作者承认工作人员在NCDA沙丘研究站与蒸渗仪的安装和折返协助。资金用于代表性的成果描述的实验是由中心的草坪环境研究和教育提供。视频和手稿的生产是由土壤科学和作物科学的北卡罗莱纳州立大学各部门的支持。

野外采样在这个实验中进行，并根据农业和消费者服务的北卡罗来纳部门的授权。 1，现场蒸渗仪的安装<ol><li>选择一个实验性的网站上，其中应用化学横向移动的机会不大（ 即 ，与很少或没有坡度的网站）。选择基础上的利益土壤和植被性质的网站。 </li><li>如果地块植被，植被拔插头式蒸渗仪的安装（ 图1A）之前。 </li><li>向下推动渗计成使用倒置后的驱动程序，留下约1-2厘米的土壤表面以上的蒸散为包含施加化学和减少化学横向移动的需要的图（有或没有植被）。对于这一点，利用焊接而成18轨钢板（91厘米深x 15厘米直径）（ 图1B）。使用不同的材料和尺寸的渗仪，以适应水库目录操作搜索目标。 </li><li>下面蒸渗仪的安装更换植被插头。 </li><li>管理任何植被以适合进行实验。如果图是保持裸露，使用草甘膦点应用，以保持区域提供免费植被。 </li><li>确保灌溉，施肥，以及任何其他管理措施是相同的bareground和植被图。预先灌水，以满足研究目标。 </li></ol> 2，孔隙水采样器安装<ol><li>安装孔隙水采样器，如PTFE /石英（50/50％），中渗仪的中间，收集渗透孔隙水。 </li><li>放置2.5cm的不锈钢棒的蒸散的中心，并将其插入地面用木槌到所需的采样深度。 注意：一个螺旋推运器，也可以用于此步骤。 </li><li>准备一个石英粉和水泥浆用700ml灌溉水来〜900克化学惰性二氧化硅粉。混合浆料thoroug溶血素前各采样被​​放置在该混合物中。从手持或电池供电的真空泵适用-50至-70千帕的压力之间的取样器。 </li><li>从石英粉浆液取出取样器10​​分钟后，彻底再混合二氧化硅浆料。倾60毫升浆料通过连接到2.5厘米直径的管插入孔的底部的漏斗。 </li><li>将取样器中的孔所需的采样深度用塑料或金属管。确保从采样器管道延伸出的洞。使用未处理，原生土壤和水的泥浆回填剩余的孔。 </li><li>回填的土定居在允许的时间;使用管道根据需要添加夯实土壤。 </li><li>土回填到原来的水平。如果合适的话，更换植被在孔的顶部。 </li><li>通过氟化乙烯丙烯（FEP）管节连接采样管连接到一个真空瓶。用塑料管夹，连接第二个管道线出真空瓶与真空泵。 </li><li>涵盖管道和收集瓶的黑色塑料或胶带，如果感兴趣的化学（s）是容易发生光降解（ 图1C）。 </li><li>通过真空瓶重复应用约-50至-70千帕的真空压力的过采样的实验前数天的过程中，以确保适当的采样器的安装。 </li></ol> 3，化学应用渗仪<ol><li>化学应用是由前留出至少两个星期驯化。 </li><li>收集背景孔隙水样品蒸渗仪治疗前量化目标化学（S）的背景浓度。 </li><li>申请所关注的化学品到土壤或植物通过典型的方法，例如用一个手持式CO 2加压喷杆喷雾机（ 图1D），或通过直接的含有蒸散积在表面上分布的颗粒制剂。如果有多个化学应用所必需的功效，适用于他们每个典型使用模式或标签方向。留下一些渗仪未经处理作为对照。 </li></ol> 4，孔隙水收集和分析<ol><li>动用约-50至-70千帕的真空来的前一天或取样当天的孔隙水采样器真空瓶。围绕水采样器将制订通过采样进入管道，流向那里收集到采样的真空瓶。从该孔隙水被收集和水收集时间可以取决于因素如土壤类型，土壤质地，土壤水分含量和采样深度的土壤体积。 </li><li>收集样品在指定的时间间隔以下化学应用中，如预定的研究员。 </li><li>测量所收集的水的体积成量筒每个孔隙水取样。如果过滤是必要的，将水在鲁尔乐学年RINGE（大小将取决于水量），并通过25毫米0.2微米的尼龙过滤器通过样品。 </li><li>如果不同的样品保存方法是必要的，足够的样本采集，将样本分为独特的容器。 </li><li>使用一个手持的pH计，以确定非酸化样品的pH值。 </li><li>通过如果需要的样品保存添加适当的酸的适当量调节pH值。 注：浓酸能腐蚀或氧化剂和护理时，应使用它们服用。 </li><li>冰在一个凉爽的地方样品或放入冰箱直至分析。使用的分析方法为化学计量比如电感耦合等离子体 - 质谱（ICP-MS），电感耦合等离子体 - 光发射光谱（ICP-OES），原子吸收光谱（AAS）或高效液相色谱法（HPLC），以分析样品。 </li></ol> 5，蒸渗仪折返，土壤/植被集合ND分析<ol><li>挖出的渗仪，含土壤和植被，在下面的化学应用指定的时间间隔。发掘未处理渗仪在每个采样时间到土壤和植被中确定的背景化学品浓度。 </li><li>发掘利用连接到一台拖拉机实施桶箍渗仪。放下水桶到一个位置它允许被放置在蒸渗仪的暴露边缘夹。 </li><li>提起实施造成夹钳把握露锋芒，拉动蒸渗仪柱的土壤（ 图1E）。 </li><li>盖挖出蒸渗仪与两端切到渗仪的直径绝缘片。持帽，用插在蒸渗仪两端加仑大小的聚乙烯袋，并用胶带安全袋。 </li><li>运输渗仪到现场实验室进行土壤和植被分样。首先处理未处理渗仪，以防止污染时翁渗仪。 </li><li>使用一个往复锯配备金属切削刀片纵向切开蒸散一侧。从底部（预期低浓度区）顶（预期为高浓度区），以确保土壤在更深的深度不是由土壤在较浅的深度污染削减的列。 </li><li>裂开的蒸渗仪。使用金​​属分隔板分隔离散土壤和植被的部分。选择基础上的蒸渗仪和研究目标的长度土壤深度增量。 </li><li>用勺子或抹刀挖掘的剖面土壤和植被。将每个样品中的适当标记的聚乙烯保鲜袋。不要直接与蒸渗仪接触收集的土壤。 </li><li>按照协议，挖掘每个所需的采样深度。将样品袋在装满冰块冷却器，并将它们运送到实验室。店内样品在冷冻直至分析。 </li></ol>

