This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB, and by a grant from Polish Narodowe Centrum Nauki (decision No. Dec-2011/01/N/HS6/04092) to JS.

1.同步任务<ol><li>准备仪器： <ol><li>经由常规MIDI接口连接一个标准MIDI打击乐器到计算机。 注：数据采集是通过MIDI电子打击乐器实现。该装置在电机同步任务捕获手指抽头的确切时间。 </li><li>打开专用软件，用于刺激呈现和反应记录。 注：同步任务正在使用的标准软件对音频素材和记录数据从数字的MIDI乐器的呈现（以1毫秒精度）来实现。 </li></ol></li><li>声音素材和程序： <ol><li>从软件界面，选择起搏刺激的同步任务中使用的三种选择（同步序列，音乐和音乐刺激的包络波获得振幅调制噪声）。 注：ISOChronous序列是由96等时呈现的色调（持续时间= 30毫秒）。音乐刺激是拉德斯基进行曲（作品228）由约翰·施特劳斯，其中包括96次（拍=四分音符）片段的计算机生成的钢琴版。三刺激摘录提供的其它材料 ，以这个手稿。 </li><li>选择适当的速度为选定起搏刺激（450，600或750毫秒间发作间隔（IOI）/间拍子间隔（IBI）），为在软件界面表示。确保刺激交付超过耳机舒适的音量。 </li><li>请参与者坐在一个安静的房间，在电脑显示器前。 </li><li>请参与者轻触使用食指她或他的优势手的同步与同步序列的音调或与音乐节拍为更复杂的刺激（音乐或噪声）将MIDI打击乐器。指示PARTICIPAnt的挖掘作为经常成为可能，而无需改变攻率，同时与起搏刺激的同步。 </li><li>启动水龙头的刺激呈现和记录。 </li><li>介绍的最后一个音或音乐节拍后，结束录制的水龙头。 </li></ol></li><li>数据分析： 注：分析使用圆形统计38,39同步窃听任务的数据。是特别适合用于同步数据40,41的分析本方法;此外，圆形统计在计时的能力的个体差异敏感，因此能够发现差的同步2,40箱子。下面列出的分析过程是利用Matlab软件（使用CircStat工具箱39）来实现。 <ol><li>变换相对抽头到起搏刺激的时间进入角在单位圆上（从0-360°）以下通过贝伦斯39所示的过程。 0°（这是当量UAL至360度）对应于起搏刺激（ 即，声音或音乐的节拍）的发生时间。使用下面的公式来获得角度每个抽头时间为：[ 角度（弧度）= 2×π×（抽头/ IOI的时间）]。转换成弧度度与circ_rad2ang功能39。 </li><li>剧情在攻审判点在单位圆分布获得的角度。使用circ_plot功能39做到这一点。提供角度弧度为显示情节函数的参数（例如参见图1）。 </li><li>对于每一个攻丝试验中，使用的角度（圆上的点）来计算的平均所得的矢量R 38,39,42（参见图1）。使用circ_mean 39和circ_r 39的功能，其允许的同步精度和一致性，分别计算。 </li><li> COM普特的同步精度（ 即，平均来说，如何远离起搏刺激以同步攻丝试验参与者抽头），其对应于角矢量R的θ。使用circ_mean功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 </li><li>提交攻丝数据到瑞利测试43评估是否的点的周围的圆形的分布是随机的，利用circ_rtest功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 注意：在瑞利测试，拒绝零假设（ 即，圆形的均匀性，周围一圈随机分布点）如果R矢量长度足够大（ 例如，大于0.4），这表明参与者抽头在与一个给定的相位关系对于起搏刺激上述机会。只有当瑞利测试显著（ 即当颇绕了一圈点ibution不是随机的）同步精度可以得到正确解释。 </li><li>计算同步一致性（ 即，在抽头和起搏刺激的时间之间的差异的变化），其对应于矢量R（从0到1）的长度。使用circ_r功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 注：稠度为1，当所有的抽头发生正好之前或起搏刺激后的相同时间间隔;一致性是0时，抽头随机分布在圆弧上。 </li></ol></li><li>个人的评价结果​​： 注：参与者的性能进行比较，以一个规范的组或对照组揭开差同步精度和一致性差的情况下。