这项工作是由德意志研究联合会资助项目（AF：379-8/1; 379-10/1，379-11/1和DFG-EXC-257，UL：423/1-1），该Bundesministerium皮毛教化UND Forschung（自动对焦：FKZ0315673A和01GY1144;自动对焦和MM：01EO0801），德意志学术交流中心（AF：DAAD-54391829），GO8澳大利亚 - 德国联合研究合作计划（DC：2011001430），在Else-克朗费森尤斯基金会（自动对焦：2009-141; RL：2011-119）和澳大利亚研究理事会（DC：ARC FT100100976，MM：ARC FT120100608）。我们感谢凯特Riggall的编辑协助。

1，禁忌和特殊注意事项<ol><li>彻底筛选参与者MRI检查禁忌症（ 如心脏起搏器，幽闭恐惧症， 等等 ），并排除如果必要的。收购标准问卷在那工作核磁共振成像扫描仪的临床或科研机构。总是进入扫描仪的房间时，切记遵守标准的安全程序。 </li><li>彻底筛选参与者禁忌TDCS的。这些可能重叠与禁忌MRI检查。举一个例子见VILLAMAR 等[20]。 </li><li>请咨询当地的有关安全和伦理规范经营设施，并获得必要的权限。测试由刺激电流或TDCS的设备开始实际实验（ 例如，通过检测在信号与噪声的比值17，18 TDCS的影响）的前诱发电位成像伪影。 </li></ol> 2，FMRI设置，实验设计和材料注：核磁共振成像扫描仪内使用TDCS的，需要特殊的设备。特别是，具体的MRI兼容的电缆，过滤器箱，电极和肩带电极附着到受试者的头部是必需的。 图2示出了（A）的标准TDCS的设备和（B）成分与MRI用。后者元件是必要的，以防止加热引起的磁共振成像过程中发出的射频脉冲，在电极下的可能性。此外，高频成像伪影可能由TDCS的设备来诱导。既可以通过使用位于外侧，并且扫描仪的房间的内部过滤器箱，配有电阻器和专用的MRI兼容的导电橡胶电极的电缆来防止。 <ol><li>在功能磁共振成像实验中执行一般的实验装置和序列。既取决于研究的目的。注意：下面的协议是speciFIC到该实验中，但也可以修改，以适用于多种不同的实验条件。 </li><li>使用桌上型电脑与刺激呈现软件安装，涉及扫描仪内部的语义类别的视觉呈现语言任务。通过连接到计算机和反射镜的系统的投影呈现在扫描仪内部的屏幕上这些刺激。 </li><li>使用核磁共振成像兼容麦克风公开的口头回应的传输。收购期间TDCS的两个功能序列：一个五分钟的任务缺席的RS-序列和显性语义词的生成任务。注：在实验装置的其他详细信息，功能磁共振成像序列和刺激先前已详细14,15描述和图1示出了实验。 </li><li>成立TDCS的设备，程序装置提供的1 mA为20分钟的恒定直流电流以覆盖两个功能扫描的整个持续时间秒，其中包括短暂的休息和时间在扫描14，15之间的指令。确保确定刺激电量充足;否则可能在实验过程中关闭。 </li><li>确保所有必要的材料可供选择（ 图2）。 </li></ol> 3，TDCS的设置外部和内部的扫描仪（ 见图3为示意图） <ol><li>放置外过滤箱附近的射频滤波器（RF）的管子（ 即穿透点在MRI扫描仪，它可以用来从扫描器的外面插入电缆的射频屏蔽）。刺激器连接使用刺激电缆的外包装盒。内，外滤框不能混淆。注意： 图4A示出了扫描仪的外TDCS的设置。外包装盒都标明在图4B。 </li><li>测量连接客栈所需的电缆长度呃使用电缆盒外箱（见有关电缆的扫描仪室内定位下一个点）。插入盒连接线插入射频管从扫描仪的外部并与外滤框（ 图4A）。 </li><li>将内部滤盒扫描器孔（ 图5）的后端内;用胶带将其固定到位。接箱电缆与内部滤盒，避免任何电缆回路，因为这些可能诱发射频加热。