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利用一个集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样方法使研究人员能够评估各种土地应用化学时空分布。化学物质在土壤和植被系统的命运可以通过许多环境过程和属性，例如向下淋溶，挥发，水解，光解，微生物转化/降解，植物吸收，土壤类型，土壤PH值16,17来控制。不像温室或实验室基础实验，从这里所描述的领域为基础的方法的结果与获得对研究的系统影响最小，因此可以外推到其他系统或设...

潜在的有毒化学品的常规运用的来源，如农药，化肥，污水/污泥，工业废弃物和城市垃圾1,2降落。这些化学物质的命运-其可以包括营养物，微量元素，有机物，以及它们相关的代谢物-通常不能很好地理解3。如果化学品管理不当，他们通过他们的转移和积聚于植物，地表水和地下水，威胁人类和环境健康的潜力。与可能达到10十亿人，到2050年全球人口中，有关于废物管理和粮食生产2日益增长的需求，以及土地利用的许多化学物质一直在增加3,4。因此，研究是必要的，量化的变换，流动性，负载限制，以及整体环境风险从需要土地处置或者说我们依靠增强作物健康的化学物质和产量。 许多策略已经被用来评估来自环境中的应用化学品的威胁。实验室为基础，模型系统的研究已进行提供有关控制化学品在土壤中的移动性的基本机制的信息。当分析在实验室化学命运，对“环境”，并输入完整的操作可以实现，但这些很少匹配真实世界的环境条件5,6。因此，实验室结果外推到现场设置可能会导致对化学威胁不准确的预测。与此相反，广泛的现场测量已被用于定义在环境中的化学行为。然而，大约从这些测量环境归趋的结论往往是由于经常使用低速率（ 例如几克-1）应用于化学品，以及在电子水文和生物地球化学过程之间复杂的相互作用复杂nvironment调节化学分布。 Lysimetry，包括现场lysimetry，历来被用于土壤和作物科学系统地评估应用到土壤和植被建立化学品的向下流动。甲渗漏​​测定计是由金属或塑料的一种装置，被放置到感兴趣的土壤和用于确定在已知量施加到一个狭窄区域的化学品的命运。从渗仪收集的土壤和植被的样品可用于评估化学分布随时间的演化。因为字段lysimetry是天然环境的条件下进行的，结果，可用于预测来自于化学应用到土壤系统实例场景。早期的蒸渗仪测量研究蒸腾，水分流动，和/或营养运动。现代蒸渗仪测量研究农药和养分消耗，农药运动，波动性和质量平衡，随着aforementioned测量3。 传统字段lysimetry的一个限制是，在土壤剖面的化学迁移率主要取决于固相的测量所定义，而较少关注到在水中溶解的化学浓度通过土壤渗滤 - 可能影响对地下水污染的可能性的重要组成部分从土地应用的化学品。虽然从渗仪底部渗滤液有时被收集用于分析，孔隙水浓度的这种做法限制深度分辨率，通常需要前实验显著挖土。相反，以获取有关土壤水分的化学品浓度数据，孔隙水采样器可以用在字段设置。孔隙水采样器安装在土壤中，从离散的，所需深度收集水，只有最低限度扰乱土壤系统。孔隙水采样器已经提到了很多名字，包括渗仪，吸痰立方米p渗仪，或土壤溶液取样器，卷积它们之间的区别与上述领域传统的蒸渗仪。在本文中，我们将使用术语“孔隙水采样器”，以减轻混乱。 在这里，我们表明，结合现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样评估应用到植物的土壤或bareground系统化学物质的向下淋失风险的一种实验方法。 Lysimetry一直以来，1700年7采用了功能强大的工具，而陶瓷孔隙水采样已自20世纪60年代初8使用。这些强大的技术整合，可以进行现场测定，同时尽量减少对土壤的扰动两种固体和溶解相的化学浓度分布。本文介绍了设计一个实验，包括选址，设备安装，样品采集时要考虑的因素。该方法与说明，评估一个企业的命运实验有机砷农药施加到bareground和已建立的草坪系统。描述的技术可以根据需要进行调整，研究​​的各种化学品的命运，从而提供宝贵的工具，以研究人员和政策制定者谁寻求理解的土地用于化学品的环境行为和命运。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1187">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:656px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:244px;">Prenart Super Quartz Samplers (PFTE/Quartz)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any samplers for&#160; trace metal analysis can be used (e.g. SoilMoisture Equipment Corp.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Prenart Installation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Contains all items necessary to install porewater samplers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:244px;">2 L collecting bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:656px;">Bottles can also be purchased from Fisher Scientific (02-923-2) or other laboratory supply companies, but fittings will need to be adjusted. Bottles can be covered with dark material if light sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Prenart Equipment ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Vacuporter from Decagon Devices or other field battery-operated or hand vacuum pump may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">1 oz HDPE Nalgene Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03-313-4A</td>
