The authors would like to acknowledge the Cleveland Metroparks, including J. Grieser, J. Markowitz, B. Garman, and supporting staff; Case Western Reserve University, Dr. J. Burns; and GLISTEN, the Great Lakes Innovative Stewardship through Education Network.

1.河岸鉴定<ol><li>确定在流的一侧银行的均匀截面。由银行，不同银行的材料，或植被休息的显着不同的斜率区别本节。此部分河岸的应该从两侧的部分明显不同。没有一个最小值或银行的最大长度。分离极长的路段分成小段将简化评估。 </li></ol> 2.预筛选BEHI问卷（图1） <ol><li>回答关于从图1是/否响应的均匀河岸节以下问题。 <ol><li>回答这个问题：“做银行表现出小于或等于50％的保护在银行的脚趾的军装款吗？”脚趾位于它在基流条件下遇水银行的基础;平均底部六到八英寸的银行。普罗特挠度包括嵌入式巨石，嵌入式大型木质残骸，并扎根植被。基岩算作保护足趾;但是，容易破裂基岩不是保护足趾。 </li><li>回答“不为50％以上的银行表现出的底切为0.5英尺或以上​​的？”一个底切银行是已经历侵蚀地面之下的河岸。 </li><li>回答这个问题：“确实在50％以上的银行表现出分层？”分层是地质学明确定义的水平突破。分层的一层必须由能够侵蚀的材料（砂，砾石，或矩阵）的。 </li><li>回答这个问题：“确实该银行50％以上的有十英尺或以上​​，50％以上的土壤暴露银行的高度？” </li><li>回答这个问题：“请问银行表现出缺乏基层银行的材料（土）的50％以上？” </li><li>回答“是50％以上的银行空隙植根植被的？＆＃8221; </li></ol></li><li>如果有，在图1中问卷两个或两个以上的“是”的回答，则执行该银行的BEHI评价，因为这里是河岸冲蚀正在发生或将发生显著机会。 </li><li>如果有，在图1问卷不到两年的“YES”的答案，不要继续进行BEHI评估，因为银行正在经历几乎没有侵蚀（ 即非常低低BEHI等级）。 </li></ol> 3. BEHI评估数据表（图3） <ol><li>记录日期，天气，和人员提供在BEHI评价数据表中的空格。 </li><li>记录被评估该行的数目。例如，1是第一银行被评估当天，2是第二堤岸被评估，3，4，5 ...等等。 </li><li>取的GPS在最上游（其中水被从流动的）和最下游（其中水我坐标š流向）的银行点。作为站在靠近岸边尽可能确保准确性。 </li><li>拍照时都对银行的上游和下游的点。拍摄的照片在银行的主要特点。采取额外的照片捕捉到了银行或通道（ 即 ，分层，大型木质杂物堵塞等）功能。记录的图片号码，以供参考。 </li><li>记录该流的侧面被评估（左行，右行）。确定左岸和右岸面对下游;左，右分别。 </li><li>测量行高度，以脚，从银行的银行顶部的脚趾。确定银行的顶部由斜坡第一可定义的突破，一般躺在平行水流。 </li><li>测量行长度在脚趾，以英尺，在银行的最上游和最下游点之间。 </li><li>写的是，在回答“是”的问题数最初的“预筛选BEHI问卷”中的第2步。 </li><li>请注意，以基础设施的距离和基础设施的类型（ 即 ，桥梁，涵洞，道路，公用设施，住宅等）。 </li><li>圈下列任何定性指标的存在：无植被中期通道酒吧/辫状河道，裸露的树根两侧，两侧扶着树，露基础设施，大坝下游，滑塌streambanks，headcuts，栖息支流，失败“最佳管理实践”（BMP的），如护岸墙，石笼筐或涵洞。 </li><li>注意银行材料的组合物。记录沿着河岸部分是在评估中发现的主要材料。 注：Streambanks可以是材料的组合。例如，一个银行可能有“页岩脚趾和粉砂与上述跟踪碎石”。 “粉砂”表示多风沙比淤泥和“跟踪砾石”表示少量砾石。 “桑迪淤泥”表示比沙更淤泥。 </li><li>使基于该材料的可蚀性银行材料调整。 <ol><li>减去最多10点的材料不具有侵蚀性的高速率（ 即 ，卵石）。最多可加10分，非常易受侵蚀材料（ 即 ，砂）。材料的混合物（ 即 ，砂一些碎石或粉砂与跟踪碎石）更经常流系统中找到这样的平均得分会比较合适（ 图4）。这不是强制性的调整。 参见图4在结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>确定植物的研究银行高度的平均根系深度的比率，以百分比表示，由植物（ 图5）来估计银行材料的粘附性。 <ol><li>直观地估计根深度垂直从银行的顶部银行的脚趾。对于examp乐，如果根生长在隔堤的上半部分中，根深度将是50％。如果有根从银行到脚趾的顶部生长，根深度将是100％。 </li><li>就拿根沿深度评测下整款的平均百分比。不要认为根源是无效的银行材料（ 即 ，挂根）。 </li><li>估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用“BEHI评分表”，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图5中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>确定通过使银行根材料组成的量的视觉评估根的密度，以百分比表示。 <ol><li>不要认为根源是无效的银行材料。小，须根可以非常稠密并且提供了更大的土壤保持相比树木的大根系统（ 图6A和6B）。估计的基础上的百分比全行，然后用“BEHI评分表”记录得分上的数据表的百分比。 参见图6中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>基流给银行的顶部（ 图7）期间测量从在水线下的银行的角度。