由美国国立卫生研究院支持的授予R01-AA015614，R01-AA014973，T32-AA014127和K12-GM088021。作者感谢萨曼塔L.布基斯特技术援助和博士。凯文·考德威尔和唐纳德·帕特里奇的批判性评估的手稿和视频。

所有动物的程序批准了新墨西哥州，健康科学大学的中心机构动物护理和使用委员会。 1，蒸气室总成<ol><li>切聚碳酸酯板与用于顶部，底部，前，后，侧，和门设置在视频（ 图1和表1）的尺寸的圆锯或线锯。 </li><li>用圆锯或线锯，切于前面板的中间一个开口8英寸高16英寸宽。 </li><li>测量和由10英寸的聚碳酸酯片材，这将成为腔室的门上的孔的钢琴铰链马克到18英寸。 </li><li>在门口，钻埋头孔用5/16英寸的钻头，并用3/16英寸的钻头，钻孔的螺丝。确保钻埋头孔在门内侧的螺丝头。 </li><li>准备聚碳酸酯板进行焊接。 </li><li>来回组装NT，背面和侧面板使用上焊接上＃16的底部面板。 </li><li>密封板之间没有任何间隙与焊接式＃16。 </li><li>连接顶部面板，可焊＃16。 </li><li>使用杆夹持器或重课本持有一步到位，而焊缝治愈。 </li><li>通过一个12英寸的一块聚碳酸酯的附加一个1英寸到前面板1英寸的开口，用于门的铰链的安装如下。 </li><li>留出至少24小时的可焊治愈。 </li><li>切2片PEX管12英寸长，1片1英寸长的PEX管材的。 </li><li>用5/16的钻头，钻在每个12英寸PEX管材的约1至2英寸的孔从一端。 </li><li>附上2×12英寸的PEX管材的3/8英寸T型连接器与位于远离连接器的孔。 </li><li>盖上PEX管材的开口端用3/8英寸的插头。 </li><li>附加的钢琴铰链的前面板和门用4-40机器螺钉和螺母。 </li><li>使用门为指导，M方舟所需的钢琴铰链到所述腔室的前部面板上的1英寸的间隔件的孔中。 </li><li>用3/16英寸的钻头，钻孔插入前面板为钢琴铰链。 </li><li>安装门和钢琴铰链使用4-40机器螺钉和螺母的前面板。 </li><li>组装夹钳所示与上侧臂的任一侧上的垫圈和螺母的视频。 </li><li>马克和钻3/16英寸的孔为式夹钳在前面板上，并附加夹钳与4-40机器螺钉和螺母。 </li><li>加入3/8英寸橡胶球密封门的内侧。 </li><li>用5/8英寸无聊的钻头，钻在顶部面板的中心，进气口的孔。 </li><li>钻在背面板上的出口底部/中心有1/2英寸的孔。 </li><li>通过蒸汽室的所述出口孔的后壁推动的3/8英寸穿墙适配器的螺纹部分组装的出口端口。从安装螺母内室举行到位。 </li><li>从聚碳酸酯板取下保护盖。 </li><li>附加的1英寸片PEX管材的到T型连接器，并通过在从内侧腔室顶部的孔强制PEX管材。 </li><li>附加一个3/8英寸90弯头从外部的1英寸PEX管材的顶部。 注：钻在门上的1/2英寸的孔，并插入一个1/2英寸的密封隔成孔。 </li><li>重复步骤1-22仅供空气控制室。 </li></ol> 2，机架和空气输送大会<ol><li>如果放置室上在材料清单中提到的车/架，根据制造商的指示组装车。 </li><li>与备用螺母和螺栓，附加一个废料片聚碳酸酯到机架以保持气流调节器。 </li><li>任何地方的废料一块聚碳酸酯，标记和钻3/4英寸的孔为气流监管机构和监管部门重视与坚果提供。 </li><li>连接3/8英寸穿墙适配器与空气流量调节器的入口和出口。 </li><li>组装乙醇量瓶中，用曝气石，＃8挡和快速释放的在线连接。 </li><li>使用3/8英寸Tygon管，连接流量调节器，以使空气泵和乙醇的烧瓶， 如图1。 </li><li>用于空气只室中，附加的气流调节器的出口与入口3/8英寸90弯头用3/8英寸的聚乙烯管， 如图1。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51839/51839fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 的蒸气腔室的结构如图1所示。示意图。一个T型连接器连接到低噪声的空气泵。 T形连接器的一侧是直接连接到一个气流调节器的空气只有蒸汽室。在其他SIDE是再次分裂，并连接到两个不同的气流调节器，一个用于空气和1为乙醇。空气腔室直接连接到调节器，如图所示。对乙醇蒸汽室，一个气流调节器被连接到曝气石浸渍于液体乙醇中的过滤器的烧瓶中。过滤烧瓶的侧臂端口与空气调节器的输出连接所指示的。合并的乙醇蒸气与空气然后被连接到乙醇蒸气腔室的入口。出口管（未示出）被连接到在室内的换气口。 3，测试蒸汽房及调整色阶乙醇<ol><li>加600毫升190标准乙醇的过滤烧瓶中，将曝气石，挂钩到入口管向烧瓶的侧臂。 </li><li>关闭室门，并打开空气泵。 </li><li>调节气流调节器，使约一半的空气流过液体的醇，因为它是用混合的空气。 Adjus吨的空气只向空气流的乙醇室的酒精和空气的混合流。 </li><li>允许腔室，以测量空气乙醇浓度之前平衡至少30分钟。 </li><li>通过提取5毫升空气用18G针和60毫升注射器通过隔膜测量空气的乙醇浓度。通过绘制柱塞回〜60毫升（1:12稀释）稀释的样品与室内空气。按照制造商的指示使用呼吸测量空气乙醇水平。室内空气的稀释是需要在酒精的检测范围内实现酒精蒸汽的水平。 注意：如果使用不同级别的醇接触的稀释度可能需要进行调整。 </li><li>作为一个起点，因为需要达到约4.5-5克/分升（每克空气升汽化酒精）的空气酒精浓度调节气流调节器。 </li></ol> 4，动物育种<ol><li>女性群体内部C578BL / 6小鼠（2-3月龄）至少1周同步卵巢周期。 </li><li>单独房子雄性C57BL / 6小鼠（2-5月龄）至少2周。 </li><li>同步后，把一个单身女性与5天一个男丁，以便交配。 </li><li>以下交配，除去男性和女性单独房子并将其放置在室内。 </li></ol> 5，前和产后乙醇蒸气曝光<ol><li>暴露怀孕母畜乙醇蒸气每天4小时的光周期开始于上午10点（灯从早上6点 - 下午6点），除了诞生之日起，以防止小狗死亡。 </li><li>权衡对妊娠天（G）5，G13-G14，G18和-G20大坝监测怀孕;床上用品是天，女性进行称重，以减少搬运改变。 </li><li>每天更换食物的乙醇染毒组，以避免球团矿的消耗吸收到他们的任何乙醇。 </li><li>于年月日出生不公开的动物。出生后暴露母鼠和幼鼠，每天4小时开始时从P1-P12 10。 </li><li>权衡在P2，P8，P12，和P25幼仔;并更改P8和P12的床上用品，尽量减少额外的处理。 </li><li>紧随最后曝光（P12）后，将笼子转移到一个标准的动物房的房间。 </li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

