This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education to Project Management Julich (PtJ). The authors thank Mr. Ulf L&#252;der, for technical support in the biochar laboratory. The authors are also thankful to Ms. Maria Sanchez, and Mr. Jonas Nekat for their volunteer activities in the biogas, and analytical laboratory, respectively. Marcel Schmidt and Antje Schmidt are also acknowledged for their valuable efforts on videography and editing.

1，厌氧小麦秸秆消化注:对于39负的UAS反应器的厌氧消化，使用5-65毫米长的原料小麦秸秆印章作为饲料。在这个特定的实验中，原料中的有机干物质含量是85.9％和粗纤维分数为46.3％。在UAS的反应器具有一个检查窗口由丙烯酸玻璃的材质为不锈钢。两个30升的厌氧过滤器（AF）的相互结合39负的UAS反应器中。在AFS是建立透明的亚克力玻璃。该反应器系统的示意图示于图2和建筑设计别处4所述。 在接种和启动反应堆详情别处5给出。 <ol><li>填写每个AF 325酒桶形聚乙烯生物膜载体。 注意:使用的生物膜载体具有305米2 /米3的表面积。 </li><li>设置水泵的工艺液体循环在这两种嗜温和嗜热反应堆的1.15升/小时的流速。 </li><li>设定加热浴到所需反应器的温度水平，37°C的温和55°C的高温反应器。 </li><li>对于无人机反应堆的日常饲养，体重麦草（=99.5克VS）为120g 调频各反应器达到2.5克VS / L的天有机负荷率·。 </li><li>开放式无人机"喂食管，取出邮票。 </li><li>倒入小麦秸秆成对角线加料管，并将其推入反应器的底部与喂养邮票的帮助。从那里，秸秆就会飘起来对抗一个筛子，形成固态床。 </li><li>清洁密封面，以确保，它是气密然后关闭进料管。 </li><li>该泵将持续运行，输送1.2升/小时处理液通过反应器系统（UAS的和AF）。 </li><li>连续测量沼气流量使用滚筒式燃气METERS和存储在一个20升的气体包。 注意:请从气袋，以沼气分析仪的出口。在沼气分析仪，CH 4，H 2 S，O 2，CO 2和H 2进行测量。第一沼气有权通过3种不同的过滤器，以除去水分和其它有毒化合物，这对于检测器是有害的。分析仪需要进行精确的沼气组合物要被校准一次在一个星期。 </li><li>测量沼气成分经常使用工业沼气分析仪。注:沼气分析仪只能测量时，沼气沼气袋至少是半满的。用于测量生物气组合物，需要将阀在气体袋被打开，等待稳定沼气组合物（它需要大约20-30秒）。 </li><li>对于过程控制，使用安装pH计和温度计测量pH值和温度在线。 </li><li>除去约3kg消解的（80-90％湿度），每周一次，这使固体停留时间（SRT）Of 2-3周。使用此消解作为饲料对于HTC的过程。