要执行此相比，运行纠正t检验 44在singlims计算机编程的，是实现M（ <a href="http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/j.crawford/pages/dept/SingleCaseMethodsComputerPrograms.htm" target="_blank">http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/j.crawford/pages/dept/SingleCaseMethodsComputerPrograms.htm</a> ）。 <ol><li>打开singlims计算机程序。输入平均值和同步精度的SD和规范或控制组的样本大小。提供同步精度为参​​与者进行比较，以规范和对照组。点击“计算”按钮以获取经校正的t检验的结果。 注：参与者进行显著较差比规范或控制组当修正t检验的双尾概率低于0.05。 </li><li>输入的平均值和的规范或控制组的同步一致性和样本大小的SD。提供参与者是谁进行比较，以规范或控制组同步一致性。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.节奏感知任务（Anisochrony检测） <ol><li>准备仪器： <ol><li>打开用于实现anisochrony检测任务的计算机程序。确保计算机键盘的键的设置是否正确，记录参与者的答案。 注：节奏感知任务时均采用标准的软件运行行为实验（ 即刺激呈现和记录行为反应）来实现。 </li></ol></li><li>声音素材和程序： <ol><li>选择刺激（或者同步刺激或音乐）的软件界面所指示的。选择选择刺激的适当速度（450，600，或750毫秒IOI / IBI）。确保刺激是在一个舒适的音量交付了耳机。 注：刺激是基于在同步任务中使用的相同的听觉材料。每个刺激只包括8 isochronously呈现的色调或音乐的节拍，而不是96.对于每个刺激类型，有一个“变”的版本（试验的50％，N = 24）和“无变化”的版本（试验的50％，N = 24）。在变化的刺激，在倒数第二个声音或音乐的节拍发生较早或晚于预期的（由序列IOI / IBI的8,12，或16％）的基础上以前IOIS / IBIS。在无变化的刺激下，IOIS / IBIS完全同步。 </li><li>指导参与者坐在一个安静的房间，在电脑显示器前，听刺激，然后判断，它的介绍后，无论是在刺激或次之间的间隔发生变化（ 即 anisochrony）存在与否。鼓励参与者要注意整个序列。 </li><li>启动刺激呈现。要求参与者按下电脑键盘上的两个键（ 即一键为“变革”或其他关键的“无糖回应刺激的演示文稿后变“的反应）。 </li></ol></li><li>数据分析： 注：分析通过计算鉴别力指数（D&#39;）在变化的每一层从节奏感知任务所获得的数据（在图8中，IOI / IBI的12，16％），并为每个IOI / IBI。的对d&#39;值越高，就越向anisochronies灵敏度。 <ol><li>考虑的响应（48），用于一个给定的刺激，得到由每个参与者，通过用于运行行为实验的软件记录在输出文件中。计数的响应数，当存在于所述刺激anisochrony已被正确检测。计算点击率（ 即，改变刺激的点击数/数）。 </li><li>算响应数时，参与报道的刺激或次之间的间隔发生变化，因为当时有没有变化。计算假报警（FA）率（ 即，Fas蛋白数量/无瓒数GE刺激）。 </li><li>计算出的Z -score的命中率和FA率，用Matlab的NORMINV函数（Z值= NORMINV（点击率或FA率））。减去的 Z -score为FA率从z -score的命中率，以获得D&#39;。 </li></ol></li><li>个人的评价结果​​： 注：参与者的表现比作一个规范或对照组揭开穷人节奏的感知情况。关于同步任务的结果，执行校正t检验使用singlims计算机程序。 <ol><li>打开singlims计算机程序。输入的均值和d&#39;SD和规范或控制组的样本大小。提供D&#39;值的参与者是谁进行比较，以规范和对照组。 注：参与比标准或对照组，当两执行显著穷校正t检验的尾概率低于0.05。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

