资金用于撰写和发布本文通过多种赠款和合同昆虫学系的摇蚊研究小组（LC Ferrington，小，PI）在明尼苏达大学提供了依据。 感谢弥敦道罗伯茨分享作为数字照片四野在视频中与此相关的手稿。

1.准备的现场采集耗材<ol><li>确定应基于该研究设计来收集，并获得一个样品罐（ 例如，60ml）中的每个样品SFPE样本的数目。 </li><li>准备两个日期和位置标签每个样品罐。将一个在里面，并加盖对方的罐子外面。确保每个日期和地点标签包括以下信息：国家，州，县，市，水体，GPS坐标，日期和人（S）的名字收集样品。 </li><li>收集其他特殊材料和设备（见表具体材料/设备）。 </li></ol> 2.现场采集<ol><li>持有幼虫盘，一手在其他筛子。浸幼虫托盘放入水中，其中SFPE积聚（ 如，泡沫积累，断枝，紧急植被，杂物，背漩涡，并沿边缘的银行）（ 图2A），允许笏呃，蜕皮和杂物进入幼虫托盘，通过筛倒出这种材料。如果取样在激流系统，开始在样品到达下游端和上游工作（ 图2B）。如果取样在静水系统，开始在顺风海岸线。 <ol><li> 10分钟重复步骤2.1（或作为另外定义为一个特定的抽样制度）内的每个预先确定样品到达（通常100-200米从流收集的样本，但依赖于水生监测点的总面积）; SFPE聚集区之间移动为宜。 </li></ol></li><li>集中在碎片用喷瓶灌满水从采样点的筛子的一个区域，并仔细转移SFPE样本预先标记的样品罐钳的帮助和乙醇的喷瓶流。填充用乙醇样品罐。 </li><li>重复步骤2.1至2.2的所有样品。 </li></ol> 3.样品采摘注意：此协议的其余部分涉及一个300 SFPE子样本，并可能需要进行修改，对于其他子样本大小。见查德和Ferrington的二次抽样9采样频率为准则SFPE剪裁方法，以满足特定的研究目标和资源。 <ol><li>分配的1打兰小瓶每个SFPE样品;准备一个日期和地点标签将每个瓶中并填补小瓶¾充满乙醇。 </li><li>从相应的样本罐子取下盖子，检查连接蛹蜕皮。轻轻冲洗掉盖子上的内容用喷瓶充满乙醇的培养皿。找到并使用镊子从样品罐中拆掉标签，轻轻冲洗掉标签的内容到培养皿。抛开标签。 </li><li>转移样品罐的内容到一个幼虫托盘，用乙醇漂洗，以确保没有SFPE留在样品罐。转让蛹蜕，住宅建设的一部分因，和乙醇从托盘到培养皿。确保该样品是覆盖在乙醇。 </li><li>将立体显微镜下培养皿。系统地扫描培养皿蛹蜕皮的内容。挑选使用镊子，并放入小瓶菜都蛹蜕皮。不要挑标本被破坏（ 即不具有至少一半的头胸部和腹部），干燥，或压缩，以避免以后的识别问题。 注：鉴定物种往往需要将整个样品存在时，虽然在某些情况下，属级鉴定可能与局部标本。 <ol><li>漩涡菜和扫描附加蛹蜕皮，包括任何可能被粘在培养皿的两侧，以及，任何小和半透明标本可能没有被最初检测到。重复，直到连续两次扫描显示没有额外的蛹蜕皮。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤3.3和3.4，直到所有或​​300蛹蜕都被接走。当300蛹蜕皮已经拾取，从培养皿返回残余物，幼虫托盘和冲洗培养皿用乙醇。然后，从幼虫托盘传送残渣到空样品瓶，加入的时间和位置的标签，并把盖子上的罐子。