极底切银行可以有一个角度高达120度。 <ol><li>放置在一个90度角的水线测量棒，以便估计倾斜角，或者如果可用的使用倾斜计。取平均坡度的下沿评价整节。例如，如果该段主要是90度的一小部分具有110度底切，所记录的程度将是大约100度。 </li><li>估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用“BEHI评分表”，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图7中的结果S挠度。 </li></ol></li><li>确定表面保护本，河岸覆盖和碎木片，带根植物，嵌入式巨石，护岸，基岩，或其它嵌入材料保护河岸免受侵蚀（ 图8）的保护的量。 <ol><li>目测估计河岸的不暴露于侵蚀力的百分比。估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用“BEHI评分表”，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图8中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>视觉上确定分层层数。分层是指在地质学一个明确界定的横断其具有以引起并提高优先侵蚀（ 图9）的区域中的电势。 <ol><li>记录有多少分层的层次都存在。 参见图9中的结果部分。 </li></ol> &lt;/ li&gt; <li>使分层的调整，如果增加侵蚀是由于分层的层发生。 <ol><li>加起来5点为分层的单个层（两个不同的地质层）。最多可加10分，分层的多层（三个不同的地质层）。只调整分层如果至少一个材料层是可侵蚀（砂，砾石，或矩阵）。 </li><li>考虑其中所述分层的层是相对于水， 即 ，分层的层即50英尺以上的基流可能不具有腐蚀性的效果。岸边的脚趾采用分层层可能有一个非常糜烂的效果。平均得分可能是必要的，尤其是当考虑到分层层如何可侵蚀的材料和其中是相对于水。这不是强制性的调整。 </li></ol></li><li>将所有的分数，共同确定整体修改BEHI评价（非常低/低：4 - 15.5，中度：15.75211; 23.5，高：23.75 - 31.5，非常高：31.75 - 36.5，或极端：&gt; 36.5），用于评估河岸。记录总分和所提供的数据表空间的等级。 </li><li>注意到河岸具体情况。例如，河岸上是曲折弯曲，大木质碎片堵塞，一出地方涵洞，或强石油气味的外侧。注意任何失败的基础设施在这里。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rosgen, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Stream+Channel+Assessment+Methodology.">A Stream Channel Assessment Methodology.</a> Proceedings of 7th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. , 26 (2001).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Upper Esopus Creek Management Plan. 1-3, (2007).</li><li>Karr, J. R., Dudley, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+perspective+on+water+quality+goals.">Ecological perspective on water quality goals.</a> Environmental Management. 5 (1), 55-68 (1981).</li><li>Trimble, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+Stream+Channel+Erosion+to+Sediment+Yield+from+an+Urbanizing+Watershed.">Contribution of Stream Channel Erosion to Sediment Yield from an Urbanizing Watershed.</a> Science. 278 (1), 1442-1444 (1997).</li><li>Lee, J. G., Heaney, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+Urban+Imperviousness+and+its+Impacts+on+Storm+Water+Systems.">Estimation of Urban Imperviousness and its Impacts on Storm Water Systems.</a> Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 129 (5), 419-426 (2003).</li><li>Bilotta, G. S., Brazier, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+influence+of+suspended+solids+on+water+quality+and+aquatic+biota.">Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota.</a> Water Research. 42 (12), 2849-2861 (2008).