注意：该电缆应与扫描仪的房间的墙壁对齐并附着有粘接带（ 图3）。 </li></ol> 4，参加者准备参加在扫描仪和定位 <ol><li>与传统的TDCS的调校，检查参与者的任何预先存在的病变皮肤，移动发走，清洁皮肤用酒精清除发胶，润肤露等 。改善皮肤电导电极12下方，&lt;燮&gt; 21。 </li><li>泡海绵口袋生理盐水和插入的MRI兼容的电极插入口袋（见DASILVA 21的参与者准备和电极定位的一般注意事项）。 </li><li>在使用笔不留任何痕迹铁磁（ 例如，不要用眼线笔）受测者头部标记电 ​​极位置。确定目标位置，使用10-20脑电图系统阳极（这里：左IFG，5×7厘米2）14，15。要做到这一点，找到T3-F3（一）路口和F7-C3及（b）F7-F3之间的中点。目标位置是在一条线的连接点（a）和（b）的。地方阴极（10×10 平方厘米）在右眶上位置（电极位置的详情，请参阅Meinzer 等 14，15）。连接电极头使用橡皮筋。 </li><li>引导扫描仪后面的参与者，并与内FILT连接电极电缆呃框。同时按刺激器的右上角和左下角的按钮开启刺激器和测试阻抗。如果阻抗达到限制，那么刺激器会自动停止。如果发生这种情况，请检查电极是否与头皮接触，清洁皮肤或再次申请更多的生理盐水，如果海绵已经变得太干，然后检查是否有电缆断线。注：阻抗通常较高相对于传统的调校，因为刺激和电极之间的额外电缆和滤盒。 </li><li>引导学员进入扫描仪的房间（在最后的安全检查）。放置在扫描仪上扫描架的参与者，并确保电极仍处于正确的位置。关闭头线圈。电极电缆应通过磁头线圈的左下部分或根据制造商的建议来供给（参见图6）。 </li><li>移动参与者进入扫描仪孔。确保电缆做上课不捉对龙门和突破（ 见图6电缆在这个阶段可能的安全位置）。当参与者已经达到扫描仪内的最终位置时，达到对电极电缆从扫描器的后端，并将其连接到内部过滤器箱。交出紧急按钮，参与者和离开扫描室。 </li></ol> 5，启动刺激 <ol><li>使用扫描仪对讲机通知参加者有关扫描会话的开始。启动结构性航向扫描（以确定参与者在扫描仪的头部位置并允许随后的功能和结构的扫描计划）采用扫描控制台。检查高频文物定位器扫描：收购期结束后航向扫描双击并按住鼠标右键并移动鼠标左，右调整对比度（西门子三重奏，例如参见图7A和图7B）。 </li><li>使用扫描仪对讲机沟通，该刺激将展开的主题，他/她可能会觉得头皮上的刺痛感很短的时间。重复说明先扫描功能。在这个例子中，指示参与者保持封闭扫描（5分钟）的时间眼中，移动尽可能少，想想没什么特别的。确保投影机处于关闭状态（扫描仪孔内屏幕是黑的），以避免在RS-扫描视觉刺激。 </li><li>启动刺激手动的第一功能的扫描（RS-扫描）的开始前约1-2分钟。使用电脑灯控制台加载RS-序列。 （FOV）视场中双击RS-序列打开，调整位置，以覆盖整个大脑，并与前后合缝对齐左右。开始第一次扫描（使用开始扫描按钮）。 </li><li>监测阻抗在整个实验。注意：如果EXPeriment是在一个双盲方式（参与者和研究者失明的刺激）进行，第二研究者可能需要监测阻抗。 </li><li>而在RS-序列被运行时，加载第二功能成像序列（用于后续任务语言），并调整视场，使用扫描器控制台上，以减少在扫描之间所需要的时间。对RS-序列结束后，打开投影机，以允许试验性刺激过程中的语言任务视觉显示。双击演示软件的图标并加载语言范式。使用扫描仪对讲重复指令与任务相关功能磁共振成像模式，并开始与任务14，15。 </li><li>刺激/功能磁共振成像实验结束后，继续与计划结构的扫描。请勿断开电极电缆，直到扫描会话结束。 </li><li>在实验结束时，从内滤盒移动参与者之前断开电极电缆扫描器孔。从扫描仪中删除参与者，分离头线圈，并要求参与者坐起来，并小心地取出电极。 </li></ol>