保留或根据具体项目的协议处理残留物。 </li></ol> 4.样品排序<ol><li>倾所有拾取蛹蜕皮从标记小瓶到培养皿填充有足够的乙醇以刚好覆盖试样。 </li><li>下一个立体显微镜，标本分离成不同形态组（ 即 morphotaxa），并把每个morphotaxon成单独标记的小瓶充满3/4 个充满乙醇。 <ol><li>利用外部形态特征分开摇蚊morphotaxa。例如，从该头胸部，使用在存在，大小，形状的差异，并着色头侧瘤，疣正面，正面刚毛，和胸角。从腹部，用刺，hookrows，鲨鱼皮，刚毛，杂散腹段，除了肛门裂片为morphotaxa分离（ 图4A）。见Ferrington 等人 5，•塞特26，平德和赖斯27为附加描述和形态特征的数字。 </li><li>使用额外的乙醇，如果标本开始变干。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.将安装<ol><li>填充多孔板的一个孔中的每个morphotaxon用95％的乙醇。 <ol><li>放置多个表示（ 例如，总的25％）被滑动安装到板的各个孔中的每个morphotaxon的。允许标本坐在井为至少10分钟，进行脱水充分。 </li></ol></li><li>标签幻灯片合适的站点，收集和鉴定informati上（ 图3）。 </li><li>在立体显微镜载玻片的地方。 注：贴在舞台上滑动的模板是一致的布局非常有用。 </li><li>将Euparal的幻灯片上的一滴;传播Euparal使其近似于盖玻片的大小。与Euparal时，请使用适当的通风。 注：与Euparal时，请使用适当的通风。 </li><li>从嵌入使用镊子第一morphotaxon到Euparal的代表。 注：要过多的无效乙醇的标本，使用镊子，轻轻拍打标本实验室湿巾先于Euparal嵌入它。 </li><li>分开用细尖镊子和/或夹层探头（ 图4A）腹部的头胸部。 <ol><li>拆分沿ecdysial缝合（ 图4B）的头胸部并打开头胸部使得缝合边缘上相对的侧面（ 图4C）。 </li><li>东方的Cephalothorax使得腹侧朝上（ 图4C）。 </li><li> UP位置腹部背侧;放置紧接头胸部（ 图4C）以下。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在试样上盖玻片。持盖玻片一角度，与一个边缘接触滑动，然后慢慢降低其拖放盖玻片，以减少空气泡的形成。轻轻地按一下盖玻片压平标本。 </li><li>重复步骤5.3至5.7的所有脱水标本。 </li></ol> 6.鉴定属<ol><li>确定的使用复合显微镜载玻片上的标本的属。确定试样使用按键和诊断中Wiederholm 28和Ferrington 等菌属。5。如果需要，使用Ferrington， 等确认家庭级鉴定。5。注：有，因为Wiederholm 28 Ferrington众多的一般描述和修订，等 5，因此，这些键和诊断是不完整的，并需要与主文献加以补充。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

