This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education to Project Management Julich (PtJ). The authors thank Mr. Ulf L&#252;der, for technical support in the biochar laboratory. The authors are also thankful to Ms. Maria Sanchez, and Mr. Jonas Nekat for their volunteer activities in the biogas, and analytical laboratory, respectively. Marcel Schmidt and Antje Schmidt are also acknowledged for their valuable efforts on videography and editing.

1，厌氧小麦秸秆消化注：对于39负的UAS反应器的厌氧消化，使用5-65毫米长的原料小麦秸秆印章作为饲料。在这个特定的实验中，原料中的有机干物质含量是85.9％和粗纤维分数为46.3％。在UAS的反应器具有一个检查窗口由丙烯酸玻璃的材质为不锈钢。两个30升的厌氧过滤器（AF）的相互结合39负的UAS反应器中。在AFS是建立透明的亚克力玻璃。该反应器系统的示意图示于图2和建筑设计别处4所述。 在接种和启动反应堆详情别处5给出。 <ol><li>填写每个AF 325酒桶形聚乙烯生物膜载体。 注意：使用的生物膜载体具有305米2 /米3的表面积。 </li><li>设置水泵的工艺液体循环在这两种嗜温和嗜热反应堆的1.15升/小时的流速。 </li><li>设定加热浴到所需反应器的温度水平，37°C的温和55°C的高温反应器。 </li><li>对于无人机反应堆的日常饲养，体重麦草（=99.5克VS）为120g 调频各反应器达到2.5克VS / L的天有机负荷率·。 </li><li>开放式无人机“喂食管，取出邮票。 </li><li>倒入小麦秸秆成对角线加料管，并将其推入反应器的底部与喂养邮票的帮助。从那里，秸秆就会飘起来对抗一个筛子，形成固态床。 </li><li>清洁密封面，以确保，它是气密然后关闭进料管。 </li><li>该泵将持续运行，输送1.2升/小时处理液通过反应器系统（UAS的和AF）。 </li><li>连续测量沼气流量使用滚筒式燃气METERS和存储在一个20升的气体包。 注意：请从气袋，以沼气分析仪的出口。在沼气分析仪，CH 4，H 2 S，O 2，CO 2和H 2进行测量。第一沼气有权通过3种不同的过滤器，以除去水分和其它有毒化合物，这对于检测器是有害的。分析仪需要进行精确的沼气组合物要被校准一次在一个星期。 </li><li>测量沼气成分经常使用工业沼气分析仪。注：沼气分析仪只能测量时，沼气沼气袋至少是半满的。用于测量生物气组合物，需要将阀在气体袋被打开，等待稳定沼气组合物（它需要大约20-30秒）。 </li><li>对于过程控制，使用安装pH计和温度计测量pH值和温度在线。 </li><li>除去约3kg消解的（80-90％湿度），每周一次，这使固体停留时间（SRT）Of 2-3周。使用此消解作为饲料对于HTC的过程。