所描述的方法的目标是提供一组任务和分析策略来表征大多数个体的定时能力和检测节拍耳聋或差的同步的情况。该协议的关键步骤涉及1）用于刺激呈现和采集手指敲击数据的仪器和受试者的响应的设置，同步2）使用两组任务（同步和节奏感知）的数据收集，3）分析数据与圆形统计和节奏感知数据，以及各个结果4）的评价。这些步骤可以由受过训练的实验人员可以容易地进行。用Matlab软件通过...

A correction to the Acknowledgements section was made in: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks.
The Acknowledgements section has been updated from:
This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB and a grant from Polish Ministry for Science and Education to JS.
to:
This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB, and by a grant from Polish Narodowe Centrum Nauki (decision No. Dec-2011/01/N/HS6/04092) to JS.

A correction to the Acknowledgements section was made in: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks.

Erratum: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

人类是在加工在其环境1中发生的事件的持续时间特别有效。特别是，感知音乐的节拍或时钟的滴答声经常和与它一起移动的能力（ 例如，在舞蹈或同步运动）的能力在一般人群中（ 即在个人没有收到谁的广泛音乐训练）2,3。这些能力是通过涉及皮质脑区域中的复杂的神经网络为基础（ 例如，前皮层和辅助运动区）和皮层下的结构，例如基底神经节和小脑4-7。 这个网络和随之而来的贫穷瞬时处理的破坏可导致脑损伤8-10或神经变性，如观察到的患者的帕金森氏病11。时间差同步感知然而，可怜到B吃的音乐也可以体现在健康人在没有脑损伤。尽管事实，即大多数可以感知的听觉节奏和同步运动的节拍（ 例如，在音乐），有明显的例外。一些个体具有在同步他们的身体的运动或手指敲击到音乐的节拍的主要困难，并且可以表现出较差的节拍知觉，表示判别旋律具有不同持续时间的纸币的困难。这种情况一直被称为“打败耳聋”或“心律失常”2,12-14。例如，打聋在最近的研究中13，其中一个名为马修病人的病例报告描述。马修是特别不准确的，在反弹 ​​至节奏歌曲的节拍（ 例如，梅伦格歌曲）。同步还是可能的，但只有一个简单的同步序列的声音（ 例如，一个节拍器）。可怜的是同步差拍感知有关，所揭示的评估Amusia的（MBEA）15的蒙特利尔电池。在另外的任务，马修被要求配合舞者的音乐的动向;有趣的是，马蒂厄表现受到损害间距看法。 可怜的节奏感知和较差的同步，在破旧的聋人与幸免间距感知，观察到进一步的研究2,12,14，从而提供令人信服的证据表明节律紊乱可单独发生。拍耳聋因此，患有先天性amusia（ 即音性耳聋），一个神经发育障碍影响音调的感知和生产16-19的典型描述截然不同。有趣的是，可怜的节奏感知和生产可以合作发生先天性amusia 12,16,20差间距处理。然而，在这种情况下，差的节奏的感知依赖于个体的感知音程变化的能力。什么时候在旋律音调变化都去掉，先天性amusics可以成功识别节奏差异21。 重要的个体差异都在拍耳聋被观察到;这一事实值得特别关注。