激强度刺激初级运动皮层的手区域时，产生运动反应，并以此来标准化强度跨参与者52,53-55。这一措施，然而，这不是对非运动区域42,51,56的最优强度的可靠指标。另一个选项是使用相同的强度为所有参与者。与一系列刺激强度试验后，所选择的强度应在所有试验对象有效。此外，线圈的方向是需要考虑的重要参数。在特定线圈取向影响感应电场的刺激的神经元群中的分布，因而可影响BEHAVIOR。一般情况下，发布的协议可以提供一个试点过程中反复修改，以适应特定实验的起点。然而，通常这个试点信息从最终的手稿，其中有隐藏的协议设计过程中的一些关键方面的不幸影响省略。 选择一个本地化过程也是至关重要的，以确保刺激施用到最佳站点。虽然许多研究都使用针对整个个体参与者57,58单一地点解剖学为基础的方法，定制的刺激部位为每个主体成功的局部刺激位点在行为结果产生一个更有效的方法31方差主体之间分别减少了。在这里，我们提出了一个TMS为基础的功能定位程序，提供优于功能磁共振成像为基础的定位。具体地讲，它避免了不同的空间偏差的问题是之间的fMRI（ 即 ，引流静脉59）和TMS（ 即 ，磁场6,60内的轴突的定向）可能导致被定位于不同的位置相同的神经响应。此外，它是众所周知，在fMRI的激活的“峰”的具体位置可以变化很大，这使它们次优的TMS目标55,61。即使如此，各种不同的定位的程序是证明有效的，所以具体的选择是不太重要的，以确保无论采用哪种方法提供了可靠的，可重现的效果。 虽然实验数据这里介绍用的反应时间作为因措施，有许多可用的其他选项。例如，一些研究使用的准确性，而不是9,12,62。在这些情况下，TMS不正常的表现已经低于上限水平，从而诱发刺激的干扰是体现在准确度分数。其他研究也测量刺激对眼球运动63,64的影响。大多数认知神经科学实验与TMS，但是，使用的反应时间作为其依赖的措施13,48,65,66。通常情况下，效果是几十毫秒，大约一个在反应时间67 10％的变化的顺序。任何依赖的测度用于应健壮和一致，使相对较小的变化可以很容易地观察到。 像任何实验技术，TMS有需要时，选择这种方法要考虑的重要限制。最常见的是：i）TMS的空间分辨率，ⅱ）的非特异性作用与刺激有关ⅲ）安全方面的方法及。首先，TMS有刺激作用的一个有限的深度，因为磁场的强度降低了进一步远离它是从线圈。因此，它是在刺激大脑区域附近的头皮最有效的（〜2 - 3公分）68,69 </sup&gt;和无效刺激脑深部结构。作为结果，只有区域直接访问TMS限于皮质地幔，虽然不同形状的线圈被开发以达到更深的区域，例如基底神经节69。 TMS也有大约0.5的空间分辨率- 1厘米47,70-72。