事后产生的沼气足以挤出任何空气和几个小时内建立厌氧条件。 </li><li>对它们的化学性质（pH值，EC，TS，VS，脂肪酸，CHNS，氨，微量元素和粗纤维），每周一次分析过程中的酒和消解。 </li></ol> 2，水热麦草消化液的碳化注意：对于消解的从步骤1的水热碳化，一个18升批次搅拌反应器中使用。的控制和处理的定时是通过反应器中的控制器4848和软件SpecView 32 849进行，在计算机上运行。在该程序中，反应器温度，加热夹套温度，压力和搅拌速度，可以如图所示。此外，该程序用于处理参数（开始温度，设定温度，升温速率，搅拌速率），可以为每个HTC实验设置。 <ol><li>权衡2.5公斤稻草消解的使用具有0.1 g精度的平衡，转移到反应容器中。 </li><li>使用相同的余额来衡量10公斤化妆水，并倒入反应容器为好。这将保持消解，水比为1:4。 </li><li>在气动关闭，手动搅拌均匀反应堆的内容，以防止螺旋桨搅拌器的堵塞。关闭反应器，并通过横向拧紧螺栓以50nm的力将其固定。 </li><li>通过下面的斜坡设置反应浸泡： </li><li>达到30℃起始温度从室温15分钟。 <ol><li>设定加热时间为230℃，反应温度为100分钟。 </li><li>保持最终的反应温度下进行6小时。 </li><li>经过6小时的保温时间，冷却反应器15小时从230℃到室温。 </li><li>搅拌反应器内容以30rpm整个完整的HTC过程。 </li><li>冷却阶段和p后关掉搅拌器促使气体​​在20L气袋。 </li><li>确保气体通过一个冷凝槽以及活性炭过滤器。 </li><li>储存气体进行进一步分析。 </li></ol></li><li>气体取样后，沥干浆料从容器到容器通过高温，高压球阀，然后通过以大约0.5mm的孔径的筛网过滤。 </li><li>收集的液体和去皮的HTC生产的生物炭，以确定HTC生产的焦炭相比，原料量。 </li></ol> 3，元素原料，消化液的分析，和小麦秸秆宏达生物炭注意：对于任何固体燃料分析，元素分析仪或CHONS分析仪是常用的。原子的碳，氢，氧，氮和硫的元素组成可以从这样的分析而得到。从CHONS，可以估计的高热值或燃料的能量值。此外，原子含硫量也将印度语吃了燃料的质量。在这项研究中，元素分析仪将被用于确定HTC生物炭，生小麦秸秆和消化液的燃料值。作为分析仪只允许非常小的样本大小，分析各样品的至少3倍为更好的重现性。 <ol><li>在一个样品盘（锡，6×6×12毫米），重量钨30毫克（Ⅵ）氧化物使用的元素包的特定的平衡。注意：这种平衡的精度通常为1微克。钨（VI）氧化物的作品作为元素分析仪的催化剂。 </li><li>称取5〜10毫克干样品并投入相同的样品盘，混合它，包装它。被包装的样品盘大小应该是大约2×2×5毫米3。 </li><li>将样品在自动进样器。注意每个样品的位置，并使用磺酸在此元素分析作为参考</li><li>开始于连接到元素分析仪的计算机的Vario的软件中，定义的条件下，样品气体流量，温度的2烤箱（2烤炉是在1,150和850℃，分别）。然后，根据自动取样位置的确定示例的名字。启动该程序。机器自动工作，进行分析，并将结果存储在电脑中。 注：元素CHNS是元素分析仪的输出，通常是直接在计算机屏幕上报告。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