在大多数情况下，无论是节奏感知和同步到音乐的节拍有缺陷2,12-14;但是，也可以在节奏感知幸免2出现不佳的同步。感知和行动在定时域之间的这种解离已使用同步攻丝任务与各种节奏听觉刺激（ 例如，一个节拍器和音乐），并使用不同的节奏感知任务（被示出例如，旋律基于不同音符的持续时间的判别从isochrony的节奏序列检测偏差）。这一发现特别重要，因为它指向的感知和行动的可能分离就定时机制S，如先前在音调处理17,22-25观察。进一步解离突出强调这取决于刺激的复杂性2。最可怜的同步展出了复杂的刺激（ 如音乐或音乐衍生幅度调制噪声）选择性困难，而他们仍表现出简单的同步序列，准确和一致的同步;其他贫困同步呈现相反的格局。总之，这些结果在表明有多种在一般人群中的定时失调，这就需要一个敏感的任务集待检测（如在音乐处理的其他领域，例如螺距25,26观察到的）的表型的收敛。表征节律紊乱的图案是特别相关阐明那些错误的定时系统的具体机制的光。 这里示出了该方法的目标是提供一组任务，可以是用于揭示节拍耳聋箱子在一般人群中，并检测定时病症的不同亚型（ 例如，影响听觉与感觉运动定时或特定类节奏刺激）。感觉时机的能力大多被用手指敲击任务与听觉材料研究。参与者被要求以挖掘他们的食指与同步听觉刺激，如铃声等间隔的时间或音乐（ 例如，在同步或节奏的敲击任务27-29）的序列。另一种流行的范例，这一直是相当大的努力，建模29-32的来源，是在同步续范例，其中，所述参与者继续在以后的声音停止由一个节拍器提供的速率攻丝。节奏感知研究了各种不同的任务，从时间的歧视，估计，二分法（ 即，持续时间比较要“短”和＆＃39;长&#39;的标准），以及检测anisochrony（ 即，确定是否存在内的同步序列的偏差间隔）到节拍对准任务（ 即，检测叠加在音乐节拍器是否与节拍对准）1,2- ，20,33,34。大部分研究都集中在时间知觉，击败生产或感觉时机，这是在孤立测试。但是，它很可能是这样的不同的任务是指一些不同的能力（ 例如，间隔时间与节拍为基础的时机，感性与感觉时间），并不反映相同的时间机制的运作和相关的神经回路。这个问题可以通过使用评估既感性和感觉时机能力的任务最近提出的电池被规避。这些电池允许研究人员获得个体的定时能力的详尽信息。这种电池的例子是BE在校准测试（BAT）34，电池听觉感觉运动的评估时序能力（BAASTA）35，和哈佛击败评估测试（H-BAT）36。这些电池包括攻任务与各种节奏听觉刺激，从音乐到同步序列以及感知的任务（ 例如，持续时间鉴别，检测一个节拍器音乐的节拍的取向，以及anisochrony检测）。在所有的情况下，同一组的音乐片断的被用于感知和感觉运动的任务。 在本文中，我们展示了一组是在揭示节律紊乱模式的节拍，聋人和贫困同步器特别有效，如在以前的研究中2的任务。这些任务是一个更大的电池的试验中，BAASTA 35的一部分。感觉时机的能力被要求参加者挖掘他们的手指简单的节拍测试复杂的听觉刺激（ 例如，同步序列，音乐，以及从音乐刺激来自节奏噪声）27,28。感性定时与一个anisochrony检测任务2,20,33,37测试。一组同步色调呈现。在某些情况下，音调（ 例如，倒数第二个）1呈现迟早基于听觉序列的同步结构超过预期。参与者被要求从isochrony检测偏差。这些感觉和节奏感知任务的优点在于，它们都涉及刺激序列（而不是单一的持续时间）和不同的复杂性的刺激。因此，基于前面的证据，这些任务提供的最佳条件，以揭开节拍耳聋，差的同步不同的表型。特别注意的是，以在同步数据的分析采用的技术。这种技术是基于圆形统计，这种方法尤其我们LL-适合用于检查不准确和不一致的同步的节拍。

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</table>

uncovering beat deafness: detecting rhythm disorders with synchronized finger tapping and perceptual timing tasks