</li><li>Hansen, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streambank+(RBS)+erosion+study+for+the+Minnesota+River+basin.">Streambank (RBS) erosion study for the Minnesota River basin.</a> Report prepared for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. , (2010).</li><li>Fox, N., Goodman, B., Teel, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+Conservation+Reserve+Program+Impacts+on+Smith+Creek+Erosion+Rates+in+the+Shenendoah+Valley.">Evaluating Conservation Reserve Program Impacts on Smith Creek Erosion Rates in the Shenendoah Valley.</a> Virginia Water Research Symposium. , 103-113 (2004).</li><li>Rosgen, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Practical+Method+of+Computing+Streambank+Erosion+Rate.">A Practical Method of Computing Streambank Erosion Rate.</a> , 15 (2001).</li><li>Simpson, A., Turner, I., Brantley, E., Helms, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bank+erosion+hazard+index+as+an+indicator+of+near-bank+aquatic+habitat+and+community+structure+in+a+southeastern+Piedmont+stream.">Bank erosion hazard index as an indicator of near-bank aquatic habitat and community structure in a southeastern Piedmont stream.</a> Ecological Indicators. 43 (1), 19-28 (2014).</li><li>Rosgen, D. L., Frantila, D., Silvey, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=River+Stability:+Field+Guide.">River Stability: Field Guide.</a> Wildland Hydrology. , (2008).</li><li>Prosser, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Huron+and+Cleveland+Shales+of+Northern+Ohio.">The Huron and Cleveland Shales of Northern Ohio.</a> The Journal of Geology. 21 (4), 323-362 (1913).</li><li>Rathbun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+operating+procedure:+assessing+bank+erosion+potential+using+Rosgen's+bank+erosion+hazard+index+(BEHI).">Standard operating procedure: assessing bank erosion potential using Rosgen's bank erosion hazard index (BEHI).</a> Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Water Bureau, Nonpoint Source Division. , (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical steps for accurate completion of the modified BEHI protocol are to: correctly identify a uniform section of streambank to assess, if the streambank length has too much variability it is best to separate and assess smaller segments to accurately capture the erodibility of the streambank; complete the Pre-Screening Questionnaire to confirm that a BEHI assessment should be completed on that streambank, if there is uncertainty in whether a bank passes the Pre-Screening Questionnaire, a BEHI assessment shoul...