事后产生的沼气足以挤出任何空气和几个小时内建立厌氧条件。 </li><li>对它们的化学性质（pH值，EC，TS，VS，脂肪酸，CHNS，氨，微量元素和粗纤维），每周一次分析过程中的酒和消解。 </li></ol> 2，水热麦草消化液的碳化注意:对于消解的从步骤1的水热碳化，一个18升批次搅拌反应器中使用。的控制和处理的定时是通过反应器中的控制器4848和软件SpecView 32 849进行，在计算机上运行。在该程序中，反应器温度，加热夹套温度，压力和搅拌速度，可以如图所示。此外，该程序用于处理参数（开始温度，设定温度，升温速率，搅拌速率），可以为每个HTC实验设置。 <ol><li>权衡2.5公斤稻草消解的使用具有0.1 g精度的平衡，转移到反应容器中。 </li><li>使用相同的余额来衡量10公斤化妆水，并倒入反应容器为好。这将保持消解，水比为1:4。 </li><li>在气动关闭，手动搅拌均匀反应堆的内容，以防止螺旋桨搅拌器的堵塞。关闭反应器，并通过横向拧紧螺栓以50nm的力将其固定。 </li><li>通过下面的斜坡设置反应浸泡: </li><li>达到30℃起始温度从室温15分钟。 <ol><li>设定加热时间为230℃，反应温度为100分钟。 </li><li>保持最终的反应温度下进行6小时。 </li><li>经过6小时的保温时间，冷却反应器15小时从230℃到室温。 </li><li>搅拌反应器内容以30rpm整个完整的HTC过程。 </li><li>冷却阶段和p后关掉搅拌器促使气体​​在20L气袋。 </li><li>确保气体通过一个冷凝槽以及活性炭过滤器。 </li><li>储存气体进行进一步分析。 </li></ol></li><li>气体取样后，沥干浆料从容器到容器通过高温，高压球阀，然后通过以大约0.5mm的孔径的筛网过滤。 </li><li>收集的液体和去皮的HTC生产的生物炭，以确定HTC生产的焦炭相比，原料量。 </li></ol> 3，元素原料，消化液的分析，和小麦秸秆宏达生物炭注意:对于任何固体燃料分析，元素分析仪或CHONS分析仪是常用的。原子的碳，氢，氧，氮和硫的元素组成可以从这样的分析而得到。从CHONS，可以估计的高热值或燃料的能量值。此外，原子含硫量也将印度语吃了燃料的质量。在这项研究中，元素分析仪将被用于确定HTC生物炭，生小麦秸秆和消化液的燃料值。作为分析仪只允许非常小的样本大小，分析各样品的至少3倍为更好的重现性。 <ol><li>在一个样品盘（锡，6×6×12毫米），重量钨30毫克（Ⅵ）氧化物使用的元素包的特定的平衡。注意:这种平衡的精度通常为1微克。钨（VI）氧化物的作品作为元素分析仪的催化剂。 </li><li>称取5〜10毫克干样品并投入相同的样品盘，混合它，包装它。被包装的样品盘大小应该是大约2×2×5毫米3。 </li><li>将样品在自动进样器。注意每个样品的位置，并使用磺酸在此元素分析作为参考</li><li>开始于连接到元素分析仪的计算机的Vario的软件中，定义的条件下，样品气体流量，温度的2烤箱（2烤炉是在1,150和850℃，分别）。然后，根据自动取样位置的确定示例的名字。启动该程序。机器自动工作，进行分析，并将结果存储在电脑中。 注:元素CHNS是元素分析仪的输出，通常是直接在计算机屏幕上报告。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