因此，该方法不能被用于研究的官能度从细粒度的空间结构，例如皮质列。 TMS的第二个限制是，引入的刺激感官的并发副作用迅速变化的磁场中的结果。最值得注意的是，每一个磁脉冲是伴随着听觉点击和敲击感。因此，TMS可能不适合某些听觉或体感实验，而这些副作用可能与任务绩效干扰。注意，但是，该在线TMS已经成功地用于一些听觉实验73,74 </s向上&gt;，因此是可行的，在至少一些任务。另一个考虑是，感官效果的强度跨头位置不同。例如，刺激被给予的位置靠近耳朵上会比声音更​​响亮地点较远。同样在头部腹面多地点产生比背侧区75,76更大的肌肉收缩。由于这些网站的差异可诱发实验性的困惑，为使用控制网站具有类似的副作用到主站点，如对侧同系物77或包括控制条件/任务不进军感兴趣24,62的过程中是很重要的，73,78,79。 最后，安全性方面的考虑必须始终在设计TMS实验时，因为它可以潜在地诱发晕厥和癫痫发作27考虑。为了尽量减少这种风险，为刺激强度，频率，持续时间和国际公认的准则EXISTS，以及用于脉冲和试验间的间隔27,28的总数。协议留在这些准则被认为是安全的神经正常的人参加。然而，值得注意的是，这些都是尚未完整，往往新颖的TMS协议介绍，也证明安全的。一般情况下，有证据表明，当发布需要遵循的准则，TMS是一个安全的程序，没有危险的副作用。这些限制的后果之一，然而，就是行为的协议往往需要调整他们可以与TMS在使用之前。这有几方面的设计，包括实验的长度，试验次数，条件和刺激位点，可以进行测试数的影响。其中的一些限制可能通过把实验为单独的会话，如测试在不同的日子不同的刺激就能解决这个问题。在这些情况下，重要的是确保定位是很重要的和现场的测试都在同一会话内完成。这样便可通过最大化为目标的，大大减少了实验的方差。在决定是否使用一个或多个测试环节，最根本的限制是参与者的安全 - 特别刺激，是安全在单个会话的数量。总的刺激涉及熟悉，实践中，定位（如果使用TMS），和测试，可能在多个位点，并极大程度上取决于每种条件试验次数。凡这一数字超过在单个会话的指引，有必要打破实验分为多个阶段，进行至少24小时开。没有关于必要为​​TMS实验试验中的最小数目的硬和快速的规则，但像任何实验中，这些可以使用基于效果的大小，方差，α-（通常为0.05）的标准功率计算来计算与期望的灵敏度。常合理的估计规模效应和方差可作为广泛的试点做了优化实验方案的结果。 综上所述，TMS已经成为具有广泛应用认知神经科学的一个重要工具。本文提供了一个行为的任务相结合的调查无论是在“虚拟病变”的模式，也是一个计时工具，探索区域特有的神经信息处理的时间动态因果脑 - 行为关系的基本协议，用于在线TMS。