溪流的侵蚀是一个自然过程;然而，过度的侵蚀悬浮泥沙2的形式，有助于一个显著量的非点源污染。增加悬浮泥沙影响水质，物理和流3的生物学功能。人类的影响会大大影响河岸侵蚀，显著增加输沙量4，特别是在城市系统中有一个增加雨水径流量和不透水表面5。更高的泥沙量能水质和流6的生态系统产生负面影响。整个克利夫兰城市流域管理办法试图找到和库存的来源和潜在的评级侵蚀河岸的风险，以协助有效的管理策略，以及在河流，河岸和栖息地恢复。 大卫乐志勤，与荒地水文，开发银行侵蚀危险指数（BEHI），其计算上的流溪流的侵蚀的敏感性达到基于若干可蚀变量7的组合。 BEHI使用各种指标来排名的严重程度和溪流的侵蚀的可能性，包括银行材料，分层，根系深度和密度，坡度角，所述平滩高度银行高度比，而且表面保护的存在量。所述BEHI评估分配对应于整体BEHI评级（非常低，低，中，高，非常高，或极端），对于特定的河岸的数值。该协议已有效地评估潜在的河岸侵蚀和8-10可以与其他水质和栖息地评估结合使用。 Streambanks表现出高BEHI等级已经显示，以对应于较少多样化和稳定性较差底栖动物群落，为主机会种11。虽然原BEHI方法我兴利，它可以是非常耗时，很难对非专业人士，并限制在特定的地貌区，专为冲积流条件12量身定做。 是必要的，以解决这些限制修改本协议。 “预筛选问卷”（ 图1）的开发，以识别和消除streambanks有可能排名很低或低，从而专注于更高的水土流失面积的评估，并减少了时间和资源来进行BEHI所需的金额评估对整个流。问卷还涉及见于东北俄亥俄冲积和非冲积流条件之间的地质差异，如极度侵蚀基岩页岩13，这将不会被评定为在原有基础上BEHI协议的侵蚀的材料。消除包括平滩阶段研究银行高比度量，其可以是很难确定，允许更快的河岸的评估和对非专业人士来完成与入门培训的评估。这消除了研究银行高比例的是基于由乔拉思在环境质量14的密执安部门制定了修改BEHI程序。消除的必要性在现场额外的计算，所有其它度量表示为除了坡度百分比，以及分层和银行材料调整。根密度最初表达为土壤根，其中根部延伸的组成的百分比。此乘以根深度占整个银行高度;然而，我们换成这种有根在全行密度的简单估算。分数调整是为了解释为消除研究银行高度的比度量和估计的百分比的原始BEHI评分系统进行。如在原始BEHI描述协议所测量的度量被转换为1-10的风险等级（10为风险最高级别）。从1到10的风险评级对应风险非常低，低，中，高，非常高，而极端潜在侵蚀的评级。根据现场观察10的目录建立这些关系。在改性BEHI协议，分数为研究银行高比度量从原始BEHI评分系统中减去，以反映新的总分数和风险评分（ 图2）。这些修改涉及在美国俄亥俄州东北部原BEHI协议的局限性，并协助保持一致性，减少用户的偏见。 改性BEHI协议被用来评估内克利夫兰城市几个高优先级流。原来BEHI评估是由受过训练的克利夫兰景的人员进行，在流的长度，以确认identi修改的有效性fying streambanks与侵蚀率较高。修改后的BEHI协议所使用的专业人士，志愿者，工作人员和学生评价整个克利夫兰城市河岸侵蚀。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="745">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">200&#39; reel tape measure</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Tape measure can be used to measure bank length and height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inclinometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Inclinometer may be used to measure bank angle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:216px;">GPS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">GPS is used to take points along the stream, make sure for mapping purposes to use a GPS that takes accurate readings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Camera is used to take photos of the banks under assessment and of any major stream features.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. Sediments from highly eroding streambanks are a major source of pollution in a stream system and have the potential to jeopardize habitat, infrastructure, and stream function. Watershed management practices throughout the Cleveland Metroparks attempt to locate and inventory the source and rate the risk of potential streambank erosion to assist in formulating effect stream, riparian, and habitat management recommendations. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), developed by David Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology is a fluvial geomorphic assessment procedure used to evaluate the susceptibility of potential streambank erosion based on a combination of several variables that are sensitive to various processes of erosion. This protocol can be time consuming, difficult for non-professionals, and confined to specific geomorphic regions. To address these constraints and assist in maintaining consistency and reducing user bias, modifications to this protocol include a &#8220;Pre-Screening Questionnaire&#8221;, elimination of the Study Bank-Height Ratio metric including the bankfull determination, and an adjusted scoring system. This modified protocol was used to assess several high priority streams within the Cleveland Metroparks. The original BEHI protocol was also used to confirm the results of the modified BEHI protocol. After using the modified assessment in the field, and comparing it to the original BEHI method, the two were found to produce comparable BEHI ratings of the streambanks, while significantly reducing the amount of time and resources needed to complete the modified protocol.