无人机反应堆能够减轻在引言中讨论的缺点。然而，有很大的提升空间。进料系统和消解退出仍然是手动。该无人机系统面临原料处理大于60 mm的问题。该系统的工作更好地与纤维原料，因为他们在液体浮起，但其他原料，如动物粪便和污泥可能不利于无人机系统。在UAS的系统的设计是这样一种方式，处理液从反应器中循环到AF反应器一次。然而，在循环液体甚至2-5％的固体，被证明是有问题的，因为它们沉积在AF或阻止管入口和阻碍液体循环。处理液的化学分析是重要的，因为在生产游离脂肪酸和氮可以改变导致异常沼气生产的微生物系统。该无人机系统是强大的，并且可以运行200多天没有表现出任何significant的问题。从泵连接到反应堆的AF管道需要每一个月的替代需要更换。在水浴中的水位需要每周进行检查，并在必要补充。 湿法消解HTC是非常有效的废物处理以及生产固体生物燃料。固体产物的dewateribility也将HTC的过程促进了如显示在图7，但是，需要将尽快进行，优选使消化液被去除的同一天消解的HTC。否则，消化开始降解的生物，这是不利于HTC。由于HTC是一个高温（200-260℃）和高压（20〜50巴）的过程中，采取必要的预防措施，在整个宏达程序是非常重要的。所有的连接检查至少每月一次，以确保它们是不透气的。 HTC处理液具有较高的浓度糠醛，5 - 羟甲基糠醛，酚类和合作mpounds，其中被评为毒物。所以，建议使用面罩和手套，同时处理HTC处理液，特别是当HTC处理液被排出从反应容器到另一个容器中。虽然HTC具有许多优点，处理湿原料像消解，它仍是一个间歇过程。在一个经济评估，宏达电批处理过程将难以自圆其说。因此，需要更多的研究，以促进宏达电的连续运行。 元素分析是一种有效的方法，均匀的固体底物，但不是对异质衬底。作为固体生物燃料通常是异质的，元素分析仪只允许5-10毫克试样尺寸，建议执行至少3个重复，使用平均值。元素分析的另一个限制是测量固体基材具有高灰分含量。元素分析仪只能测量CHONS，并没有其他无机物。因此，高灰分的固体基质的元素分析可能不属于Reveal实际CHONS浓度。样品制备中的元素分析是至关重要的，因为样品需要被精确地包裹着，否则，会有在分析中存在不一致。固体燃料的燃烧值可以从CHONS估计，但建议使用弹式热量计进行精确的燃烧值测定。 约92-161升甲的是在饲料中每千克挥发性固体的产生。挥发性固体或有机物总固体的干小麦秸秆为86.9％。干消解具有较低的氧原子和氢浓度，这是厌氧消化22,23中的另一个迹象多糖的降解和单糖的降解。此外，较低的H，和O浓度增加消化液24的疱疹病毒。干消解的疱疹病毒是比干的原始原料，上升22％。类似的结果与由波尔等[23]详细的统计分析获得的。 从厌氧消化消化液包含80-90％的水6。这些具有亲水性，水被部分地结合在微生物或植物细胞。因此消化液脱水或干燥是繁琐，非常耗能。例如，2千克干消解的结合8公斤的水（80％湿），这需要的热量20.7 MJ干燥消解。此外，它很容易进行生物降解相对较快的环境条件下，失去的植物营养素，并释放温室气体（温室气体）排放量，如N 2 O和CH 4。所以，尽管更高的能量潜力，新鲜消解不能直接用作固体燃料。那就需要消化20之后干燥。 从表1中 ，它可以证明，在干燥消解具有类似的碳原子含量为原料，稻草，并且它们之前和厌氧消化后（ 图6），在视觉上相似。这表明，木质素和木质素，纤维素缀满大多未反应。然而，63％的质量收率观察，这意味着处理秸秆较干​​的原料稻草轻37％。类似的元素碳浓度是指厌氧消化22期间没有发生碳化。 如图7，从消解HTC生物炭（嗜热）是非常稳定且柔软。由于疏水性显著增加，它可以从字面上淹没在水中几个月没有其物理和化学结构受影响12,25。疏水性也增强了HTC的生物碳14的脱水。吸管的结构不可辨别在HTC生物炭了，表示纤维素可能已发生反应。甲显著碳化是在沿与原子氧的还原HTC生物炭观察。这是另一个迹象纤维素进行反应，而不是木质素。在木质素原子的碳浓度比的纤维素24-29要高得多。因此，宏达电biochAR为29.6兆焦/千克的HHV，这比原秸秆高，比干燥的消解高出32％，61％，分别为。 宏达电加工秸秆疱疹病毒是28.8兆焦/千克，这也是类似于宏达电加工秸秆消解（29.6兆焦/千克）。然而，大规模产量是HTC的稻草高于宏达电与消化液比较原始原料的40.7％。因此，如果为1公斤生草（18.4兆焦耳）是水热碳化，HTC秸秆生物炭将有11.0兆焦耳的潜力。否则，如果相同数量的应用于AD和HTC，共13.2兆焦耳生物能源，从消解液（8.0兆焦耳）形式的生物甲烷（5.2兆焦耳）和HTC生物炭，可产生（ 图8）。此外，该过程的UAS的液相是一种潜在的液体肥料。此外，宏达电生物炭可能有较高的潜在高价值材料的使用或作为土壤改良剂使用。有关视图的碳汇或碳循环点，材料的使用宏达生物炭是比较可行的能源生产。&lt;/ P&gt; 厌氧消化并结合水热碳化可以产生比单个流程更加生物能源。然而，一个级联的设计是需要更好的效率。整体的能量平衡，接着进行经济评估，需要验证这一过程。未来的研究应包括使用的HTC白酒和HTC生物炭的后处理（化学或生物）。另外，无论是无人机和HTC系统的自动化将是必要的。本研究是使用实验室规模的无人机和宏达电抗器，但规模化的进程将是必要的，如果过程是被商业化。