经颅磁刺激（TMS）是用于脑刺激一种安全，非侵入性的工具。它使用了一个导电线圈内的快速变化的电流，以产生一个强，但相对焦距，磁场。当应用到头皮中，磁场诱导的电活动中的底层的脑组织，暂时中断本地皮层的信息处理。这种瞬态干扰有效地创建了一个短暂的“虚拟病变”1,2。这种技术提供了绘制因果脑与行为的推论和网上调查的神经信息处理的时间动态在健康成人和神经病患者的非侵入性的方法。 通过与区域特有的皮质处理选择性地干扰，TMS可用于绘制脑区域和特定行为3,4之间的因果联系。也就是说，如果显著刺激皮质区影响相对于适当的控制条件下工作的性能，这表明刺激面积是必要的，通常执行的任务。这样的因果推论是TMS过影像学方法，如功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）或正电子发射断层扫描（PET）的主要优势之一。不同于测量神经活动和行为，其相关神经影像技术，TMS提供了机会，扰乱神经信息处理和衡量其对行为的影响。在这个意义上，它更像是在患者的脑损伤，除了TMS为无创和效果是暂时的，可逆的传统病变赤字分析。 TMS也有与损伤研究的几个优点。例如，刺激的影响通常比天然存在的病变，这往往是大的和相差很大横跨患者更精确的空间。此外，与会者可以作为自己的对照，therebŸ避免患者和对照组之间在发病前的能力电位差的问题。最后，没有足够的时间用于功能重组要发生的TMS期间，这意味着恢复过程是不可能混淆的结果5。换句话说，TMS提供了一个功能强大的工具，用于研究因果脑与行为的关系，补充等功能神经影像学相关技术。 TMS也可用于通过使用刺激的非常短的脉冲串和不同刺激6的发病，调查神经信息处理的时间过程。通常，这涉及任一输送到区域在一个试验中不同时间点的一个单或双脉冲TMS。因为一个单独的TMS脉冲的作用立即发生，持续介于5和40毫秒7-10，这使得研究者能够映射区域的神经元活动的时间动态的，包括其ONSET，持续时间和偏移11,12。这个中断的时间限制了该技术的时间分辨率为毫秒的10秒，震级粗糙的大约比脑电图（EEG）和脑磁图（MEG）的订单。在另一方面，在计时TMS研究中观察到的时序往往会匹配那些从微创神经生理学的录音比EEG和MEG 9,13更好。据推测，这是因为EEG和MEG测量大型神经元同步的滞后活动14最早发病。此外，像功能磁共振成像和PET，EEG和MEG是全脑活动的相关措施，而计时TMS不仅可以提供有关区域时空动态也左右着区域的必要性对于一个给定行为的重要信息。 虽然TMS最初是为调查该电机系统15的生理，它很快就被采纳为cogniti一 ​​个有价值的工具已经神经科学。它的一个最早的用途作为一个“虚拟病变”技术是通过刺激左下额叶皮层16-18诱导讲话逮捕。结果证实布洛卡区的语音生产的重要性，并提出了一个潜在的替代和田测试，以确定神经外科干预16,19以后的语言优势。现在，TMS是用在认知神经科学的几乎所有领域，包括注意力20，存储器21，视觉处理22，行动规划23，决策24，和语言处理25。通常TMS诱发或增加的误差率或更慢的反应时间（RT），这两者都取为脑和行为3,4之间的因果关系的指标。一些研究使用TMS同时在其虚拟病变模式，并作为计时工具。例如，投手和他的同事11首先表明，重复性TMS（rTMS的）传递到枕骨的脸部区域打乱了准确的面部识别，然后用来计时的TMS来确定，这种影响只存在时TMS交付在60和100毫秒，这表明这个特定的大脑区域处理面部部分信息在早期舞台人脸识别。在所有这里提到的实施例中，TMS是施用“在线”，也就是在工作性能，使TMS的影响是直接的和短暂的（ 即 ，效果持续，只要刺激的持续时间）。这与“离线”TMS涉及或长低频刺激21的运行或图案刺激26短时间开始任务之前。在离线TMS的影响最后远远超出了TMS应用程序本身的持续时间。本文只关注了“上线”的方法。 在准备任何TMS E中的初始步骤xperiment包括确定一个刺激方案和选择定位方法。刺激参数包括强度，频率和TMS的持续时间和通过国际确定安全要求27,28被约束。每个TMS实验还需要用于定位一个合适的定位过程，准确地定向的线圈在刺激部位。定位可以基于标准的空间坐标29或10 - 20的定位系统30，但通常被定制为每个单个参与者31。对于后者，也有根据每个人的解剖32多种选项，其中包括针对刺激，使用fMRI 33或功能使用TMS 34定位功能定位。这里介绍的协议主张与TMS的功能定位作为一般协议上线TMS实验的一部分。然后一个说明性的例子给出的TMS如何使用调查左缘上回（SMG）的在读语音处理功能的贡献。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;width:640px;">1) Magstim Rapid2 stimulator (Magstim, Carmarthenshire, UK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;">2) 70-mm diameter figure-of-eight coil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;">3) Brainsight frameless stereotaxy system (RogueResearch, Montreal, Canada)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;">4) Polaris Vicra infrared camera (Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transcranial magnetic stimulation for investigating causal brain-behavioral relationships and their time course