无人机反应堆能够减轻在引言中讨论的缺点。然而，有很大的提升空间。进料系统和消解退出仍然是手动。该无人机系统面临原料处理大于60 mm的问题。该系统的工作更好地与纤维原料，因为他们在液体浮起，但其他原料，如动物粪便和污泥可能不利于无人机系统。在UAS的系统的设计是这样一种方式，处理液从反应器中循环到AF反应器一次。然而，在循环液体甚至2-5％的固体，被证明是有问题的，因为它们沉积在AF或阻止管入口和阻碍液体循环。处理液的化学分析是重要的，因为在生产游离脂肪酸和氮可以改变导致异常沼气生产的微生物系统。该无人机系统是强大的，并且可以运行200多天没有表现出任何significant的问题。从泵连接到反应堆的AF管道需要每一个月的替代需要更换。在水浴中的水位需要每周进行检查，并在必要补充。 湿法消解HTC是非常有效的废物处理以及生产固体生物燃料。固体产物的dewateribility也将HTC的过程促进了如显示在图7，但是，需要将尽快进行，优选使消化液被去除的同一天消解的HTC。否则，消化开始降解的生物，这是不利于HTC。由于HTC是一个高温（200-260℃）和高压（20〜50巴）的过程中，采取必要的预防措施，在整个宏达程序是非常重要的。所有的连接检查至少每月一次，以确保它们是不透气的。 HTC处理液具有较高的浓度糠醛，5 - 羟甲基糠醛，酚类和合作mpounds，其中被评为毒物。所以，建议使用面罩和手套，同时处理HTC处理液，特别是当HTC处理液被排出从反应容器到另一个容器中。虽然HTC具有许多优点，处理湿原料像消解，它仍是一个间歇过程。在一个经济评估，宏达电批处理过程将难以自圆其说。因此，需要更多的研究，以促进宏达电的连续运行。 元素分析是一种有效的方法，均匀的固体底物，但不是对异质衬底。作为固体生物燃料通常是异质的，元素分析仪只允许5-10毫克试样尺寸，建议执行至少3个重复，使用平均值。元素分析的另一个限制是测量固体基材具有高灰分含量。元素分析仪只能测量CHONS，并没有其他无机物。因此，高灰分的固体基质的元素分析可能不属于Reveal实际CHONS浓度。样品制备中的元素分析是至关重要的，因为样品需要被精确地包裹着，否则，会有在分析中存在不一致。固体燃料的燃烧值可以从CHONS估计，但建议使用弹式热量计进行精确的燃烧值测定。 约92-161升甲的是在饲料中每千克挥发性固体的产生。挥发性固体或有机物总固体的干小麦秸秆为86.9％。干消解具有较低的氧原子和氢浓度，这是厌氧消化22,23中的另一个迹象多糖的降解和单糖的降解。此外，较低的H，和O浓度增加消化液24的疱疹病毒。干消解的疱疹病毒是比干的原始原料，上升22％。类似的结果与由波尔等[23]详细的统计分析获得的。 从厌氧消化消化液包含80-90％的水6。这些具有亲水性，水被部分地结合在微生物或植物细胞。因此消化液脱水或干燥是繁琐，非常耗能。例如，2千克干消解的结合8公斤的水（80％湿），这需要的热量20.7 MJ干燥消解。此外，它很容易进行生物降解相对较快的环境条件下，失去的植物营养素，并释放温室气体（温室气体）排放量，如N 2 O和CH 4。所以，尽管更高的能量潜力，新鲜消解不能直接用作固体燃料。那就需要消化20之后干燥。 从表1中 ，它可以证明，在干燥消解具有类似的碳原子含量为原料，稻草，并且它们之前和厌氧消化后（ 图6），在视觉上相似。这表明，木质素和木质素，纤维素缀满大多未反应。然而，63％的质量收率观察，这意味着处理秸秆较干​​的原料稻草轻37％。类似的元素碳浓度是指厌氧消化22期间没有发生碳化。 如图7，从消解HTC生物炭（嗜热）是非常稳定且柔软。由于疏水性显著增加，它可以从字面上淹没在水中几个月没有其物理和化学结构受影响12,25。疏水性也增强了HTC的生物碳14的脱水。吸管的结构不可辨别在HTC生物炭了，表示纤维素可能已发生反应。甲显著碳化是在沿与原子氧的还原HTC生物炭观察。这是另一个迹象纤维素进行反应，而不是木质素。在木质素原子的碳浓度比的纤维素24-29要高得多。因此，宏达电biochAR为29.6兆焦/千克的HHV，这比原秸秆高，比干燥的消解高出32％，61％，分别为。 宏达电加工秸秆疱疹病毒是28.8兆焦/千克，这也是类似于宏达电加工秸秆消解（29.6兆焦/千克）。然而，大规模产量是HTC的稻草高于宏达电与消化液比较原始原料的40.7％。因此，如果为1公斤生草（18.4兆焦耳）是水热碳化，HTC秸秆生物炭将有11.0兆焦耳的潜力。否则，如果相同数量的应用于AD和HTC，共13.2兆焦耳生物能源，从消解液（8.0兆焦耳）形式的生物甲烷（5.2兆焦耳）和HTC生物炭，可产生（ 图8）。此外，该过程的UAS的液相是一种潜在的液体肥料。此外，宏达电生物炭可能有较高的潜在高价值材料的使用或作为土壤改良剂使用。有关视图的碳汇或碳循环点，材料的使用宏达生物炭是比较可行的能源生产。&lt;/ P&gt; 厌氧消化并结合水热碳化可以产生比单个流程更加生物能源。然而，一个级联的设计是需要更好的效率。整体的能量平衡，接着进行经济评估，需要验证这一过程。未来的研究应包括使用的HTC白酒和HTC生物炭的后处理（化学或生物）。另外，无论是无人机和HTC系统的自动化将是必要的。本研究是使用实验室规模的无人机和宏达电抗器，但规模化的进程将是必要的，如果过程是被商业化。