寻找可再生和可持续能源在世界能源领域的重大关切。最近，联合国报告说，世界能源的2050年高达77％将来自可再生能源1可以预期的。木质纤维素生物质如秸秆，草，稻壳，玉米芯与食品对燃料的问题上没有冲突。此外，生物质可能是具有结构碳的唯一的可再生能量源，相对于其他可再生能源，例如风能，太阳能和水2。然而，处理的特性，较低的堆积密度，高的灰分含量，并降低能源含量妨碍使用木质纤维素生物质的能源生产2。 厌氧消化（AD）是从废弃生物质生产生物能源的最好的例子之一。3一般来说，有四个降解步骤包括厌氧消化， 如图1 4 </suP&gt;。在第一个3个连续步骤中，生物质的多糖转化为有机酸。在最后一步中，产甲烷微生物生产生物甲烷。传统的AD是一个时间和能源消耗的过程。在连续搅拌降低AD的整体经济，特别是对木质纤维素生物质的AD。一种新颖的上流式厌氧固态（UAS的）反应器必须克服的缺点表示（ 图2）4的潜力。自发的固液分离是无人机的显著优势之一，因为设计有利于沼气气泡解除未反应的固体残渣向上5。这消除使用搅拌器，因此减少了现场电力的消耗。此外，液体循环，确保整个反应器以及5微生物及代谢产物的分布。相对于固体生物燃料，沼气是比较容易处理，并且留下很少或无残留。事实上，在特定的能量密度沼气是高出数倍生物质4。然而，AD有利于简单的多糖如淀粉，脂肪酸，和半纤维素1。作为一个结果，纤维素和木质素，纤维质木质纤维素生物质如小麦秸秆主要部分，仍然作为AD 5后的固体消解。虽然，沼气生产从原料中，类型的微生物，反应温度和反应时间而变化，大量的消化液中通常产生的。 而沼气是用于能源，消化液（高达90％的水），通常都存储在一个发酵渣堆场收集剩余的甲烷排放量。后来这些都干燥，铺在农田，提高土壤肥力和保水能力。高无机含量往往直接阻碍消化液的燃料，因为高量的矿渣可能会腐蚀设备6。水热碳化（HTC）是湿而设计的热化学​​处理工艺。原料，其中生物质（具有80-90％的水）被加热到200-260℃时水的饱和压力，并保持0.5-6 H（ 图3），7,8亚临界水具有最大的离子产物在200 - 260℃，这意味着在这些条件下，水是反应性并表现为一个温和的酸，并同时9弱碱。半纤维素，以及其他提取物，降低周围180-200℃，而纤维素发生反应周围220-230℃，和木质素反应在相对 ​​较高温度（&gt; 250℃），但比纤维素和半纤维素10慢得多。由于显著脱水和脱羧，HTC结果为HTC生物炭的固体产物，用质量产率的40-80％，酒含有羧酸，呋喃衍生物，酚类物质，以及糖单体，和5（干HTC生物炭/干饲料） - 10％的CO 2气体丰富的产品11。在宏达电，含氧挥发性物质显著减少，从而留下富含碳的固体。宏达生物炭也稳定，疏水性和易碎比较原始湿润原料12,13。由于它的疏水特性，相比原消解，甚至生物质宏达生物炭的dewateribility增加了好几倍。14-18此外，宏达电生物炭具有类似于褐煤16,17燃料值。然而，纤维素和木质素部分在HTC环境18降解。 现在，半纤维素和纤维素的生物质公元期间促进沼气，而纤维素和木质素主要是促进固体宏达生物炭4,5。因此，AD-HTC的组合可能会提高整体的生物能产量。霍夫曼等人模拟了一个类似的组合，但使用AD和HTL（水热液化），而不是AD-宏达电19。 HTL是液化的生物质组分和液体产物具有高的燃烧值[43.1兆焦耳/千克]的常用方法。然而，HTL热曲IRES非常高的压力（250巴）比较宏达（10-50巴），这意味着较高的安装和运行成本比HTC的。再次，AD和宏达电的组合顺序可以被质疑为维尔特等人的宏达工艺液体20最近报道的AD。然而，一个有效的AD依赖于糖浓度的原料。糖在HTC的工艺液体，水解过程中产生的，往往是在亚临界水中迅速降解。这就是为什么公元HTC之前是在生物能源方面更有利。然而，HTC处理液AD可以产生额外的生物能源，在这种情况下，该组合顺序是AD-HTC-AD。 这项工作的目的是评估广告和HTC流程的整合生物能源生产（ 图3）。沼气生产潜力用于从反应器的UAS嗜热和嗜温AD在超过200天连续操作进行评价。随后，宏达电生物炭生产型F罗消解也进行了研究。级联AD-HTC的质量和能量平衡进行，并与各个过程进行比较。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="715">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">UASS reactor</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Patented design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Weighing machine</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KERN</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">440-55N</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.2 g precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:247px;">Biofilm carrier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">RVT Process Equipment GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Bioflow 40</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Establish 305&#160; m2/m3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:247px;">Heating bath</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Lauda-Konigshofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Lauda Ecoline 011</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ensure mesophilic and thermophilic temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Recirculation pump</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Heidolph pumpdrive</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">5201</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:247px;">Wheat straw</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dittmannsdorfer Milch GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5-65 mm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Biogas analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Pronova, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SSM 6000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Gas meter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Ritter, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Drum type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Process parameters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Mettler, Toledo, USA</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">InPro 4260</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Online</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:247px;">HTC reactor</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Parr instrument, Moline, IL, USA</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Parr 4555</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5 gallon volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:247px;">HTC Temperature controller</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Parr instrument, IL, USA</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">4848</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">K type thermocouple</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Weighing machine</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KERN FKB</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.1g precision&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Heating system</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Parr</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A1600EEE</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Band heater, 2 &#176;C min-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:247px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SpecView</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">32849</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Digital monitoring and programming interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Catalyst</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Tungsten (VI) oxide</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Elemental analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Weighing machine</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SN-1128123281</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Precision 1 &#181;g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:247px;">Sample pan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Elemental Analyssystem GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Tin (Sn) 6x6x12 mm pan</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Elemental analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:247px;">Drying oven</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Binder GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FP 115</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">105 oC oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Elemental analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Vario</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">EL III</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">CHNS analyzer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of integrated anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal carbonization for bioenergy production