成功SFPE样品收集，挑选，整理，滑动安装，并识别最关键的步骤是：（1）野外采集（ 图2A）在定位的研究区域内高SFPE聚集区; （2）缓慢地扫描所述培养皿中的样品采摘检测所有SFPE的内容; （3）制定必要的手工灵巧滑动安装（ 图4A）在解剖从腹部的头胸部; （4）承认摇蚊蛹蜕关键形态学特征正确识别到属。 检测的高SFPE积累（ 图2A）的区...

生物监测方案，它使用活的生物体来评估环境健康，经常被用来评价水质或监测生态系统恢复计划的成功。自1989年1快速生物的协议（RBP）利用大型底栖无脊椎动物组合已经国家水资源管理机构的欢迎。传统的抽样大型底栖动物的限制性商业惯例的方法，如畅游网，Surber取样和采样赫斯2，可时间耗时，昂贵，并可能只从一个特定的微生3测量组合。生成有关特定水体的生物信息的有效，替代RBP涉及收集摇蚊表面浮蛹蜕（SFPE）3。 该摇蚊科（昆虫纲：双翅目），俗称非蠓，是holometabolous苍蝇正在成为成人之前，通常发生在水环境<html> 60;在水的表面。摇蚊的家庭是物种丰富，全球约有描述5000种;然而，多达20000物种估计存在4。摇蚊是在记录水与居住环境的质量，因为其高度多样性和可变污染公差等级5许多水生生态系统中非常有用。此外，他们往往在水生系统中最丰富和广泛的大型底栖动物，一般占50％以上的品种，在社会5,6。继陆地成人出现，蛹蜕（投蛹皮）仍浮在水面（ 图1）。蛹蜕皮积累沿银行或后面的障碍物通过风或水流的作用，可以很容易和快速地收集，得到与上24-48小时7中已经出现摇蚊物种的综合样本。 ntent“&gt;的相对丰度，并收集SFPE的分类构成反映水质，考虑到一些种类非常宽容的污染，有的则是相当敏感的5 SFPE方法比传统的摇蚊幼虫的采样技术许多优点，包括：（1）最小，如果有的话，生境破坏发生在取样面积;（2）样本不注重收集活的生物体，而是无生命的肌肤，让社会动态的轨迹不会受到影响;（3）鉴定属，和常的物种，是比较容易得到适当的密钥和描述3;（4）收集，处理，以及确定用样品是有效和经济相比传统采样方法3,8,9;（5）累计蜕皮表示源自类群广泛微生境10;（6）该方法在几乎所有的水生环境是适用的，包括溪流和河流，河口，湖泊ES，池塘，岩石池和湿地;和（7）SFPE说不定是生态系统健康更敏感的指标，因为它们代表了已完成所有的未成熟阶段并成功成为大人11个人。 该SFPE方法不收集有关摇蚊社区信息的新途径。利用SFPE首次由蒂内曼12在20世纪初提出。各种研究已经使用了SFPE分类调查（ 如，13-15），生物多样性和生态研究（ 如 7,16-19），以及生物评估（ 如，20-22）。此外，一些研究已经解决了样本设计，样本大小，和所需的用于实现种或属（ 例如，8,9,23）的各种检测水平样本的事件数的不同方面。这些研究表明，种或属的相对高百分比可以与中等避免费劲地检测T或与费用来样加工有关。例如，安德森和Ferrington 8确定，基于100计数子样本， 第三届 1/3更少的时间被要求挑选相比，浸净样品SFPE样本。另一项研究确定了3-4 SFPE样品可以进行排序，并确定了每一个浸净样品，并且样品SFPE比浸净样品更有效的检测，在物种的物种丰富度增加了3。例如，在站点物种丰富度15-16种值，平均倾斜度，净效率为45.7％，而SFPE样品分别为97.8％，有效率3。 重要的是，SFPE方法已经标准化，在欧洲联盟24（称为摇蚊蛹蜕皮技术（CPET））和北美25生态评估，但该方法尚未被详细描述。所述SFPE方法的一个应用是通过Ferrington， 等人描述。 <s达&gt; 3;然而，该研究的主要焦点是评价SFPE方法的有效性，有效性和经济性。这项工作的目的是描述所有步骤SFPE方法的细节，包括样品采集，实验室处理，滑动安装，并属鉴定。目标受众包括研究生，研究人员和专业人士有意拓展传统的水质监测工作到学业。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S25309B&#160;</td>
			<td>70-95%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic wash bottles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0340923B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample jar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0333510B</td>
			<td>Glass or plastic, 60-mL recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing sieve</td>
			<td>Advantech</td>
			<td>120SS12F</td>
			<td>125-micron mesh size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Larval tray</td>
			<td>BioQuip</td>
			<td>5524</td>
			<td>White</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass shell vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0333926B</td>
			<td>1-dram size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic dropper</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1371110</td>
			<td>30 to 35 drops/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>BioQuip</td>
			<td>4524</td>
			<td>#5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>741158</td>
			<td>Glass or plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-well plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">144530</td>
			<td>Glass or plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microslides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3010002</td>
			<td>3 x 1 in.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cover slips</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12-519-21G</td>
			<td>Circular or square</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Euparal mounting medium&#160;</td>
			<td>BioQuip</td>
			<td>6372B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pigma pen</td>
			<td>BioQuip</td>
			<td>1154F</td>
			<td>Black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe</td>
			<td>BioQuip</td>
			<td>4751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional&#8482;</td>
			<td align="right">34120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of chironomidae (diptera) surface-floating pupal exuviae as a rapid bioassessment protocol for water bodies