寻找可再生和可持续能源在世界能源领域的重大关切。最近，联合国报告说，世界能源的2050年高达77％将来自可再生能源1可以预期的。木质纤维素生物质如秸秆，草，稻壳，玉米芯与食品对燃料的问题上没有冲突。此外，生物质可能是具有结构碳的唯一的可再生能量源，相对于其他可再生能源，例如风能，太阳能和水2。然而，处理的特性，较低的堆积密度，高的灰分含量，并降低能源含量妨碍使用木质纤维素生物质的能源生产2。 厌氧消化（AD）是从废弃生物质生产生物能源的最好的例子之一。3一般来说，有四个降解步骤包括厌氧消化， 如图1 4 </suP&gt;。在第一个3个连续步骤中，生物质的多糖转化为有机酸。在最后一步中，产甲烷微生物生产生物甲烷。传统的AD是一个时间和能源消耗的过程。在连续搅拌降低AD的整体经济，特别是对木质纤维素生物质的AD。一种新颖的上流式厌氧固态（UAS的）反应器必须克服的缺点表示（ 图2）4的潜力。自发的固液分离是无人机的显著优势之一，因为设计有利于沼气气泡解除未反应的固体残渣向上5。这消除使用搅拌器，因此减少了现场电力的消耗。此外，液体循环，确保整个反应器以及5微生物及代谢产物的分布。相对于固体生物燃料，沼气是比较容易处理，并且留下很少或无残留。事实上，在特定的能量密度沼气是高出数倍生物质4。然而，AD有利于简单的多糖如淀粉，脂肪酸，和半纤维素1。作为一个结果，纤维素和木质素，纤维质木质纤维素生物质如小麦秸秆主要部分，仍然作为AD 5后的固体消解。虽然，沼气生产从原料中，类型的微生物，反应温度和反应时间而变化，大量的消化液中通常产生的。 而沼气是用于能源，消化液（高达90％的水），通常都存储在一个发酵渣堆场收集剩余的甲烷排放量。后来这些都干燥，铺在农田，提高土壤肥力和保水能力。高无机含量往往直接阻碍消化液的燃料，因为高量的矿渣可能会腐蚀设备6。水热碳化（HTC）是湿而设计的热化学​​处理工艺。原料，其中生物质（具有80-90％的水）被加热到200-260℃时水的饱和压力，并保持0.5-6 H（ 图3），7,8亚临界水具有最大的离子产物在200 - 260℃，这意味着在这些条件下，水是反应性并表现为一个温和的酸，并同时9弱碱。半纤维素，以及其他提取物，降低周围180-200℃，而纤维素发生反应周围220-230℃，和木质素反应在相对 ​​较高温度（&gt; 250℃），但比纤维素和半纤维素10慢得多。由于显著脱水和脱羧，HTC结果为HTC生物炭的固体产物，用质量产率的40-80％，酒含有羧酸，呋喃衍生物，酚类物质，以及糖单体，和5（干HTC生物炭/干饲料） - 10％的CO 2气体丰富的产品11。在宏达电，含氧挥发性物质显著减少，从而留下富含碳的固体。宏达生物炭也稳定，疏水性和易碎比较原始湿润原料12,13。由于它的疏水特性，相比原消解，甚至生物质宏达生物炭的dewateribility增加了好几倍。14-18此外，宏达电生物炭具有类似于褐煤16,17燃料值。然而，纤维素和木质素部分在HTC环境18降解。 现在，半纤维素和纤维素的生物质公元期间促进沼气，而纤维素和木质素主要是促进固体宏达生物炭4,5。因此，AD-HTC的组合可能会提高整体的生物能产量。霍夫曼等人模拟了一个类似的组合，但使用AD和HTL（水热液化），而不是AD-宏达电19。 HTL是液化的生物质组分和液体产物具有高的燃烧值[43.1兆焦耳/千克]的常用方法。然而，HTL热曲IRES非常高的压力（250巴）比较宏达（10-50巴），这意味着较高的安装和运行成本比HTC的。再次，AD和宏达电的组合顺序可以被质疑为维尔特等人的宏达工艺液体20最近报道的AD。然而，一个有效的AD依赖于糖浓度的原料。糖在HTC的工艺液体，水解过程中产生的，往往是在亚临界水中迅速降解。这就是为什么公元HTC之前是在生物能源方面更有利。然而，HTC处理液AD可以产生额外的生物能源，在这种情况下，该组合顺序是AD-HTC-AD。 这项工作的目的是评估广告和HTC流程的整合生物能源生产（ 图3）。沼气生产潜力用于从反应器的UAS嗜热和嗜温AD在超过200天连续操作进行评价。随后，宏达电生物炭生产型F罗消解也进行了研究。级联AD-HTC的质量和能量平衡进行，并与各个过程进行比较。