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Neurosci. 26, 2687-2691 (2007).</li><li>Floel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+anomia+training+and+electrical+brain+stimulation.">Short-term anomia training and electrical brain stimulation.</a> Stroke. 42, 2065-2067 (2011).</li><li>Baker, J. M., Rorden, C., Fridriksson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+to+treat+stroke+patients+with+aphasia.">Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia.</a> Stroke. 41, 1229-1236 (2010).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

TDCS的同时用功能磁共振成像的联合应用表现出的潜力为阐明的整个大脑的刺激与高空间分辨率13-19的直接影响的神经基础。在未来，这样的研究可以通过组合脑电图TDCS的研究进行补充，以利用后者的技术的优越的时间分辨率。此外，intrascanner刺激使头皮上的验证电极的正确定位的（ 例如使用T-加权图像，参见图10）。这可以帮助减少在实验研究中不必要的差异是由于?...

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是脑刺激的非侵入性方法，其中皮质功能是由两个头皮固定电极之间伸出的弱电流（通常为1-2毫安）来调制。生理上，TDCS的诱导目标皮质区域内通过的钠和钙通道的操纵极性依赖性转变神经元静息膜电位（RMP），从而促进改变大脑皮质的兴奋性1。具体地，正极的刺激（atDCS）已被证明通过神经RMP的去极化增加皮质活动，而阴极刺激（ctDCS）降低皮质兴奋2。相对于其他类型的脑刺激（ 如经颅磁刺激）安全性已经确立，因此至今没有严重的副作用，甚至在弱势群体3，4报道。还有，至少对于罗WER刺激强度（高达1 mA），一个有效的安慰剂（“假”）的刺激条件存在5，让参与者和研究者的有效致盲的刺激条件下，使TDCS的实验和临床研究设置一个有吸引力的工具。 许多研究迄今已经表明，这些变化在皮层的兴奋性，可能导致行为上的调制。在电机系统，一致的极性依赖性作用已报道1,6两个atDCS和ctDCS。在认知研究中，大多数研究认为采用atDCS提高认知功能上的报道7性能的有利影响，而ctDCS往往没有造成损害认知加工。后者可以通过相关的认知6神经处理资源的更大的冗余解释。多数TDCS的研究都采用交叉设计研究刺激的直接影响，而经久的电流仅持续1短周期的终止。然而，有人认为，反复对蛋白质合成的刺激影响， 即神经机制基本技能的获得8。事实上，运动或认知训练成功时，可能会反复TDCS的会话和这些改进长期稳定性已报告持续长达数月的健康成人8-10相结合得到增强。这些发现也引发了兴趣，在临床背景和初步数据使用TDCS的的建议，也可能是在各种临床人口3主要或辅助治疗的方法是有用的。然而，当相对大量的研究，在电机系统解决TDCS的神经生理学作用，鲜为人知的是对健康和疾病的认知脑功能TDCS的影响相关的神经机制。更好地了解TDCS的作用的模式是一个必要的前提TDCS的在研究和临床设置更有针对性的应用。 这个问题可以通过结合TDCS的与像脑电图（EEG）或功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）功能性脑成像技术来解决。大多数研究调查相关的认知和运动功能的神经机制已选择采用功能磁共振成像11。特别地，功能磁共振成像是使用最广泛的脑成像技术来调查相关的认知和运动功能11的神经机制。此外，当与TDCS的并发应用程序相结合，功能性磁振造影检查可基本行为TDCS的效果与整个大脑更高的空间分辨率相比，脑电图的神经机制（近期联合TDCS的脑电图的说明，请参阅Schestatsky 等。12）。本手稿描述日TDCS的过程中同时进行功能磁共振成像É联合使用。这种新颖的技术已经被成功地用于研究相关 ​​的运动和认知功能13-19 TDCS的诱导调制的神经机制。在未来，这一合并协议将产生新的见解的健康和疾病TDCS的作用机制。了解TDCS的对大型神经网络的影响为评估这种技术可能会奠定了基础研究和临床的设置更有针对性的应用TDCS的的。 这份手稿将集中于行为TDCS的实验和TDCS的过程中同时进行功能磁共振成像的结合使用之间的差异，与特定的重点放在硬件要求，实现技术，以及安全方面的考虑。作为一个例子，在任务没有静息状态（RS）和功能磁共振成像在语言任务14，15瓦特给予左额下回（IFG）TDCS的单个会话病进行描述，但许多其它应用是可能的16，19。实验设计，参与者的特征和功能磁共振成像数据分析程序的详情，已详列于原出版物14,15描述，并超出了本手稿的范围。此外，在这些研究中，一个额外的功能磁共振成像扫描，涉及假TDCS的收购和比较atDCS会议的成果（见“代表性成果”一节）。本次会议是相同的，在目前的手稿中描述的，不同之处在于刺激被中断的扫描工作阶段（ 见图1节）开始之前。本程序已经成功实施在3特斯拉西门子三重奏核磁 ​​共振成像扫描仪在柏林中心的高级成像（蒂大学医学院，德国柏林），并原则上应适用于其他扫描仪，以及13。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="662">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DC-Stimulator Plus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:133px;">21</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Hardware extension DC-Stimulator MR (2 MRI compatible rubber electrodes, electrode and box cable and inner filter box; outer filter box and stimulator cable)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 sponge pads for rubber electrodes (7x5 and 10x10 ccm)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">NeuroConn, Illmenau, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rubber head band</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCL solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measurement tape</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td>To determine electrode position using the EEG 10-20 system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td>Used during electrode positioning</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transcranial direct current stimulation and simultaneous  functional magnetic resonance imaging