木质纤维素生物质是最丰富的尚未得到充分利用的可再生能源之一。这两种厌氧消化（AD）和水热碳化（HTC）是有希望的技术，从生物质生产生物能源沼气和HTC生物炭方面，分别。在这项研究中，提出了AD和宏达电的结合，以提高整体生产生物能源。小麦秸秆厌氧消化在小说中两个温（37℃）和高温（55℃）条件下上流式厌氧固态反应器（无人机）。湿从嗜热公元消化的水热碳化在230℃，6小时宏达生物炭的生产。在高温下，该无人机系统产生的平均165负CH4 /公斤的VS（VS：挥发性固体）在温公元超过200天的连续运转121负CH4 /公斤VS。同时，43.4克宏达生物炭与29.6兆焦/千克dry_biochar的是OBT从1公斤消解（以干基计）从嗜温公元宏达ained。 AD和HTC的组合，在该特定组实验的收率13.2兆焦耳的能量为每1公斤的干小麦秸秆，比单独的HTC至少高20％，比只AD高60.2％。

厌氧消化 沼气的实验显示，该无人机系统能，利用38％，而甲烷形成潜力的50％中温（37℃）和高温（55℃）操作分别。在嗜热性AD，该系统的UAS产生一个平均165负CH4 /公斤的VS（VS：挥发性固体）在嗜温AD和121负CH4 /千克VS为200天的连续运转（ 图4）。这些性能的值已经计算出从相关的干燥原料基础的生物气的定量和定性分析。 该生物甲烷潜力麦秸被确定（以下VDI准则4630）为304.3 L CH4 /公斤VS为喜温和244.2 L CH4 /公斤VS为嗜温操作，分别在图5中0; 21。在品质方面，通过的UAS产生的沼气所含之间41％和甲烷的61％（ 图5）。 消解的宏达电 图6显示了干稻草，到公元来源于稻草干消解，以及由HTC来源于干消解宏达生物炭。干消解看起来类似干稻草，这是唯一的颜色有点暗。对于这项工作，从嗜热条件下消解被认为对于HTC。如表1所示，总质量的63％，保持在消解（ 表1）。干宏达生物炭比原干稻草轻，可能是由于单体及聚合物，简单通过嗜热微生物的AD中的降解。 图7示出了疏水性的行为，和HTC生物炭的柔软性。在宏达电，纤维状晶体结构被破坏，并产生一个软非晶CA碳端丰富的宏达生物炭16,17,28。从表1可以看出，消解液和生秸秆衍生的HTC的生物炭的质量产率是43.4％，和38.3％之间。固体产品，宏达生物炭是非常疏水的12;它可以留在与水接触的时间延长13。此外，它是非常柔软的，因为它几乎没有要求任何的压力，粉碎它。对于煤制电力行业，保持了原料的柔软性是非常重要的，因为这可以消除膨胀粉碎步骤。 元素分析 从表1中的元素组成，但可以看出，元素碳和氢保持相同的固体在整个厌氧消化。宏达电在元素碳的增加和氢减少。大部分元素氮的保留在固体自元素氮含量都消化的过程中增加了<html> ðHTC的过程。由于硫在小麦秸秆是微量，元素硫的浓度没有出现在结果中。元素氧含量计算减去C，H和N为100％，并也列在表1中 ，假设原料仅由CHONS的。氧浓度的HTC在急剧下降，而它仍然在消化过程类似。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图1基本概念和步骤厌氧消化。这个数字说明厌氧消化的基本概念。在该图中，厌氧消化4的一般步骤（水解，acedogenesis，产乙酸和产甲烷）都g2highres.jpg“宽度=”500“/&gt; 图2：在实验室规模的反应器中的UAS用于厌氧消化的示意图 ，这是UAS的反应器系统的示意图。这里的UAS反应器和厌氧滤池（AF）显示由液体流，其中在无人机反应堆产生的脂肪酸来自动对焦和甲烷的产生连接。来自AF的底部，另一液体流被吸引到的UAS，其中微生物打算从AF到UAS的反应器中。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3（上图）的概念木质纤维素生物质中的HTC，（底部）集成厌氧消化和HTC的概念 *纤维素将部分反应24。在此框图中可以看出，不同的纤维成分会与亚临界水接触而被转换成HTC生物炭（COAL类型）。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 从无人机反应器中的厌氧滤池两种嗜热和常温条件下图4。甲烷生产，这是无人机反应堆210天的操作为高温和中温条件下的实验结果。 X轴是操作天，而Y轴是甲烷产率（L CH4 /千克VS）相比，挥发性固体（VS）。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图5。在这两个高温和中温条件下从无人机反应器的沼气甲烷部分。这些都是喜温的无人机系统下的反应堆运行210天的实验结果ð温条件。 X轴是操作天，而Y轴是甲烷分数（％）在沼气。给定的值是从重复的平均值。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6（左到右）干麦草，干小麦秸秆消解，和麦秸消解宏达生物炭，这是小麦秸秆的不同状态的实时图像。在这里，在该图中，厌氧消化（AD）和HTC的效果可以是可见的。该纤维结构体仍然是可见的消解，而变成粉末状的HTC之后。 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 宏达生物炭的图7。疏水性（左），脆碎度宏达生物炭（右） </STRONG&gt;。这又是疏水性和HTC生物炭的脆碎度的实时图像。在第一幅图像，宏达生物炭是根据水沉没，而接下来的两个图像的生物炭前后硬破碎的情况显示。 <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734fig8highres.jpg" width="500" /> 按1公斤生麦秸（底部）生物能源潜力从1公斤的干小麦秸秆整合AD-HTC的厌氧消化（AD）图8。（上）生物能源的潜力，这是一个数字，以评估相结合的必要性概念。该框图显示多少能量的AD和HTC从原料中提取。 <img alt="表1" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734table1v2.jpg" width="700" /> 表1元素分析，11HV，质量产量，原料小麦秸秆，消解（高温），以及相应的宏达生物炭纤维分析。 HHV从CHNS组成计算如文献18,24。表1是元素分析的实验结果，和AD和HTC后的质量产率。木质素，纤维素和半纤维素是由面包车苏斯特纤维分析[12]测定。注：NA是没有分析<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51734/51734table1.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此表的一个更大的版本。</a>