			<td>Sample bottle type will depend on analyte of interest and may be glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Concentrated nitric acid</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A509-P212</td>
			<td>Oxidizing and corrosive-other acids may be needed for preservation and should be used with caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">25 mm 0.2 &#181;m nylon syringe filters</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28145-487</td>
			<td>Other filter types and pore sizes may be used, dependent on the analyte of interest and analytical instrumentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">60 mL Luer-Lok syringes</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-689-8</td>
			<td>Other sizes may be used depending on sample volume collected</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">248481-A01</td>
			<td>Other pH meters can be used following calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Graduated Cylinder</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:244px;">Field lysimeters (metal, plastic, etc.)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Often these are constructed based on the researchers specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Inverted Post Driver Tractor</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any tractor can be used to install the lysimeters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Handheld Boom Sprayer</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>To apply the rate needed for application&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Polyethylene bags</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Other brands may be used for soil storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Reciprocating saw</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Black &#38; Decker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any reciprocating saw can be used with a metal cutting attachment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling for evaluation of chemical mobility in soils and established vegetation

潜在的有毒化学品的常规应用到土地，以满足废物管理和粮食生产日益增长的需求，但这些化学品的命运往往不能很好地理解。在这里，我们展示了一个集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样的方法，用于评估施用到土壤和植被建立化学品的流动性。渗仪，金属或塑料制成的空心柱，打入bareground或植物的土壤。孔隙水取样器，它是市售的，并使用真空收集渗透的土壤水分，被安装在所述测渗仪内的预定深度。在下列化学应用到试验田预先安排的时间，​​孔隙水被收集，并且渗仪，包含土壤和植被，被挖掘出来。通过分析蒸渗仪土壤，植被和孔隙水，向下的浸出率，土壤保持能力，以及植物吸收的利息化学化学浓度可以量化。由于现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样是根据自然环境条件和土壤干扰最小进行的，得出结果项目实际情况的方案，并提供有价值的信息，为化学品管理。由于化学品越来越多地应用到全世界的土地，所描述的技术可用于确定应用的化学物质是否对不良反应对人体健康或环境。

这种方法允许对化学品的命运数据的积累应用到bareground和植被土壤系统5,10。这种方法被用来评估砷（以As计）向下淋溶，吸收和易位转化为狗牙根植物（ 狗牙根 ）以下应用的有机砷除草剂味精甲基砷酸（MSMA）系统9。自1960年以来，MSMA已用于非农田，草坪草和棉花产量，但是可能有应用由于可以通过土壤向下渗漏，污染地下水11,12日益受到关注。美国环境保护署（E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation at JoVE.com