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是使用施用于头皮操纵皮质兴奋性弱的电流，因此，行为和脑功能的非侵入性脑刺激技术。在过去十年中，大量的研究已经解决了TDCS的关于在运动和认知任务的行为表现不同的措施短期和长期影响，无论是在健康个体，并在许多不同的患者人群。到目前为止，然而，很少有人知道的TDCS的作用在人类对于大规模的大脑网络的神经基础。这个问题可以通过结合TDCS的与像功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）或脑电图（EEG），脑功能成像技术来解决。 特别地，功能磁共振成像是使用最广泛的脑成像技术来调查相关的认知和运动功能的神经机制。 APPLICATI在功能磁共振成像在TDCS的允许相关行为TDCS的效果与整个大脑的高空间分辨率的神经机制的分析。使用这种技术最近的研究确定了在现场的刺激与任务相关的脑功能活动，也是在更遥远的大脑区域的刺激引起的变化，这与行为的改善有关。此外，在静息状态功能磁共振管理TDCS的可识别的全脑功能连接广泛的变化。 使用此协议相结合今后的研究应该产生新的见解的健康和疾病，并用于研究和临床设置更有针对性的应用TDCS的新的选择TDCS的作用机制。本稿件描述了这一新技术在一步一步的时尚，侧重于功能性磁振造影过程中给予TDCS的技术方面。

功能性磁共振成像是使用最广泛的功能性成像技术来解决的运动或认知功能相关的神经机制。最近，磁共振成像也被用来评估对皮质活性和连通TDCS的影响。然而，这些研究大多给予TDCS的扫描仪之外，并评估了刺激离线效应（ 即 ，扫描前22，23投TDCS的）。只有少数的研究，到目前为止已经在同时fMRI的管理TDCS的，使用不同的血氧水平依赖对比（BOLD）14-17，24或灌注成像序列<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种无创性脑刺激技术。它已经成功地被用于基础研究和临床设置，以调节在人类大脑功能。本文介绍了TDCS的实施和同步功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，探讨TDCS的影响的神经基础。

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

transcranial-direct-current-stimulation-simultaneous-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

21.5K 次观看.  University of Queensland. 经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种无创性脑刺激技术。它已经成功地被用于基础研究和临床设置，以调节在人类大脑功能。本文介绍了TDCS的实施和同步功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，探讨TDCS的影响的神经基础。 

视频: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.

临床治疗抑郁症的深层重复经颅磁刺激使用Brainsway H1线圈

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠大脑的单边半球

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...