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Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

一种新型的上流式厌氧固态（无人机）反应器用于从纤维原料生产沼气。从无人机消解反应器的水热碳化成宏达生物炭在加压批式反应器。这两个生物能源的概念整合在本研究中施用，以提高整体的生物能源生产。

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

evaluation-integrated-anaerobic-digestion-hydrothermal-carbonization

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Environment

25.3K 次观看.  Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering. 一种新型的上流式厌氧固态（无人机）反应器用于从纤维原料生产沼气。从无人机消解反应器的水热碳化成宏达生物炭在加压批式反应器。这两个生物能源的概念整合在本研究中施用，以提高整体的生物能源生产。 

视频: Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

科研

环境科学

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Ecosystem Fabrication (EcoFAB) Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer a sustainable biological solution with the potential to boost low-input food and bioenergy production. A better mechanistic understanding of these complex plant-microbe interactions will be crucial to improving plant production as well as performing basic ecological studies investigating plant-soil-microbe interactions. Here, a detailed description for ecosystem fabrication is presented, using widely available 3D printing technologies, to create controlled laboratory habitats (EcoFABs) for mechanistic studies of plant-microbe interactions within specific environmental conditions. Two sizes of EcoFABs are described that are suited for the investigation of microbial interactions with various plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Panicum virgatum. These flow-through devices allow for controlled manipulation and sampling of root microbiomes, root chemistry as well as imaging of root morphology and microbial localization. This protocol includes the details for maintaining sterile conditions inside EcoFABs and mounting independent LED light systems onto EcoFABs. Detailed methods for addition of different forms of media, including soils, sand, and liquid growth media coupled to the characterization of these systems using imaging and metabolomics are described. Together, these systems enable dynamic and detailed investigation of plant and plant-microbial consortia including the manipulation of microbiome composition (including mutants), the monitoring of plant growth, root morphology, exudate composition, and microbial localization under controlled environmental conditions. We anticipate that these detailed protocols will serve as an important starting point for other researchers, ideally helping create standardized experimental systems for investigating plant-microbe interactions.

Ecosystem Fabrication EcoFAB Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

This article describes detailed protocols for ecosystem fabrication of devices (EcoFABs) that enable the studies of plants and plant-microbe interactions in highly controlled laboratory conditions.

用于研究植物-微生物相互作用的实验室生态系统制造 (EcoFAB) 协议

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer a sustainable biological solution with the potential to boost low-input food and bioenergy production. A ...

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Roles of minerals are critical in many hydrothermal organic geochemical processes. Traditional hydrothermal methodology, which includes using reactors made of gold, titanium, platinum, or stainless-steel, is usually associated with the high cost or undesired metal catalytic effects. Recently, there is a growing tendency for using the cost-effective and inert quartz or fused silica glass tubes in hydrothermal experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for carrying out organic-mineral hydrothermal experiments in silica tubes, and we describe the essential steps in the sample preparation, experimental setup, products separation, and quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate an experiment using a model organic compound, nitrobenzene, to show the effect of an iron-containing mineral, magnetite, on its degradation under a specific hydrothermal condition. This technique can be applied to study complex organic-mineral hydrothermal interactions in a relatively simple laboratory system.

Earth-abundant minerals play important roles in the natural hydrothermal systems. Here, we describe a reliable and cost-effective method for the experimental investigation of organic-mineral interactions under hydrothermal conditions.

研究矿物对有机热液转化影响的实验协议

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium

Mercury (Hg) bioavailability to microbes is a key step to toxic Hg biomagnification in food webs. Cadmium (Cd) transformations and bioavailability to bacteria control the amount that will accumulate in staple food crops. The bioavailability of these metals is dependent on their speciation in solution, but more particularly under anoxic conditions where Hg is methylated to toxic monomethylmercury (MeHg) and Cd persists in the rhizosphere. Whole-cell microbial biosensors give a quantifiable signal when a metal enters the cytosol and therefore are useful tools to assess metal bioavailability. Unfortunately, most biosensing efforts have so far been constrained to oxic environments due to the limited ability of existing reporter proteins to function in the absence of oxygen. In this study, we present our effort to develop and optimize a whole-cell biosensor assay capable of functioning anaerobically that can detect metals under anoxic condition in quasi-real time and within hours. We describe how the biosensor can help assess how chemical variables relevant to the environmental cycling of metals affect their bioavailability. The following protocol includes methods to (1) prepare Hg and Cd standards under anoxic conditions, (2) prepare the biosensor in the absence of oxygen, (3) design and execute an experiment to determine how a series of variable affects Hg or Cd bioavailability, and (4) to quantify and interpret biosensor data. We show the linear ranges of the biosensors and provide examples showing the method's ability to distinguish between metal bioavailability and toxicity by utilizing both metal-inducible and constitutive strains.

Here, we present a protocol to use an anaerobic whole-cell microbial biosensor to evaluate how different environmental variables affect the bioavailability of Hg and Cd to bacteria in anoxic environments.

一种用于检测汞和镉的厌氧生物传感器检测方法

Mercury (Hg) bioavailability to microbes is a key step to toxic Hg biomagnification in food webs. Cadmium (Cd) transformations and bioavailability to ...