<table><tbody><tr><td>UASS reactor</td><td></td><td></td><td>Patented design</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>KERN</td><td>440-55N</td><td>0.2 g precision</td></tr><tr><td>Biofilm carrier</td><td>RVT Process Equipment GmbH, Germany</td><td>Bioflow 40</td><td>Establish 305 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Heating bath</td><td>Lauda-Konigshofen, Germany</td><td>Lauda Ecoline 011</td><td>Ensure mesophilic and thermophilic temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Recirculation pump</td><td>Heidolph pumpdrive</td><td>5201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wheat straw</td><td>Dittmannsdorfer Milch GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td>5-65 mm length</td></tr><tr><td>Biogas analyzer</td><td>Pronova, Germany</td><td>SSM 6000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas meter</td><td>Ritter, Germany</td><td></td><td>Drum type</td></tr><tr><td>HTC reactor</td><td>Parr instrument, Moline, IL USA</td><td>Parr 4555</td><td>5 gallon volume</td></tr><tr><td>HTC Temperature controller</td><td>Parr instrument, Moline, IL USA</td><td>4848</td><td>K type thermocouple</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td></td><td>KERN FKB</td><td>0.1 g precision</td></tr><tr><td>Heating system</td><td>Parr</td><td>A1600EEE</td><td>Band heater, 2 &amp;deg;C/min</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>SpecView</td><td>32849</td><td>Digital monitoring and programming interface</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst</td><td></td><td>Tungsten(VI) oxide</td><td>Elemental analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>SN-1128123281</td><td>1 &amp;micro;g precision</td></tr><tr><td>Sample pan</td><td>Elemental Analyssystem GmbH</td><td>Tin 6 x 6 x 12 mm pan</td><td>Elemental analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Drying oven</td><td>Binder GmbH, Germany</td><td>FP 115</td><td>105 &amp;deg;C oven</td></tr><tr><td>Elemental analyzer</td><td>Vario</td><td>EL III</td><td>CHNS analyzer</td></tr></tbody></table>