利用底栖动物组合快速生物协议已被成功地用于评估对水质影响的人。不幸的是，传统的底栖幼虫抽样方法，如浸渍网，可以是费时和​​昂贵的。另一种方案包括收集的摇蚊表面浮蛹蜕（SFPE）。摇蚊是蝇（双翅目），其不成熟的阶段，通常发生在水生境的物种丰富的家庭。摇蚊成虫从水中冒出，离开他们的蛹皮或蜕皮，浮于水面。蜕经常沿着积累银行或障碍物后面由风或水流，在那里他们可以收集，评估摇蚊的多样性和丰富性的作用。摇蚊可作为重要的生物学指标，因为一些物种更耐受污染比其他。因此，收集SFPE的相对丰度和物种组成反映水质变化。这里，与现场收集，实验室加工，滑动安装，并鉴定摇蚊SFPE的相关联的方法进行详细说明。该SFPE方法的优点包括最小干扰以采样区，有效和经济的样品采集和实验室处理，便于识别，适用性在几乎所有的水生环境和生态系统压力的一个潜在的更敏感量度。这些限制包括无法确定幼虫微生境使用，无法确定蛹蜕物种，如果他们没有得到与成年男性有关。

图1示出的摇蚊生命周期;不成熟的阶段（卵，幼虫，蛹）通常发生在，或与水环境密切相关。当幼虫生命阶段完成后，幼虫构建了一个筒状的住房和丝质分泌物附着于周围的基底和化蛹发生。一旦显影成人已经成熟，蛹释放本身和游到水中，其中成人可以从蛹蜕皮出现的表面上。的蜕皮充满空气，并凭借角质层的外蜡质层的，但它仍然漂浮在水面上，直到细菌开始分解蜡层。 <p cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies at JoVE.com

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

使用摇蚊科（双翅目）的表面浮蛹蜕为快速生物议定书水体

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

use-chironomidae-diptera-surface-floating-pupal-exuviae-as-rapid

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

11.6K 次观看.  University of Minnesota. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

视频: Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

科研

环境科学

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity sensor. A monolayer of RTgill-W1 cells forms on the sensing electrodes enclosed within the biochips. The biochips are then used for testing in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) device designed for rapid toxicity testing of drinking water. The manuscript further describes how to run a toxicity test using the prepared biochips. A control water sample and the test water sample are mixed with pre-measured powdered media and injected into separate channels of the biochip. Impedance readings from the sensing electrodes in each of the biochip channels are measured and compared by an automated statistical software program. The screen on the ECIS instrument will indicate either "Contamination Detected" or "No Contamination Detected" within an hour of sample injection. Advantages are ease of use and rapid response to a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic chemicals at concentrations that are relevant to human health concerns, as well as the long-term stability of stored biochips in a ready state for testing. Limitations are the requirement for cold storage of the biochips and limited sensitivity to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Applications for this toxicity detector are for rapid field-portable testing of drinking water supplies by Army Preventative Medicine personnel or for use at municipal water treatment facilities.

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial cells for use in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensor. The protocol for running a rapid drinking water toxicity test with the sensor is also described.

准备和测试阻抗为基础与RTgill-W1细胞饮用水进行快速评估水样进行毒性射流生物芯片

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity ...

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future energy resources and energy storage media. To develop a method for gas production from natural MH-bearing sediments and hydrate-based technologies, it is imperative to understand the thermal properties of gas hydrates.
The thermal properties' measurements of samples comprising sand, water, methane, and MH are difficult because the melting heat of MH may affect the measurements. To solve this problem, we performed thermal properties' measurements at supercooled conditions during MH formation. The measurement protocol, calculation method of the saturation change, and tips for thermal constants' analysis of the sample using transient plane source techniques are described here.
The effect of the formation heat of MH on measurement is very small because the gas hydrate formation rate is very slow. This measurement method can be applied to the thermal properties of the gas hydrate-water-guest gas system, which contains hydrogen, CO2, and ozone hydrates, because the characteristic low formation rate of gas hydrate is not unique to MH. The key point of this method is the low rate of phase transition of the target material. Hence, this method may be applied to other materials having low phase-transition rates.

We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

协议测量过冷的合成砂水 - 气 - 甲烷水合物样品的热性能

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes &#8804;4 L or &gt;4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

We describe a protocol for filtration of water samples with a filter cartridge and extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) without having to cut open the housing to remove the filter. This protocol is developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

滤芯水过滤样品和环境DNA的提取使用

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

协议塑料微粒采样的海面和样品分析

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...