经颅磁刺激（TMS）是一种使用强大的电磁铁，以暂时中断信息处理的脑区，产生一个短命的一种安全，无创性脑刺激术“虚拟病变。”刺激与任务绩效干扰指示该受影响的脑区是必要的，通常执行的任务。换句话说，不像神经成像方法，如功能性磁共振成像（fMRI），表明大脑和行为之间的相互关系，TMS可以用来证明因果脑行为的关系。此外，通过改变虚拟病变的持续时间和发病，TMS也揭示了在正常处理的时间过程。因此，TMS已经成为认知神经科学的一个重要工具。该技术与损伤赤字研究的优点包括的破坏效果更好时空精度，利用参与者作为自己的合作能力ntrol科目，以及参与者的可访问性。的限制，包括并发的听觉和体感的刺激，可能会影响工作性能，有限的访问结构多于从头皮表面几厘米，而这需要为了在实验过程中的工作进行优化的自由参数的比较大的空间。 ，要适当的控制条件，仔细考虑实验设计有助于解决这些问题。本文说明这些问题与调查左缘上回（SMG）的阅读空间和时间贡献TMS结果。

图2示出了作为例子2 TMS实验的结果。即，首先调查左SMG是否是因果地参与处理的字的声音，而第二个研究这种介入的时间动态。 图2A显示了第一个实验的代表性结果，其中的rTMS（10赫兹，5个脉冲，55％的最大强度）交付给上海文广在三个任务。音韵任务集中在单词的发音注意力（“你这两句话听起来一样的吗？ 知道鼻 ”），而语义任务集中在自己的意思（“你这两个词的意思是一回事吗？ 理念-概念 ”）。第三个控制任务提出了双辅音字母串，并询问他们是否是相同的（“wsrft-wsrft”）。每个任务都包括了100次试验。结果表明，TMS保留时间相对显著增加至不stimulation以平均37毫秒的语音任务。相比之下，上海文广刺激对在语义或字形控制任务的反应时没有显著作用。换句话说，左竞彩“虚拟病变”选择性干预处理的话的声音，说明SMG在处理的书面文字44音韵方面的必要性。 图2B显示了计时实验探究语音处理的时间过程内SMG的代表性结果。在这里，双脉冲TMS 100试验分为五个相等的块，每块测试不同的时间窗相同的语音任务中被交付在五个不同的时间窗刺激后发病。相较于基线条件（40/80毫秒），在反应时显著增加时TMS交付一百二十○分之八十○，120/160和二百分之一百六毫秒的刺激后发病观察。这些结果证明SMG是从事Windo教育署在80和200毫秒刺激后发病，之间的语音处理表明早期和持续的参与语音加工44。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51735/51735fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1。标记潜在的刺激位点的两种常用方法。（A）第一种方法是将标记的格子在手运动区和测试每个直到TMS产生预期的效果。这种做法是很常见的识别电机“热点” -也就是在那里产生刺激最强，最可靠的肌肉收缩的地方（B）第二种方法通过将一组标记内定义良好的应用解剖额外约束。大脑区域。在这个例子中，三个标记的位置被限制为冲锋枪的前部区域。第一个是定位●优异的​​外侧裂的后升支的终止;第二个是前SMG腹结束;而第三个是约半途其他两个位点之间。刺激标记显示使用无框立体定向系统中的个人MRI扫描的矢状平面。在左下角的黑色比例尺表示1厘米的距离。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51735/51735fig2highres.jpg" /> 图2。从刺激的开始反应时间（RT）。 （一）noTMS（光棒）和TMS（暗杠）在三个不同的语言任务的条件。（b）五位刺激的计时条件的音韵任务。在这里介绍的例子，双脉冲交付在任40/80毫秒，80/120毫秒，120 / 160msec的，二百分之一百六毫秒，200/24​​0毫秒刺激后发病。钍Ë第一时间窗口，40/80毫秒，被用来作为基准控制条件，因为没有预期的视觉信息在SMG，可以快速到达。误差棒代表平均值的标准误差调整，以正确反映受试者内方差50。第一个实验中包含的12名学员和32名第二个数据。 * P &lt;0.05。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course at JoVE.com

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

经颅磁刺激（TMS）是用于非侵入性地破坏神经信息处理及测量其上的行为效果的技术。当TMS干扰任务时，它表明刺激大脑区域是必要的正常工作性能，允许一个系统有关的大脑区域，以认知功能。

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-for-investigating-causal-brain

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Behavior

42.5K 次观看.  University College London. 经颅磁刺激（TMS）是用于非侵入性地破坏神经信息处理及测量其上的行为效果的技术。当TMS干扰任务时，它表明刺激大脑区域是必要的正常工作性能，允许一个系统有关的大脑区域，以认知功能。 

视频: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.

临床治疗抑郁症的深层重复经颅磁刺激使用Brainsway H1线圈

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠大脑的单边半球

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...