evaluation of integrated anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal carbonization for bioenergy production

木质纤维素生物质是最丰富的尚未得到充分利用的可再生能源之一。这两种厌氧消化（AD）和水热碳化（HTC）是有希望的技术，从生物质生产生物能源沼气和HTC生物炭方面，分别。在这项研究中，提出了AD和宏达电的结合，以提高整体生产生物能源。小麦秸秆厌氧消化在小说中两个温（37℃）和高温（55℃）条件下上流式厌氧固态反应器（无人机）。湿从嗜热公元消化的水热碳化在230℃，6小时宏达生物炭的生产。在高温下，该无人机系统产生的平均165负CH4 /公斤的VS（VS:挥发性固体）在温公元超过200天的连续运转121负CH4 /公斤VS。同时，43.4克宏达生物炭与29.6兆焦/千克dry_biochar的是OBT从1公斤消解（以干基计）从嗜温公元宏达ained。 AD和HTC的组合，在该特定组实验的收率13.2兆焦耳的能量为每1公斤的干小麦秸秆，比单独的HTC至少高20％，比只AD高60.2％。

厌氧消化 沼气的实验显示，该无人机系统能，利用38％，而甲烷形成潜力的50％中温（37℃）和高温（55℃）操作分别。在嗜热性AD，该系统的UAS产生一个平均165负CH4 /公斤的VS（VS:挥发性固体）在嗜温AD和121负CH4 /千克VS为200天的连续运转（ 图4）。这些性能的值已经计算出从相关的干燥原料基础的生物气的定量和定性分析。 该生物甲烷潜力麦秸被确定（以下VDI准则4630）为304.3 L CH4 /公斤VS为喜温和244.2 L CH4 /公斤VS为嗜温操作，分别在图5中0; 21。在品质方面，通过的UAS产生的沼气所含之间41％和甲烷的61％（ 图5）。 消解的宏达电 图6显示了干稻草，到公元来源于稻草干消解，以及由HTC来源于干消解宏达生物炭。干消解看起来类似干稻草，这是唯一的颜色有点暗。对于这项工作，从嗜热条件下消解被认为对于HTC。如表1所示，总质量的63％，保持在消解（ 表1）。干宏达生物炭比原干稻草轻，可能是由于单体及聚合物，简单通过嗜热微生物的AD中的降解。 图7示出了疏水性的行为，和HTC生物炭的柔软性。在宏达电，纤维状晶体结构被破坏，并产生一个软非晶CA碳端丰富的宏达生物炭16,17,28。从表1可以看出，消解液和生秸秆衍生的HTC的生物炭的质量产率是43.4％，和38.3％之间。固体产品，宏达生物炭是非常疏水的12;它可以留在与水接触的时间延长13。此外，它是非常柔软的，因为它几乎没有要求任何的压力，粉碎它。对于煤制电力行业，保持了原料的柔软性是非常重要的，因为这可以消除膨胀粉碎步骤。 元素分析 从表1中的元素组成，但可以看出，元素碳和氢保持相同的固体在整个厌氧消化。宏达电在元素碳的增加和氢减少。大部分元素氮的保留在固体自元素氮含量都消化的过程中增加了<html> ðHTC的过程。由于硫在小麦秸秆是微量，元素硫的浓度没有出现在结果中。元素氧含量计算减去C，H和N为100％，并也列在表1中 ，假设原料仅由CHONS的。氧浓度的HTC在急剧下降，而它仍然在消化过程类似。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图1基本概念和步骤厌氧消化。这个数字说明厌氧消化的基本概念。在该图中，厌氧消化4的一般步骤（水解，acedogenesis，产乙酸和产甲烷）都g2highres.jpg"宽度="500"/&gt; 图2:在实验室规模的反应器中的UAS用于厌氧消化的示意图 ，这是UAS的反应器系统的示意图。这里的UAS反应器和厌氧滤池（AF）显示由液体流，其中在无人机反应堆产生的脂肪酸来自动对焦和甲烷的产生连接。来自AF的底部，另一液体流被吸引到的UAS，其中微生物打算从AF到UAS的反应器中。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3（上图）的概念木质纤维素生物质中的HTC，（底部）集成厌氧消化和HTC的概念 *纤维素将部分反应24。在此框图中可以看出，不同的纤维成分会与亚临界水接触而被转换成HTC生物炭（COAL类型）。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 从无人机反应器中的厌氧滤池两种嗜热和常温条件下图4。甲烷生产，这是无人机反应堆210天的操作为高温和中温条件下的实验结果。 X轴是操作天，而Y轴是甲烷产率（L CH4 /千克VS）相比，挥发性固体（VS）。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图5。在这两个高温和中温条件下从无人机反应器的沼气甲烷部分。这些都是喜温的无人机系统下的反应堆运行210天的实验结果ð温条件。 X轴是操作天，而Y轴是甲烷分数（％）在沼气。给定的值是从重复的平均值。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6（左到右）干麦草，干小麦秸秆消解，和麦秸消解宏达生物炭，这是小麦秸秆的不同状态的实时图像。在这里，在该图中，厌氧消化（AD）和HTC的效果可以是可见的。该纤维结构体仍然是可见的消解，而变成粉末状的HTC之后。 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 宏达生物炭的图7。疏水性（左），脆碎度宏达生物炭（右） </STRONG&gt;。这又是疏水性和HTC生物炭的脆碎度的实时图像。在第一幅图像，宏达生物炭是根据水沉没，而接下来的两个图像的生物炭前后硬破碎的情况显示。 <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig8highres.jpg" width="500" /> 按1公斤生麦秸（底部）生物能源潜力从1公斤的干小麦秸秆整合AD-HTC的厌氧消化（AD）图8。（上）生物能源的潜力，这是一个数字，以评估相结合的必要性概念。该框图显示多少能量的AD和HTC从原料中提取。 <img alt="表1" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734table1v2.jpg" width="700" /> 表1元素分析，11HV，质量产量，原料小麦秸秆，消解（高温），以及相应的宏达生物炭纤维分析。 HHV从CHNS组成计算如文献18,24。表1是元素分析的实验结果，和AD和HTC后的质量产率。木质素，纤维素和半纤维素是由面包车苏斯特纤维分析[12]测定。注:NA是没有分析<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734table1.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此表的一个更大的版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