Streambanks未通过预筛分问卷，并没有评估与改性BEHI协议，排名低或非常低时，与原来的BEHI协议（ 图10）进行评估。这支持使用预筛选问卷的方式来快速识别遇到中度侵蚀极度率streambanks。 如图10所示。 在一般情况下，streambanks评估置于使用原始和修改后的BEHI协议相同的最终BEHI评级。评估与两个BEHI协议streambanks十六出18，或者89％接受相...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen&#8217;s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

修改银行侵蚀危险指数（BEHI）协议的河岸侵蚀美国俄亥俄州东北部的快速评估

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. ...

modifying-bank-erosion-hazard-index-behi-protocol-for-rapid

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

9.0K 次观看.  Cleveland Metroparks. Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen’s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

视频: Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. Unfortunately, traditional benthic larval sampling methods, such as the dip-net, can be time-consuming and expensive. An alternative protocol involves collection of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Chironomidae is a species-rich family of flies (Diptera) whose immature stages typically occur in aquatic habitats. Adult chironomids emerge from the water, leaving their pupal skins, or exuviae, floating on the water&#8217;s surface. Exuviae often accumulate along banks or behind obstructions by action of the wind or water current, where they can be collected to assess chironomid diversity and richness. Chironomids can be used as important biological indicators, since some species are more tolerant to pollution than others. Therefore, the relative abundance and species composition of collected SFPE reflect changes in water quality. Here, methods associated with field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of chironomid SFPE are described in detail. Advantages of the SFPE method include minimal disturbance at a sampling area, efficient and economical sample collection and laboratory processing, ease of identification, applicability in nearly all aquatic environments, and a potentially more sensitive measure of ecosystem stress. Limitations include the inability to determine larval microhabitat use and inability to identify pupal exuviae to species if they have not been associated with adult males.

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

使用摇蚊科（双翅目）的表面浮蛹蜕为快速生物议定书水体

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

科研

环境科学

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

协议塑料微粒采样的海面和样品分析

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and stability of the suspension. In this study, a systematic step-wise approach is carried out to identify optimal sonication conditions in order to achieve a stable dispersion. This approach has been adopted and shown to be suitable for several nanomaterials (cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) dispersed in deionized (DI) water. However, with any change in either the nanomaterial type or dispersing medium, there needs to be optimization of the basic protocol by adjusting various factors such as sonication time, power, and sonicator type as well as temperature rise during the process. The approach records the dispersion process in detail. This is necessary to identify the time points as well as other above-mentioned conditions during the sonication process in which there may be undesirable changes, such as damage to the particle surface thus affecting surface properties. Our goal is to offer a harmonized approach that can control the quality of the final, produced dispersion. Such a guideline is instrumental in ensuring dispersion quality repeatability in the nanoscience community, particularly in the field of nanotoxicology.

Here, we present a step-wise protocol for the dispersion of nanomaterials in aqueous media with real-time characterization to identify the optimal sonication conditions, intensity, and duration for improved stability and uniformity of nanoparticle dispersions without impacting the sample integrity.