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a significant increase and decrease in guard cell volume, respectively. Because shuttle transport of ions and water occurs between guard cells and larger neighboring epidermal cells during stomatal movement, the spaced distribution of plant stomata is considered an optimal distribution for stomatal movement. Experimental systems for perturbing the spaced pattern of stomata are useful to examine the spacing pattern's significance. Several key genes associated with the spaced stomatal distribution have been identified, and clustered stomata can be experimentally induced by altering these genes. Alternatively, clustered stomata can be also induced by exogenous treatments without genetic modification. In this article, we describe a simple induction system for clustered stomata in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by immersion treatment with a sucrose-containing medium solution. Our method is easy and directly applicable to transgenic or mutant lines. Larger chloroplasts are presented as a cell biological hallmark of sucrose-induced clustered guard cells. In addition, a representative confocal microscopic image of cortical microtubules is shown as an example of intracellular observation of clustered guard cells. The radial orientation of cortical microtubules is maintained in clustered guard cells as in spaced guard cells in control conditions.

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to induce clustered stomata in cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by immersion treatment with a sugar-containing medium solution and how to observe intracellular structures such as chloroplasts and microtubules in the clustered guard cells using confocal laser microscopy.

拟南芥幼苗糖溶液浸入治疗的聚集性植物诱导系统

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a ...

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the emergence of life. The growth of hydrothermal chimneys in a thermal gradient environment within an early Earth vent system was successfully simulated by using different hydrothermal simulants, such as sodium sulfide, which were injected into an early Earth ocean simulant containing dissolved ferrous iron. Moreover, an apparatus was developed to sufficiently cool the ocean simulant to near 0 &#176;C in a condenser vessel immersed in a cold water bath while injecting a sulfide solution at hot to room temperatures, effectively creating an artificial chimney structure in a temperature gradient environment over a period of a few hours. Such experiments with different chemistries and variable temperature&#160;gradients resulted in a variety of morphologies in the chimney structure. The use of ocean and hydrothermal fluid simulants at room temperature resulted in vertical chimneys, whereas the combination of a hot hydrothermal fluid and cold ocean simulant inhibited the formation of robust chimney structures. The customizable 3D printed condenser created for this study acts as a jacketed reaction vessel that can be easily modified and used by different researchers. It will allow the careful control of injection rate and chemical composition of vent and ocean simulants, which should help accurately simulate prebiotic reactions in chimney systems with thermal gradients similar to those of natural systems.

The goal of this protocol is to form simulated hydrothermal chimneys via chemical garden injection experiments and introduce a thermal gradient across the inorganic precipitate membrane, using a 3D printable condenser that can be reproduced for educational purposes.

热梯度环境中早期地球热液烟囱的模拟

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the ...

用于培养环境微生物的原位模拟厌氧方法

A Set of In Situ Informed Simulated Medium Formats for Culturing Environmentally Acquired Anaerobic Microorganisms

Culture-dependent research of anaerobic microorganisms rests upon methodological competence. These methods must create and maintain suitable growth conditions (e.g., pH and carbon sources) for anaerobic microorganisms while also allowing samples to be extracted without compromising the artificial environment. To this end, methods that are informed by and simulate an in situ environment can be of great aid in culturing microorganisms from that environment. Here, we outline an in situ informed and simulated anaerobic method for culturing terrestrial surface and subsurface microorganisms, emphasizing anaerobic sample collection with minimal perturbation. This protocol details the production of a customizable anaerobic liquid medium, and the environmental&#160;acquisition and in vitro growth of anaerobic microorganisms. The protocol also covers critical components of an anaerobic bioreactor used for environmental simulations of sediment and anaerobic liquid media for environmentally acquired cultures. We have included preliminary Next Generation Sequencing data from a maintained microbiome over the lifespan of a bioreactor where the active culture dynamically adjusted in response to an experimental carbon source.

作者聚焦：通过原位培养揭开未知环境中陆地厌氧微生物的神秘面纱

The focus of this paper is to detail best practices for making media for fastidious anaerobic microorganisms acquired from an environment. These methods help manage anaerobic cultures and can be applied to support the growth of elusive uncultured microorganisms, the "microbial dark matter."

一套用于培养环境获得性厌氧微生物的 原位 信息模拟培养基格式

Culture-dependent research of anaerobic microorganisms rests upon methodological competence. These methods must create and maintain suitable growth ...