一种新型的上流式厌氧固态（无人机）反应器用于从纤维原料生产沼气。从无人机消解反应器的水热碳化成宏达生物炭在加压批式反应器。这两个生物能源的概念整合在本研究中施用，以提高整体的生物能源生产。

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

evaluation-integrated-anaerobic-digestion-hydrothermal-carbonization

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

25.5K 次观看.  Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering. 一种新型的上流式厌氧固态（无人机）反应器用于从纤维原料生产沼气。从无人机消解反应器的水热碳化成宏达生物炭在加压批式反应器。这两个生物能源的概念整合在本研究中施用，以提高整体的生物能源生产。 

视频: Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

科研

生物化学

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

成绩单及代谢物谱烟草树和杨树的评价作为原料的生物基工业

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate reduction is used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove large concentrations of sulfate along with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals. The most common approach to the process is with anaerobic bioreactors in which sulfidogenic sludge is obtained through adaptation of predominantly methanogenic granular sludge to sulfidogenesis. This process may take a long time and does not always eliminate the competition for substrate due to the presence of methanogens in the sludge. In this work, we propose a novel approach to obtain sulfidogenic sludge in which hydrothermal vents sediments are the original source of microorganisms. The microbial community developed in the presence of sulfate and volatile fatty acids is wide enough to sustain sulfate reduction over a long period of time without exhibiting inhibition due to sulfide. 
This protocol describes the procedure to generate the sludge from the sediments in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) type of reactor. Furthermore, the protocol presents the procedure to demonstrate the capability of the sludge to remove by reductive dechlorination a model of a highly toxic organic pollutant such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The protocol is divided in three stages: (1) the formation of the sludge and the determination of its sulfate reducing activity in the UASB, (2) the experiment to remove the TCE by the sludge, and (3) the identification of microorganisms in the sludge after the TCE reduction. Although in this case the sediments were taken from a site located in Mexico, the generation of a sulfidogenic sludge by using this procedure may work if a different source of sediments is taken since marine sediments are a natural pool of microorganisms that may be enriched in sulfate reducing bacteria.

Microbial sulfate reduction is a process of great importance in environmental biotechnology. The success of the sulfidogenic reactors depends among other factors on the microbial composition of the sludge. Here, we present a protocol to develop sulfidogenic sludge from hydrothermal vents sediments in a UASB reactor for reductive dechlorination purposes.

Sulfidogenic污泥海洋沉积物和三氯乙烯减少在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器开发

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bioprocess that is commonly used to convert complex organic wastes into a useful biogas with methane as the energy carrier 1-3. Increasingly, AD is being used in industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste(water) treatment applications 4,5. The use of AD technology allows plant operators to reduce waste disposal costs and offset energy utility expenses. In addition to treating organic wastes, energy crops are being converted into the energy carrier methane 6,7. As the application of AD technology broadens for the treatment of new substrates and co-substrate mixtures 8, so does the demand for a reliable testing methodology at the pilot- and laboratory-scale.
Anaerobic digestion systems have a variety of configurations, including the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow (PF), and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) configurations 9. The CSTR is frequently used in research due to its simplicity in design and operation, but also for its advantages in experimentation. Compared to other configurations, the CSTR provides greater uniformity of system parameters, such as temperature, mixing, chemical concentration, and substrate concentration. Ultimately, when designing a full-scale reactor, the optimum reactor configuration will depend on the character of a given substrate among many other nontechnical considerations. However, all configurations share fundamental design features and operating parameters that render the CSTR appropriate for most preliminary assessments. If researchers and engineers use an influent stream with relatively high concentrations of solids, then lab-scale bioreactor configurations cannot be fed continuously due to plugging problems of lab-scale pumps with solids or settling of solids in tubing. For that scenario with continuous mixing requirements, lab-scale bioreactors are fed periodically and we refer to such configurations as continuously stirred anaerobic digesters (CSADs).
This article presents a general methodology for constructing, inoculating, operating, and monitoring a CSAD system for the purpose of testing the suitability of a given organic substrate for long-term anaerobic digestion. The construction section of this article will cover building the lab-scale reactor system. The inoculation section will explain how to create an anaerobic environment suitable for seeding with an active methanogenic inoculum. The operating section will cover operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. The monitoring section will introduce testing protocols using standard analyses. The use of these measures is necessary for reliable experimental assessments of substrate suitability for AD. This protocol should provide greater protection against a common mistake made in AD studies, which is to conclude that reactor failure was caused by the substrate in use, when really it was improper user operation 10.

Laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters allow scientists to research new ways of optimizing existing applications of anaerobic biotechnology and to evaluate the methane producing potential of various organic wastes. This article introduces a generalized model for the construction, inoculation, operation, and monitoring of a laboratory-scale continuously stirred anaerobic digester.

连续搅拌厌氧消化有机废物转化为沼气系统的安装和基本操作

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bioprocess that is commonly used to convert complex organic wastes into a useful biogas with methane as the energy carrier ...

生物工程

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

低温微波辅助热液碳化降低柳树燃料排放

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...

化学

通过现场生物炭生产实现碳封存和土壤改良

Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to avoid expensive and carbon-intensive processing (chipping) and transportation costs, is to process it onsite. However, conventional burn piles have destructive impacts on forest soil and provide no benefits other than fuel reduction. Converting forest slash to biochar onsite has many ecological advantages over the current practice of slash disposal by incineration in burn piles, including reduced soil heating and particulate emissions, along with multiple benefits of the biochar to forest soil health and water holding capacity when left in place. Making biochar onsite in the woods is a way to return a pyrogenic carbon component to forest soils that has been missing due to the recent history of fire suppression. Biochar is also a leading method of carbon removal and sequestration for climate change mitigation. In this study, we document a method for making biochar using a portable biochar kiln. This low-cost method utilizes hand crews equipped with water for quenching kilns before the biochar burns to ash. Simple techniques for quantifying and characterizing the biochar produced are incorporated into the method for the purpose of measuring impact and qualifying for carbon removal certificates to help pay for the cost of the work. We describe the CM002 Component Methodology that provides standardized procedures for the quantification of GHG benefits during three stages of the process: waste biomass sourcing, biochar production, and biochar soil application. The CM002 Methodology is based on international best practices, including the most recent VCS methodology VM0044 Standards and EBC C-Sink Artisan Standards. Reliable quantification methods utilizing appropriate safety factors are the first essential step toward eligibility for carbon removal finance.

作者聚焦：林业中木质碎片焚烧的现场生物炭生产 

New methods for disposing of forestry slash piles in place produce pyrogenic carbon for restoring forest soil health and for carbon removal and sequestration. Here, we present a biochar production method integrating a new carbon removal accounting methodology and a digital application.

使用便携式火焰帽窑在树林中生产、表征和量化生物炭

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to ...

用于从猪废沼气中获取生物甲烷的微藻培养

Biogas Purification through the use of a Microalgae-Bacterial System in Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of polluting gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to increase the content of methane. In this study, we used a microalgal cultivation technology to treat and purify biogas produced from organic waste from the swine industry to obtain ready-to-use biomethane. For cultivation and purification, two 22.2 m3 open-pond photobioreactors coupled with an absorption-desorption column system were set up in San Juan de los Lagos, Mexico. Several recirculation liquid/biogas ratios (L/G) were tested to obtain the highest removal efficiencies; other parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and biomass growth, were measured. The most efficient L/Gs were 1.6 and 2.5, resulting in a treated biogas effluent with a composition of 6.8%vol and 6.6%vol in CO2, respectively, and removal efficiencies for H2S up to 98.9%, as well as maintaining O2 contamination values of less than 2%vol. We found that pH greatly determines CO2 removal, more so than L/G, during cultivation because of its participation in the photosynthetic process of microalgae and its ability to vary pH when solubilized due to its acidic nature. DO, and temperature oscillated as expected from the light-dark natural cycles of photosynthesis and the time of day, respectively. Biomass growth varied with CO2 and nutrient feeding as well as reactor harvesting; however, the trend remained primed for growth.

作者聚焦:扩展微藻生物技术以提高生物甲烷产量 

Air pollution impacts the quality of life of all organisms. Here, we describe the use of microalgae biotechnology for the treatment of biogas (simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) and the production of biomethane through semi-industrial open high-rate algal ponds and subsequent analysis of treatment efficiency, pH, dissolved oxygen, and microalgae growth.

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of ...

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

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此视频中的章节

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

成绩单及代谢物谱烟草树和杨树的评价作为原料的生物基工业

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

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