在这里，我们将详细介绍方法的蒸气吸入室的建设。构建室所需要的材料和工具可容易地从多家商业供应商的步骤和腔室的结构相对简单。我们在这里描述的系统不包含任何直列式止回阀以防止反向流动和混合。我们无法测量任何酒精检测空气中的唯一腔说我们没有任何混合或乙醇回流到空气中只有室。只有腔室应定期检查对乙醇蒸汽的空气（应当指出的是，气室应始终乙醇室之前进行测试，以?...

怀孕期间饮酒可能会损害胎儿，造成持续性的改变在许多器官和系统，显著降低生活质量受影响的个人和家庭。据估计，女性约10〜30％的怀孕，在美国期间喝酒，在一个狂欢的模式1,2 1-8％饮用。胎儿发育过程中由乙醇暴露产生影响的范围内被统称为胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASDs）。最近的估计表明，FASDs与患病率高达美国3 2-5％一个主要的公共卫生问题。 FASDs较严重的表现为胎儿酒精综合症（FAS），其特点是生长发育迟缓，颅面畸形和神经行为缺陷，包括学习障碍。 FAS的患病率估计为0.2-0.7％，在美国3。对于FASDs目前可用的治疗只是部分有效和更有效的治疗方法的发展是由这种复杂疾病的频谱的细胞和分子基础的认识不足的限制。 从全国出生缺陷预防研究（NBDPS）的数据表明，孕妇在第一孕期最常见的饮料，怀孕已检测前，中后妊娠2阶段其次是禁欲。 NBDPS接受还发现，乙醇消费量在妊娠期间的第二个最常见的模式涉及到整个怀孕2的所有孕期饮用。其原因包括缺乏认识胎儿酒精暴露（即使在低剂量），有限的访问产前检查，对神经精神疾病阳性家族史，以及滥用或酒精依赖4的潜在有害影响。有趣的是，NBDPS报道，消费的第三个最常见的模式在1禁欲参与<sup&gt;第一及第二学期其次是消费的第三季度，当它常常想当然地认为饮酒是安全的，因为器官已经大部分完成时。然而， 第三学期是一个时期高易感性乙醇引起的神经系统损害，因为这是当神经回路发生深刻的细化2期。 NBDPS接受还发现酒精消费在怀孕期间发生的其他不太常见的模式，包括整个第一和第二孕期其次是禁欲第三学期2时消耗。 在试图建模乙醇消耗量的不同图案的孕妇观察到，一些发育乙醇曝光范式已经建立了采用不同的动物物种，与大鼠和小鼠是最常见的5,6。怀孕在这些动物中的停留时间通常拉斯TS约3周，其对应于1 次和人类妊娠的第二个三个月。许多啮齿动物的研究已经评估不同剂量和乙醇曝光模式在这一时期的影响。通过液体的饮食7,8，加入乙醇到饮用水9,10，糖精增甜的解决方案的自愿饮用11，灌胃12，蒸气吸入13经常用于施用乙醇怀孕小鼠的方法和大鼠的例子包括管理和皮下或腹膜内注射14。这些研究的结果都概括几个在人类与FASDs观察到的赤字，在怀孕的早期阶段表明曝光足够整个大脑（在6,15审阅）损坏的神经元回路。 实验用啮齿类动物也显示出，等效于3 次时的曝光</sup&gt;人类妊娠，这大致对应于第一1-2周出生后的大鼠和小鼠中，中晚期可以显著影响大脑的发育。暴露在此期间进行了建模通过施用乙醇新生大鼠或小鼠。使用各种方法，包括通过胃造口术在人工饲养的动物16-18，胃内插管19， ​​皮下注射20馈送，并且蒸气吸入21,22乙醇已被施用给这些动物。这些研究令人信服地证明，大脑的井喷式增长是高发期易受乙醇6发育的影响。 正如上面提到的，在怀孕的各个孕期饮酒是酒精消费的女性2的通用模式。然而，相对很少有研究评估了利用动物模型曝光此模式的影响。一些研究已经采取advantagË大型动物，其中第三学期相当于在子宫内 ，而不是在新生儿期出现在大鼠和小鼠的情况下。这些动物模型包括非人类的灵长类23,24和羊25-27。然而，这些动物模型中没有得到广泛使用，因为成本高，需要专门的护理设施中FASDs研究，部分。鼠害已较常用的表征对胎儿发育5全孕期酒精暴露的影响。豚鼠在这方面给出了大脑的成熟其广泛的产前发展和相似之处，人类28,29的是特别有利的。用豚鼠，它有可能为乙醇曝光的效果刻画在子宫内 ，其中包括人类第三孕期的等效发展时期。这些动物中的相对较高的成本，以及其怀孕的时间比较长（〜67天），已经它们的使用仅限于工作FASDs研究的几个实验室。 因为在生物医学研究中的成本效益和广泛应用，研究者用大鼠在妊娠的各个孕期暴露于酒精模型。在最初的研究中，大鼠在怀孕期间通过流质饮食其次是乙醇行政胃经人工饲养的新生儿（出生后的天数（P）1-10），导致血峰乙醇含量（BEC）在0.08克/分升的大坝暴露而在幼崽0.16克/分升。这种模式引起持久的改变在视神经髓鞘形成和减少贝格曼神经胶质纤维在小脑30-32的数目。同样，使用在第三孕期当量（P4-9）33,34的一部分，通过胃内插管后新生儿的管理给予乙醇孕鼠水坝在狂欢般的方式人工饲养条件下迈尔和合作者。 PEAK孕产妇和小狗建筑物能源效益守则分别为0.3克/分升在两个孕20天，小六。这一切孕期曝光模式导致生长迟缓，这是显著大于在妊娠期间33选择的期间暴露幼仔观察。此外，大鼠相当于所有孕期期间暴露于乙醇中表现出小脑浦肯野和颗粒细胞，显着高于在动物其他时段34暴露观察到的数量的减少。在海马细胞数量的减少也报告了这一模式，但这种影响似乎主要是暴露的后果第三学期相当于35时。涉及行政乙醇通过灌胃既孕鼠及新生小鼠的方法也被用来模拟所有孕早期接触36。这种方法，取得了0.13克/分升的水坝（孕17天）和0.24克/分升小六的幼崽，引起离子的BEC克持久的改变中单胺神经递质的水平在海马和下丘脑，和DNA甲基转移酶和甲基CpG结合蛋白2在海马37,38的表达增加。使用类似的曝光模式（BEC = 0.14-0.2克/分升的水坝和0.2克/分升的幼崽），吉尔- Mohapel 等 39检测增加了新的未成熟的神经元在成年大鼠海马齿状回的数可能代表一种代偿机制，在成年出生的神经元的成熟乙醇诱导的神经元损伤或改变。研究者也试图透过液体饮食暴露水坝或怀孕和哺乳期间9,40饮水来模拟所有的孕期酒精暴露。然而，通过他们的母亲的乳汁露出幼崽的效用是有限的，因为它通常会导致较低的小狗建筑物能源效益守则（ 例如 ，0.002〜0.05克/分升; 41,42）。 小鼠也被用于EXTENS结构延续表征发育乙醇暴露的影响。这种动物模型股上述许多的大鼠动物模型，具有额外的优势的优势，许多转基因小鼠品系可用5。老鼠已经成功地使用了第一 ， 第二或怀孕43,44的第三学期中乙醇的效果来表征。然而，对这些动物的所有孕早期曝光的影响还没有得到很好的特点，因为它在技术上是比较难在相当于人类怀孕的各个孕期暴露小鼠。例如，人工饲养和灌胃，其已经成功地用于在大鼠中，需要在小鼠45更专门的程序。据我们所知，只有一个研究，迄今已尝试研究利用老鼠进行的所有孕期酒精暴露的影响;这些动物暴露于乙醇溶液中的饮用水杜里纳克怀孕和哺乳46。产妇的BEC分别为0.07克/分升和小狗的BEC没有确定，但预计将那些在堤坝的一小部分。 在这里，我们描述了其中的酒精是通过蒸气吸入室给予双方怀孕母畜和新生儿小鼠的所有孕期酒精暴露的新模式。根据先前的设计47蒸气室建成。我们提供了有关如何构建吸入室，开展曝光程序的详细说明。我们还提供对可达到的的BEC和暴露对幼鼠的存活和生长的影响的信息。

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barbed plug fitting (Black) Pkg 10</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>5462K79</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barbed Elbow tube fitting (Black) Pkg 10</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>5463K596</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8&#34; Through-Wall Adapters, Tube to Threaded Pipe</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>5463K851</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phillips Machine screw 4-40</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>91772A112</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Machine screw hex nut 4-40</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90480A005</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Panel-mount flowmeter 2-20</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>41945K76</td>
			<td>3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FLASK, FILTER 1000ML 6/PACK</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89001-800</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Precision Seal Septa</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89084-490</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VWR Black Rubber Stopper #8 1-hole</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>59581-367</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TUBE TYGON R3603 3/8X9/16 50&#39;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89068-556</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TUBE TYGON R3603 1/4X11/16 50&#39;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89068-502</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Aerator Stone P2120</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>32573-007</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8&#34; T-connectors Pk of 20</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>46600-060</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VWR Disconnectors tapered Pk of 10</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>46600-110</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8 Hose Barb valved in-line coupling</td>
			<td>Colder Products Company</td>
			<td>HFCD17612</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Air pump medium capacity</td>
			<td>LMI Manufacturers</td>
			<td>DB60L</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nexelate Wire Shelving 36&#34;W X 24&#34;D X 63&#34;H</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9A990135</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stem Casters Set of (4) 5&#34; Polyurethane Wheel</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9A500591</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Breathalyzer Alco-Sensor III</td>
			<td>Intoximeters, Inc.</td>
			<td>ASIII</td>
			<td>1
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						<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
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						<td style="width:64px;">Qty</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polycarbonate 1/4&#34; clear 48&#34; x 24&#34;</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>8574K23</td>
						<td>10</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Foam Rubber bulb seal 3/8&#34;w x 7/32&#34;h&#160;</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>93085K67</td>
						<td>10ft</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Weld-on #16</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>7515A11</td>
						<td>3</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Piano hinge 12&#34; long</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>1658A11</td>
						<td>2 x 1ft</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hold-down toggle clamps standard</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>5126A26</td>
						<td>8</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PEX tubing 1/2&#34;</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>51275K88</td>
						<td>10ft</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barbed Tee tube fitting (Black) Pkg 10</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>5463K608</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barbed plug fitting (Black) Pkg 10</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>5462K79</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barbed Elbow tube fitting (Black) Pkg 10</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>5463K596</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8&#34; Through-Wall Adapters, Tube to Threaded Pipe</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>5463K851</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phillips Machine screw 4-40</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>91772A112</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Machine screw hex nut 4-40</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>90480A005</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Panel-mount flowmeter 2-20</td>
						<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
						<td>41945K76</td>
						<td>3</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FLASK, FILTER 1000ML 6/PACK</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>89001-800</td>
						<td>2</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Precision Seal Septa</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>89084-490</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VWR Black Rubber Stopper #8 1-hole</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>59581-367</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TUBE TYGON R3603 3/8X9/16 50&#39;</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>89068-556</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TUBE TYGON R3603 1/4X11/16 50&#39;</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>89068-502</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Aerator Stone P2120</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>32573-007</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8&#34; T-connectors Pk of 20</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>46600-060</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VWR Disconnectors tapered Pk of 10</td>
						<td>VWR</td>
						<td>46600-110</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3/8 Hose Barb valved in-line coupling</td>
						<td>Colder Products Company</td>
						<td>HFCD17612</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Air pump medium capacity</td>
						<td>LMI Manufacturers</td>
						<td>DB60L</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nexelate Wire Shelving 36&#34;W X 24&#34;D X 63&#34;H</td>
						<td>Global industrial</td>
						<td>T9A990135</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stem Casters Set of (4) 5&#34; Polyurethane Wheel</td>
						<td>Global industrial</td>
						<td>T9A500591</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
					<tr height="20">
						<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Breathalyzer Alco-Sensor III</td>
						<td>Intoximeters, Inc.</td>
						<td>ASIII</td>
						<td>1</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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construction of vapor chambers used to expose mice to alcohol during the equivalent of all three trimesters of human development

暴露于酒精在开发过程中可能导致的被统称为胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASDs）的形态和行为异常的星座。在光谱的最严重的到底是胎儿酒精综合症（FAS），其特点是生长发育迟缓，颅面畸形学和神经行为缺陷。研究，动物模型，包括啮齿类动物，已经阐明参与FASDs的病理生理许多分子和细胞机制。乙醇处理对怀孕啮齿动物已被用来在怀孕的第一和第二孕期人体暴露模型。孕晚期乙醇消费量在人类已经使用新生儿啮齿类动物为蓝本。然而，很少有研究啮齿动物有特点乙醇暴露在相当于人类怀孕，曝光就是常见于孕妇的模式的所有三个学期的效果。在这里，我们将展示如何从随手打造蒸汽室Øbtainable材料，可以各容纳6个标准鼠笼。我们描述了一个蒸汽室的范例，可以用来模拟暴露于乙醇中，用最少的处理，在所有的3个三个月。我们的研究表明，怀孕母畜发展显著的代谢耐受乙醇。然而，新生小鼠没有发展代谢宽容和胎儿的数目，胎儿体重，胎盘重量，为幼崽/产仔数，死亡幼仔/产仔数和小狗体重并没有显著影响乙醇暴露。这种模式的一个重要优势就是它的适用性与转基因小鼠的研究。此外，这种模式最大限度地减少处理的动物，在胎儿酒精研究的一个主要变乱。

图2A显示了两个孕鼠及新生后代暴露于相对稳定的乙醇蒸气浓度在室内。这些范围。 图2B显示了在妊娠小鼠获得作为时间的函数的的BEC 4-6克/分升之间。的BEC使用标准的醇脱氢酶测定法基于48测量。在G5，能源效益守则迅速上升到〜60毫米2小时暴露后开始见顶，并在4小时暴露期结束。建筑物能源效益守则曝光结束后逐渐下降至〜12毫米的额外4小时后。由G13-14，有一...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development at JoVE.com

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

我们证明的使用，能同时容纳6鼠笼现成材料酒精蒸气室的建设。我们进一步描述了在胎儿酒精暴露的小鼠模型相当于人类怀孕的所有3个学期的使用。这一范式妊娠和产后1-12天期间暴露的动物。

蒸汽腔体建设用于公开小鼠酒精在所有三个学期人类发展的等效

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal ...

construction-vapor-chambers-used-to-expose-mice-to-alcohol-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.6K 次观看.  University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. 我们证明的使用，能同时容纳6鼠笼现成材料酒精蒸气室的建设。我们进一步描述了在胎儿酒精暴露的小鼠模型相当于人类怀孕的所有3个学期的使用。这一范式妊娠和产后1-12天期间暴露的动物。 

视频: Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

人乳内动脉（IMA）移植及内支架置入术：人体模型支架内再狭窄的研究开发

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

科研

医学

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to lessen the impact of debilitating conditions but remain elusive in many cases. Only by understanding the causes and pathology of diseases associated with aging, can scientists begin to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop strategies for intervention. The most common age-related conditions are neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and blindness. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Genome wide association studies have previously identified loci that are associated with increased susceptibility to this disease and identified two regions of interest: complement factor H (CFH) and the 10q26 locus, where the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HtrA1) genes are located. CFH acts as a negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system while HtrA1 is an extracellular serine protease. ARMS2 is located upstream of HtrA1 in the primate genome, although the gene is absent in mice. To study the effects of these genes, humanized knock-in mouse lines of Cfh and ARMS2, knockouts of Cfh, HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4 as well as a conditional neural deletion of HtrA2 were generated. Of all the genetically engineered mice produced only mice lacking HtrA2, either systemically or in neural tissues, displayed clear phenotypes. In order to examine these mice thoroughly and systematically, an initial phenotyping schedule was established, consisting of a series of tests related to two main diseases of interest: AMD and Parkinson's. Genetically modified mice can be subjected to appropriate experiments to identify phenotypes that may be related to the associated diseases in humans. A phenotyping regimen with a mitochondrial focus is presented here alongside representative results from the tests of interest.

A reverse-genetics approach to understanding gene families associated with human disease is presented, using mouse as a model system, and the subsequent mouse phenotyping schedule is described. Because mice defective in a gene of interest, HtrA2, manifested Parkinsonian symptoms, the phenotyping regimen is focused on identifying neurological defects.

一个表型养生为用于研究衰老的人类疾病基因牵连转基因小鼠

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to ...

Contractility Measurements of Human Uterine Smooth Muscle to Aid Drug Development

Discovery and characterization of novel pharmaceutical compounds or biochemical probes rely on robust and physiologically relevant assay systems. We describe methods to measure ex vivo myometrium contractility. This assay can be used to investigate factors and molecules involved in the modulation of myometrial contraction and to determine their excitatory or inhibitory actions, and hence their therapeutic potential in vivo. Biopsies are obtained from women undergoing cesarean section delivery with informed consent. Fine strips of myometrium are dissected, clipped and attached to a force transducer within 1 mL organ baths superfused with physiological saline solution at 37 &#176;C. Strips develop spontaneous contractions within 2&#8211;3 h under set tension and remain stable for many hours (&#62;6 h). Strips can also be stimulated to contract such as by the endogenous hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, which cause concentration-dependent modulation of contraction frequency, force and duration, to more closely resemble contractions in labor. Hence, the effect of known and novel drug leads can be tested on spontaneous and agonist-induced contractions.
This protocol specifically details how this assay can be used to determine the potency of known and novel agents by measuring their effects on various parameters of human myometrial contraction. We use the oxytocin- and V1a receptor antagonists, atosiban and SR49059 as examples of known compounds which inhibit oxytocin- and vasopressin-induced contractions, and demonstrate how this method can be used to complement and validate pharmacological data obtained from cell-based assays to aid drug development. The effects of novel agonists in comparison to oxytocin and vasopressin can also be characterized. Whilst we use the example of the oxytocin/ vasopressin system, this method can also be used to study other receptors and ion channels that play a role in uterine contraction and relaxation to advance the understanding of human uterine physiology and pathophysiology.

This article describes experimental protocols to study ex vivo contractions of human myometrium and their application in drug discovery. This technique is used to improve the understanding of myometrial physiology and pathophysiology as well as to validate pharmacological data from novel research probes or drug leads.

人子宫平滑肌的收缩力测量对药物开发的帮助

Discovery and characterization of novel pharmaceutical compounds or biochemical probes rely on robust and physiologically relevant assay systems. We ...

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

一项临床试验，评估基于橄榄油的三腔袋的亲子营养的安全性、有效性和交付

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) Test

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a reliable measure of sweet, salty, and umami taste detection thresholds from childhood to adulthood. Advantages of the method include procedures that are identical for children and adults, thus allowing the determination of age-related and individual differences in taste perception, if any, and tasks that can be completed in a relatively short time frame, do not rely on continuous attention or require memorization, control for subjective response biases, and minimize the impact of language development. After a 1 hour fast, participants are presented with pairs of solutions; in each pair, one solution is water, and the other solution contains varying concentrations of the tastant.
Using a whole-mouth tasting method, participants taste each solution (without swallowing and with rinsing between tastings) and then point to the solution with a taste or that tastes different from water. The concentration of the stimulus in the subsequent pair increases after a single incorrect response and decreases after two consecutive correct responses. A reversal occurs when the concentration sequence changes direction. The task is deemed completed after the occurrence of four reversals, provided there are a maximum of two dilution steps between two successive reversals, and the series of reversals do not form an ascending pattern. These additional criteria ensure greater reliability in outcomes. The TDT is then calculated as the geometric mean of the concentrations of the four reversals. This method has real-world relevance as it provides information on a dimension of taste perception that is independent of hedonics, and that can change with aging and certain disease states, making it a valuable psychophysical test.

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold TDT Test

Psychophysical tools measure the functionality of the taste system for both research and health assessment purposes. This paper describes a method to measure taste detection thresholds that can determine the lowest concentration of sucrose, sodium chloride, or monosodium glutamate that can be tasted by individuals as young as 6 years.

评估儿童、青少年和成人味觉检测阈值的心理物理跟踪方法：味觉检测阈值（TDT）测试

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

一种生成周期负荷诱导的大鼠膝关节内软骨病变模型的非侵入性方法

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...

大鼠膝骨关节炎的标准化推拿手法

Tuina Manipulation to Reduce Inflammation and Cartilage Loss in Knee Osteoarthritis Rats

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its mechanism. Therefore, the manipulation of animal models of knee osteoarthritis is critical. This protocol provides a standard process for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of Tuina for KOA. The press and kneading manipulation method (a kind of Tuina manipulation that refers to pressing and kneading the specific area of the body surface) is applied on 5 acupoints around the knee joint of rats. The force and frequency of the manipulation were standardized by finger pressure recordings, and the position of the rat during manipulation is described in detail in the protocol. The effect of manipulation can be measured by pain behavior tests and microscopic findings in synovial and cartilage. KOA rats showed significant improvement in pain behavior. The synovial tissue inflammatory infiltration was reduced in the Tuina group, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945; was significantly lower. Compared to the control group, chondrocyte apoptosis was less in the Tuina group. This study provides a standardized protocol for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and preliminary proof that the therapeutic effects of Tuina may be related to reducing synovial inflammation and delayed chondrocyte apoptosis.

作者聚焦：了解大鼠推拿操作的机制 

We present a protocol for Tuina manipulation performed on plaster-immobilized-induced knee osteoarthritis rats. Based on the preliminary results, it suggested that the efficacy of the method relied on the reduction of inflammation and cartilage loss.

推拿操作以减少膝关节骨关节炎大鼠的炎症和软骨损失

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its ...