一组行为的任务，以评估在总人口（ 即非音乐家），知觉和感觉时机的能力在这里呈现揭露节律紊乱，如拍耳聋的目标。在感知听觉节奏模式或听觉节奏的运动差同步（ 例如，用音乐节拍）的持续时间拍耳聋的特点是表现不佳。这些任务包括手指敲击到的简单和复杂的听觉刺激的节拍和嵌入同一刺激节奏凹凸（anisochrony检测任务）的检测同步。这些试验中，它们是易于管理，包括在不同条件下的感知和感觉运动定时的能力（ 例如，节拍速率和类型的听觉材料），并基于相同的听觉刺激，从一个简单的节拍器一个复杂的评估音乐节选。 SYNCHRON的分析源化攻丝数据与圆形统计，它们提供了同步精度可靠的措施进行（ 例如，抽头的定时和起搏刺激的定时之间的差）和一致性。是特别适合用于检测在一般人群中的个体差异对窃听数据圆形的统计信息。同步攻丝和anisochrony检测是敏感的措施，确定节律紊乱的轮廓，并已成功地使用，以发现与备​​用感性的时机不佳同步案件。感性和感觉时机这系统的评估可以扩展到患者的脑损伤，神经退行性疾病（ 如帕金森氏病），发育障碍（ 如注意力缺陷多动障碍）的人群。

上述任务已成功使用表征个人计时能力没有音乐训练2,34-36。在破旧的耳聋2最近代表性的研究，一组99非音乐家（大学生）使用两个简单的同步任务中筛选出。参与者同步他们的手指与一个同步序列和在一个舒适的节奏的音乐片段（具有600毫秒的IOI / IBI）攻丝。参与者的十个显示特别差同步于两个刺激中的至​​少一个，被称为“差的同步器”。这些参与者表明同步精度是偏离通?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks at JoVE.com

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

行为的任务，允许的感性和感觉时机的能力在一般人群中的评估（ 即非音乐家）的介绍。的手指敲击到听觉刺激的节拍和节奏的检测不规则性的同步提供揭露节律紊乱的一种手段。

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

uncovering-beat-deafness-detecting-rhythm-disorders-with-synchronized

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.7K 次观看.  University of Montpellier. 行为的任务，允许的感性和感觉时机的能力在一般人群中的评估（ 即非音乐家）的介绍。的手指敲击到听觉刺激的节拍和节奏的检测不规则性的同步提供揭露节律紊乱的一种手段。 

视频: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2 proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated characters) can evoke negative or positive affect (valence) depending on the object's degree of visual and behavioral realism along a dimension of human likeness (DHL) (Figure 1). But studies of affective valence of subjective responses to variously realistic non-human characters have produced inconsistent findings 3, 4, 5, 6. One of a number of reasons for this is that human likeness is not perceived as the hypothesis assumes. While the DHL can be defined following Mori's description as a smooth linear change in the degree of physical humanlike similarity, subjective perception of objects along the DHL can be understood in terms of the psychological effects of categorical perception (CP) 7. Further behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of category processing and CP along the DHL and of the potential influence of the dimension's underlying category structure on affective experience are needed. This protocol therefore focuses on the DHL and allows examination of CP. Based on the protocol presented in the video as an example, issues surrounding the methodology in the protocol and the use in "uncanny" research of stimuli drawn from morph continua to represent the DHL are discussed in the article that accompanies the video. The use of neuroimaging and morph stimuli to represent the DHL in order to disentangle brain regions neurally responsive to physical human-like similarity from those responsive to category change and category processing is briefly illustrated.

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis&#039; Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Investigation of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis and affective experience requires an understanding of the hypothesis' dimension of human likeness (DHL). This protocol allows representation of the DHL and examination of categorical perception. Use of the same stimuli and fMRI to distinguish brain regions responsive to physical and category change is illustrated.

诡异谷假说“人类相似尺寸的感知和分类处理：一些方法论问题

Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2 proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated ...

科研

行为学

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.