纳米材料在水介质中的分散: 对协议优化的研究

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity testing has been demonstrated. Overall, the sensitivity of the species to toxic compounds is in the range with, or higher than, that of other model species.
This work describes protocols for acute, chronic, and multigenerational bioassays of single and combined stressor effects on N. furzeri. Due to its short maturation time and life-cycle, this vertebrate model allows the study of endpoints such as maturation time and fecundity within four months. Transgenerational full life-cycle exposure trials can be performed in as little as 8 months. Since this species produces eggs that are drought-resistant and remain viable for years, the on-site culture of the species is not needed but individuals can be recruited when required. The protocols are designed to measure life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

In this work, we describe an acute, chronic and multigenerational bioassay to study the effects of single and combined stressors on the Turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. This protocol is designed to study life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

绿松石鳉鱼的急性和慢性毒性测试协议Nothobranchius furzeri

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity ...

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and toxicological studies. Using automated digital tracking platforms, recent efforts in neuropharmacology are leveraging larval fish locomotor behaviors to identify potential therapeutic targets for novel small molecules. Similar to these efforts, research in the environmental sciences and comparative pharmacology and toxicology is examining various behaviors of fish models as diagnostic tools in tiered evaluation of contaminants and real-time monitoring of surface waters for contaminant threats. Whereas the zebrafish is a popular larval fish model in the biomedical sciences, the fathead minnow is a common larval fish model in ecotoxicology. Unfortunately, fathead minnow larvae have received considerably less attention in behavioral studies. Here, we develop and demonstrate a behavioral profile protocol using caffeine as a model neurostimulant. Though photomotor responses of fathead minnows were occasionally affected by caffeine, zebrafish&#160;were markedly more sensitive for photomotor and locomotor endpoints, which responded at environmentally relevant levels. Future studies are needed to understand comparative behavioral sensitivity differences among fish with age and time of day, and to determine whether similar behavioral effects would occur in nature and be indicative of adverse outcomes at the individual or population levels of biological organization.

Here, we present a protocol to examine larval zebrafish and fathead minnow locomotor activities and photomotor responses (PMR) using an automated tracking software. When incorporated in common toxicology bioassays, analyses of these behaviors provide a diagnostic tool to examine chemical bioactivity. This protocol is described using caffeine, a model neurostimulant.

检测幼虫行为反应剖面的实验协议: 在神经刺激咖啡因中的应用

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to severe environmental impacts. The understanding of sheet erosion is, consequently, a worldwide issue with implications for both environment and economies. However, the knowledge on how erosion evolves in space and time is still limited, as well as its effects on the environment. Below, we explain a new dendrogeomorphological protocol for deriving eroded soil thickness (Ex) by acquiring accurate microtopographic data using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and microtopographic profile gauges. Additionally, standard dendrogeomorphic procedures, dependent on anatomical variations in root rings, are utilized to establish the timing of exposure. Both TLS and microtopographic profile gauges are used to obtain ground surface pro&#64257;les, from which Ex is estimated after the threshold distance (TD) is determined, i.e., the distance between the root and the sediment knickpoint, which allows de&#64257;ning the lowering of the ground surface caused by sheet erosion. For each profile, we measured the height between the topside of the root and a virtual plane tangential to the ground surface. In this way, we intended to avoid small-scale impacts of soil deformation, which may be due to pressures exerted by the root system, or by the arrangement of exposed roots. This may provoke small amounts of soil sedimentation or erosion depending on how they physically affect the surface runoff. We demonstrate that an adequate microtopographic characterization of exposed roots and their associated ground surface is very valuable to obtain accurate erosion rates. This finding could be utilized to develop the best management practices designed to eventually halt or perhaps, at least, lessen soil erosion, so that more sustainable management policies can be put into practice.

Characterizing erosion from dendrogeomorphology has usually focused on accurately finding the starting time of root exposure, by examining macroscopic or cell level changes caused by exposure. Here, we offer a detailed description of different novel techniques to obtain more precise erosion rates from highly accurate microtopographic data.

利用树形地貌估算板材侵蚀速率的实验室和现场协议

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...