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样允许研究人员评估施用到土壤和植被建立化学品的命运。本协议的目的是演示如何安装所需的仪表和过程集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样实验收集样本，进行化学分析。

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

integrated-field-lysimetry-porewater-sampling-for-evaluation-chemical

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

14.1K 次观看.  North Carolina State University. 现场lysimetry和孔隙水采样允许研究人员评估施用到土壤和植被建立化学品的命运。本协议的目的是演示如何安装所需的仪表和过程集成领域lysimetry和孔隙水采样实验收集样本，进行化学分析。 

视频: Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

科研

环境科学

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a considerable subjective judgment from the operator that carries out the test is involved during its performance, which may affect the final result significantly. Different alternative methods have been put forward, but they cannot compete with the standard rolling test in speed, simplicity and cost.
In an earlier study by the authors, a simple method with a simple device to determine the PL was presented (the &#34;thread bending test&#34; or simply &#34;bending test&#34;); this method allowed the PL to be obtained with minimal operator interference. In the present paper a version of the original bending test is shown. The experimental basis is the same as the original bending test: soil threads which are 3 mm in diameter and 52 mm long are bent until they start to crack, so that both the bending produced and its related moisture content are determined. However, this new version enables the calculation of PL from an equation, so it is not necessary to plot any curve or straight line to obtain this parameter and, in fact, the PL can be achieved with only one experimental point (but two experimental points are recommended).
The PL results obtained with this new version are very similar to those obtained through the original bending test and the standard rolling test by a highly experienced operator. Only in particular cases of high plasticity cohesive soils, there is a greater difference in the result. Despite this, the bending test works very well for all types of soil, both cohesive and very low plasticity soils, where the latter are the most difficult to test via the standard thread rolling method.

The traditional standardized test for determining the plastic limit in soils is performed by hand, and the result varies depending on the operator. An alternative method based on bending measurements is presented in this study. This allows the plastic limit to be obtained with a clear and objective criterion.

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

提取及土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the associated accuracy is unknown. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficient and clustered soil sampling in a research plot and, relying on a pilot sampling using this design, for demonstrating soil spatial heterogeneity and informing reasonable sample sizes and associated accuracy for future study. The protocol mainly comprises four steps: sampling design, field collection, soil analysis, and geostatistical analysis. The step-by-step procedure is modified according to former publications. Two examples will be presented to demonstrate contrasting spatial distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under different management practices. In addition, we present a strategy to determine the sample size requirement (SSR) given a certain level of accuracy based on the plot-level coefficient of variation (CV). The field sampling protocol and the quantitative determination of the sample size will assist researchers in seeking feasible sampling strategies to meet research needs and resources' availability.

The traditional soil-sampling procedure determines the number of soil samples arbitrarily. Here, we provide a simple yet efficient clustered soil-sampling design to demonstrate soil spatial heterogeneity and quantitatively determine the number of soil samples required and the associated sampling accuracy.

在异构研究图中取样土壤

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

一种用于气溶胶取样的新型便携式体外曝光盒

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF relies on sequential density separation and sedimentation steps to isolate (1) the free light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter), (2) the occluded light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter trapped in soil aggregates) and (3) a variable number of heavy fractions (soil minerals and their associated organic matter) differing in composition. Provided that the parameters of the CSDF (dispersion energy, density cut-offs, sedimentation time) are properly selected, the method yields heavy fractions of relatively homogeneous mineral composition. Each of these fractions is expected to have a different complexing ability towards organic matter, rendering this a useful method to isolate and study the nature of organo-mineral interactions. Combining density and particle size separation brings an improved resolution compared to simple size or density fractionation methods, allowing the separation of heavy components according to both mineralogy and size (related to surface area) criteria. As is the case for all physical fractionation methods, it may be considered as less disruptive or aggressive than chemically-based extraction methods. However, CSDF is a time-consuming method and furthermore, the quantity of material obtained in some fractions can be limiting for subsequent analysis. Following CSDF, the fractions may be analyzed for mineralogical composition, soil organic carbon concentration and organic matter chemistry. The method provides quantitative information about organic carbon distribution within a soil sample and brings light to the sorptive capacity of the different, naturally-occurring mineral phases, thus providing mechanistic information about the preferential nature of organo-mineral interactions in soils (i.e., which minerals, what type of organic matter).

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method to physically separate soil into fractions differing in texture (particle size) and mineralogy (density). The purpose is to isolate fractions with different reactivities towards soil organic matter (SOM), in order to better understand organo-mineral interactions and SOM dynamics.

土壤联合粒径与密度的分离研究

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF ...