Name: use of chironomidae (diptera) surface-floating pupal exuviae as a rapid bioassessment protocol for water bodies
Uploaded: 2015-07-24T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies at JoVE.com

资金用于撰写和发布本文通过多种赠款和合同昆虫学系的摇蚊研究小组（LC Ferrington，小，PI）在明尼苏达大学提供了依据。 感谢弥敦道罗伯茨分享作为数字照片四野在视频中与此相关的手稿。

1.准备的现场采集耗材<ol><li>确定应基于该研究设计来收集，并获得一个样品罐（ 例如，60ml）中的每个样品SFPE样本的数目。 </li><li>准备两个日期和位置标签每个样品罐。将一个在里面，并加盖对方的罐子外面。确保每个日期和地点标签包括以下信息:国家，州，县，市，水体，GPS坐标，日期和人（S）的名字收集样品。 </li><li>收集其他特殊材料和设备（见表具体材料/设备）。 </li></ol> 2.现场采集<ol><li>持有幼虫盘，一手在其他筛子。浸幼虫托盘放入水中，其中SFPE积聚（ 如，泡沫积累，断枝，紧急植被，杂物，背漩涡，并沿边缘的银行）（ 图2A），允许笏呃，蜕皮和杂物进入幼虫托盘，通过筛倒出这种材料。如果取样在激流系统，开始在样品到达下游端和上游工作（ 图2B）。如果取样在静水系统，开始在顺风海岸线。 <ol><li> 10分钟重复步骤2.1（或作为另外定义为一个特定的抽样制度）内的每个预先确定样品到达（通常100-200米从流收集的样本，但依赖于水生监测点的总面积）; SFPE聚集区之间移动为宜。 </li></ol></li><li>集中在碎片用喷瓶灌满水从采样点的筛子的一个区域，并仔细转移SFPE样本预先标记的样品罐钳的帮助和乙醇的喷瓶流。填充用乙醇样品罐。 </li><li>重复步骤2.1至2.2的所有样品。 </li></ol> 3.样品采摘注意:此协议的其余部分涉及一个300 SFPE子样本，并可能需要进行修改，对于其他子样本大小。见查德和Ferrington的二次抽样9采样频率为准则SFPE剪裁方法，以满足特定的研究目标和资源。 <ol><li>分配的1打兰小瓶每个SFPE样品;准备一个日期和地点标签将每个瓶中并填补小瓶¾充满乙醇。 </li><li>从相应的样本罐子取下盖子，检查连接蛹蜕皮。轻轻冲洗掉盖子上的内容用喷瓶充满乙醇的培养皿。找到并使用镊子从样品罐中拆掉标签，轻轻冲洗掉标签的内容到培养皿。抛开标签。 </li><li>转移样品罐的内容到一个幼虫托盘，用乙醇漂洗，以确保没有SFPE留在样品罐。转让蛹蜕，住宅建设的一部分因，和乙醇从托盘到培养皿。确保该样品是覆盖在乙醇。 </li><li>将立体显微镜下培养皿。系统地扫描培养皿蛹蜕皮的内容。挑选使用镊子，并放入小瓶菜都蛹蜕皮。不要挑标本被破坏（ 即不具有至少一半的头胸部和腹部），干燥，或压缩，以避免以后的识别问题。 注:鉴定物种往往需要将整个样品存在时，虽然在某些情况下，属级鉴定可能与局部标本。 <ol><li>漩涡菜和扫描附加蛹蜕皮，包括任何可能被粘在培养皿的两侧，以及，任何小和半透明标本可能没有被最初检测到。重复，直到连续两次扫描显示没有额外的蛹蜕皮。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤3.3和3.4，直到所有或​​300蛹蜕都被接走。当300蛹蜕皮已经拾取，从培养皿返回残余物，幼虫托盘和冲洗培养皿用乙醇。然后，从幼虫托盘传送残渣到空样品瓶，加入的时间和位置的标签，并把盖子上的罐子。保留或根据具体项目的协议处理残留物。 </li></ol> 4.样品排序<ol><li>倾所有拾取蛹蜕皮从标记小瓶到培养皿填充有足够的乙醇以刚好覆盖试样。 </li><li>下一个立体显微镜，标本分离成不同形态组（ 即 morphotaxa），并把每个morphotaxon成单独标记的小瓶充满3/4 个充满乙醇。 <ol><li>利用外部形态特征分开摇蚊morphotaxa。例如，从该头胸部，使用在存在，大小，形状的差异，并着色头侧瘤，疣正面，正面刚毛，和胸角。从腹部，用刺，hookrows，鲨鱼皮，刚毛，杂散腹段，除了肛门裂片为morphotaxa分离（ 图4A）。见Ferrington 等人 5，•塞特26，平德和赖斯27为附加描述和形态特征的数字。 </li><li>使用额外的乙醇，如果标本开始变干。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.将安装<ol><li>填充多孔板的一个孔中的每个morphotaxon用95％的乙醇。 <ol><li>放置多个表示（ 例如，总的25％）被滑动安装到板的各个孔中的每个morphotaxon的。允许标本坐在井为至少10分钟，进行脱水充分。 </li></ol></li><li>标签幻灯片合适的站点，收集和鉴定informati上（ 图3）。 </li><li>在立体显微镜载玻片的地方。 注:贴在舞台上滑动的模板是一致的布局非常有用。 </li><li>将Euparal的幻灯片上的一滴;传播Euparal使其近似于盖玻片的大小。与Euparal时，请使用适当的通风。 注:与Euparal时，请使用适当的通风。 </li><li>从嵌入使用镊子第一morphotaxon到Euparal的代表。 注:要过多的无效乙醇的标本，使用镊子，轻轻拍打标本实验室湿巾先于Euparal嵌入它。 </li><li>分开用细尖镊子和/或夹层探头（ 图4A）腹部的头胸部。 <ol><li>拆分沿ecdysial缝合（ 图4B）的头胸部并打开头胸部使得缝合边缘上相对的侧面（ 图4C）。 </li><li>东方的Cephalothorax使得腹侧朝上（ 图4C）。 </li><li> UP位置腹部背侧;放置紧接头胸部（ 图4C）以下。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在试样上盖玻片。持盖玻片一角度，与一个边缘接触滑动，然后慢慢降低其拖放盖玻片，以减少空气泡的形成。轻轻地按一下盖玻片压平标本。 </li><li>重复步骤5.3至5.7的所有脱水标本。 </li></ol> 6.鉴定属<ol><li>确定的使用复合显微镜载玻片上的标本的属。确定试样使用按键和诊断中Wiederholm 28和Ferrington 等菌属。5。如果需要，使用Ferrington， 等确认家庭级鉴定。5。注:有，因为Wiederholm 28 Ferrington众多的一般描述和修订，等 5，因此，这些键和诊断是不完整的，并需要与主文献加以补充。 </li></ol>

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M., Stur, E., Ekrem, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+Morphological+Methods+Reveal+Cryptic+Diversity+and+Three+New+Species+of+Nearctic+Micropsectra+(Diptera:+Chironomidae).">Molecular and Morphological Methods Reveal Cryptic Diversity and Three New Species of Nearctic Micropsectra (Diptera: Chironomidae).</a> Freshwater Science. 32, 892-921 (2013).</li><li>Ekrem, T., Willassen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+Tanytarsini+Relationships+(Diptera:+Chironomidae)+using+Mitochondrial+COII+Gene+Sequences.">Exploring Tanytarsini Relationships (Diptera: Chironomidae) using Mitochondrial COII Gene Sequences.</a> Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution. 35, 263-276 (2004).</li><li>Ekrem, T., Willassen, E., Stur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Comprehensive+DNA+Sequence+Library+is+Essential+for+Identification+with+DNA+Barcodes.">A Comprehensive DNA Sequence Library is Essential for Identification with DNA Barcodes.</a> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43, 530-542 (2007).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

成功SFPE样品收集，挑选，整理，滑动安装，并识别最关键的步骤是:（1）野外采集（ 图2A）在定位的研究区域内高SFPE聚集区; （2）缓慢地扫描所述培养皿中的样品采摘检测所有SFPE的内容; （3）制定必要的手工灵巧滑动安装（ 图4A）在解剖从腹部的头胸部; （4）承认摇蚊蛹蜕关键形态学特征正确识别到属。 检测的高SFPE积累（ 图2A）的区?...

生物监测方案，它使用活的生物体来评估环境健康，经常被用来评价水质或监测生态系统恢复计划的成功。自1989年1快速生物的协议（RBP）利用大型底栖无脊椎动物组合已经国家水资源管理机构的欢迎。传统的抽样大型底栖动物的限制性商业惯例的方法，如畅游网，Surber取样和采样赫斯2，可时间耗时，昂贵，并可能只从一个特定的微生3测量组合。生成有关特定水体的生物信息的有效，替代RBP涉及收集摇蚊表面浮蛹蜕（SFPE）3。 该摇蚊科（昆虫纲:双翅目），俗称非蠓，是holometabolous苍蝇正在成为成人之前，通常发生在水环境<html> 60;在水的表面。摇蚊的家庭是物种丰富，全球约有描述5000种;然而，多达20000物种估计存在4。摇蚊是在记录水与居住环境的质量，因为其高度多样性和可变污染公差等级5许多水生生态系统中非常有用。此外，他们往往在水生系统中最丰富和广泛的大型底栖动物，一般占50％以上的品种，在社会5,6。继陆地成人出现，蛹蜕（投蛹皮）仍浮在水面（ 图1）。蛹蜕皮积累沿银行或后面的障碍物通过风或水流的作用，可以很容易和快速地收集，得到与上24-48小时7中已经出现摇蚊物种的综合样本。 ntent"&gt;的相对丰度，并收集SFPE的分类构成反映水质，考虑到一些种类非常宽容的污染，有的则是相当敏感的5 SFPE方法比传统的摇蚊幼虫的采样技术许多优点，包括:（1）最小，如果有的话，生境破坏发生在取样面积;（2）样本不注重收集活的生物体，而是无生命的肌肤，让社会动态的轨迹不会受到影响;（3）鉴定属，和常的物种，是比较容易得到适当的密钥和描述3;（4）收集，处理，以及确定用样品是有效和经济相比传统采样方法3,8,9;（5）累计蜕皮表示源自类群广泛微生境10;（6）该方法在几乎所有的水生环境是适用的，包括溪流和河流，河口，湖泊ES，池塘，岩石池和湿地;和（7）SFPE说不定是生态系统健康更敏感的指标，因为它们代表了已完成所有的未成熟阶段并成功成为大人11个人。 该SFPE方法不收集有关摇蚊社区信息的新途径。利用SFPE首次由蒂内曼12在20世纪初提出。各种研究已经使用了SFPE分类调查（ 如，13-15），生物多样性和生态研究（ 如 7,16-19），以及生物评估（ 如，20-22）。此外，一些研究已经解决了样本设计，样本大小，和所需的用于实现种或属（ 例如，8,9,23）的各种检测水平样本的事件数的不同方面。这些研究表明，种或属的相对高百分比可以与中等避免费劲地检测T或与费用来样加工有关。例如，安德森和Ferrington 8确定，基于100计数子样本， 第三届 1/3更少的时间被要求挑选相比，浸净样品SFPE样本。另一项研究确定了3-4 SFPE样品可以进行排序，并确定了每一个浸净样品，并且样品SFPE比浸净样品更有效的检测，在物种的物种丰富度增加了3。例如，在站点物种丰富度15-16种值，平均倾斜度，净效率为45.7％，而SFPE样品分别为97.8％，有效率3。 重要的是，SFPE方法已经标准化，在欧洲联盟24（称为摇蚊蛹蜕皮技术（CPET））和北美25生态评估，但该方法尚未被详细描述。所述SFPE方法的一个应用是通过Ferrington， 等人描述。 <s达&gt; 3;然而，该研究的主要焦点是评价SFPE方法的有效性，有效性和经济性。这项工作的目的是描述所有步骤SFPE方法的细节，包括样品采集，实验室处理，滑动安装，并属鉴定。目标受众包括研究生，研究人员和专业人士有意拓展传统的水质监测工作到学业。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S25309B&amp;nbsp;</td><td>70-95%</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic wash bottles</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>0340923B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sample jar</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>0333510B</td><td>Glass or plastic, 60-mL recommended</td></tr><tr><td>Testing sieve</td><td>Advantech</td><td>120SS12F</td><td>125-micron mesh size</td></tr><tr><td>Larval tray</td><td>BioQuip</td><td>5524</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass shell vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>0333926B</td><td>1-dram size</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic dropper</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>1371110</td><td>30 to 35 drops/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>BioQuip</td><td>4524</td><td>#5</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>Carolina</td><td>741158</td><td>Glass or plastic</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-well plate</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>144530</td><td>Glass or plastic</td></tr><tr><td>Glass microslides</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3010002</td><td>3 x 1 in.</td></tr><tr><td>Glass cover slips</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>12-519-21G</td><td>Circular or square</td></tr><tr><td>Euparal mounting medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BioQuip</td><td>6372B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pigma pen</td><td>BioQuip</td><td>1154F</td><td>Black</td></tr><tr><td>Probe</td><td>BioQuip</td><td>4751</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clark Professional&amp;trade;</td><td>34120</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

use of chironomidae (diptera) surface-floating pupal exuviae as a rapid bioassessment protocol for water bodies

利用底栖动物组合快速生物协议已被成功地用于评估对水质影响的人。不幸的是，传统的底栖幼虫抽样方法，如浸渍网，可以是费时和​​昂贵的。另一种方案包括收集的摇蚊表面浮蛹蜕（SFPE）。摇蚊是蝇（双翅目），其不成熟的阶段，通常发生在水生境的物种丰富的家庭。摇蚊成虫从水中冒出，离开他们的蛹皮或蜕皮，浮于水面。蜕经常沿着积累银行或障碍物后面由风或水流，在那里他们可以收集，评估摇蚊的多样性和丰富性的作用。摇蚊可作为重要的生物学指标，因为一些物种更耐受污染比其他。因此，收集SFPE的相对丰度和物种组成反映水质变化。这里，与现场收集，实验室加工，滑动安装，并鉴定摇蚊SFPE的相关联的方法进行详细说明。该SFPE方法的优点包括最小干扰以采样区，有效和经济的样品采集和实验室处理，便于识别，适用性在几乎所有的水生环境和生态系统压力的一个潜在的更敏感量度。这些限制包括无法确定幼虫微生境使用，无法确定蛹蜕物种，如果他们没有得到与成年男性有关。

图1示出的摇蚊生命周期;不成熟的阶段（卵，幼虫，蛹）通常发生在，或与水环境密切相关。当幼虫生命阶段完成后，幼虫构建了一个筒状的住房和丝质分泌物附着于周围的基底和化蛹发生。一旦显影成人已经成熟，蛹释放本身和游到水中，其中成人可以从蛹蜕皮出现的表面上。的蜕皮充满空气，并凭借角质层的外蜡质层的，但它仍然漂浮在水面上，直到细菌开始分解蜡层。 <p cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies at JoVE.com

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

使用摇蚊科（双翅目）的表面浮蛹蜕为快速生物议定书水体

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

11.6K 次观看.  University of Minnesota. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

视频: Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

科研

环境科学

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical data that may be used in predictive modelling to forecast evolutionary responses of natural ecosystems to future environmental changes. However, excluding a few exceptional cases, long-term studies are scarce because of logistic difficulties associated with accessing temporal samples. Temporal dynamics are frequently studied in the laboratory or in controlled mesocosm experiments with exceptional studies that reconstruct the evolution of natural populations in the wild.
Here, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is provided to revive or resurrect dormant Daphnia magna, a widespread zooplankton keystone species in aquatic ecosystems, to dramatically advance the state-of-the-art longitudinal data collection in natural systems. The field of Resurrection Ecology was defined in 1999 by Kerfoot and co-workers, even though the first attempts at hatching diapausing zooplankton eggs date back to the late 1980s. Since Kerfoot&#39;s seminal paper, the methodology of resurrecting zooplankton species has been increasingly frequently applied, though propagated among laboratories only via direct knowledge transfer. Here, an SOP is described that provides a step-by-step protocol on the practice of resurrecting dormant Daphnia magna eggs.
Two key studies are provided in which the fitness response of resurrected Daphnia magna populations to warming is measured, capitalizing on the ability to study historical and modern populations in the same settings. Finally, the application of next generation sequencing technologies to revived or still dormant stages is discussed. These technologies provide unprecedented power in dissecting the processes and mechanisms of evolution if applied to populations that have experienced changes in selection pressure over time.

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies are essential to understanding the process of evolution and the mechanisms of adaptation. Generally, these studies require commitments beyond the life-time of researchers. Here, a powerful method is described that dramatically advances state-of-the-art data collection to generate longitudinal data in natural systems.

休眠蚤的复活: 协议和应用

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less attention has been paid on how environmental factors affect these insects when they pupate within the soil. The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is a severe pest of tea plants and has caused huge economic losses in South China. The protocols described here aim to investigate, through multiple-choice bioassays, whether mature last-instar E. grisescens larvae can discriminate soil variables such as the substrate type and moisture content, and determine, through no-choice bioassays, the impact of the substrate type and moisture content on pupation behaviors and the emergence success of E. grisescens. The results would enhance the understanding of the pupation ecology of E. grisescens and may bring insights into soil-management tactics for suppressing E. grisescens populations. In addition, these bioassays can be modified to study the influences of various factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of soil-pupating pests.

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the pupation preference of mature larvae of Ectropis grisescens in response to soil factors (e.g., substrate type and moisture content) using choice bioassays. We also present a protocol of no-choice bioassays to determine the factors that affect the pupation behaviors and survivorship of E. grisescens.

选择与无选择生物鉴定研究蛾 grisescens的化蛹偏好及出现的成功

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less ...

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial&#160;structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation.
With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing.
The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

The ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process. Here is the description of a straightforward procedure to dissect pupal wings. These wings can be used as samples in several techniques (immunohistochemistry, PCR assay, etc.).

一种快速高效的解剖蛹翅的方法, 适用于 Immunodetections 或 PCR 检测

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

发育生物学

Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.

This protocol presents a method for assessing the feeding rate of the wood-boring crustacean, Limnoria, by measuring faecal pellet production. This method is designed for use in non-specialist labs and has potential for incorporation into standard testing protocols, to evaluate enhanced wood durability under marine conditions.

海洋蛀木甲壳类动物对木材生物降解性能的快速测试

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every ...

Automatic Image Processing to Determine the Community Size Structure of Riverine Macroinvertebrates

Body size is an important functional trait that can be used as a bioindicator to assess the impacts of perturbations in natural communities. Community size structure responds to biotic and abiotic gradients, including anthropogenic perturbations across taxa and ecosystems. However, the manual measurement of small-bodied organisms such as benthic macroinvertebrates (e.g., &gt;500 &#181;m to a few centimeters long) is time-consuming. To expedite the estimation of community size structure, here, we developed a protocol to semi-automatically measure the individual body size of preserved river macroinvertebrates, which are one of the most commonly used bioindicators for assessing the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems. This protocol is adapted from an existing methodology developed to scan marine mesozooplankton with a scanning system designed for water samples. The protocol consists of three main steps: (1) scanning subsamples (fine and coarse sample size fractions) of river macroinvertebrates and processing the digitized images to individualize each detected object in each image; (2) creating, evaluating, and validating a learning set through artificial intelligence to semi-automatically separate the individual images of macroinvertebrates from detritus and artifacts in the scanned samples; and (3) depicting the size structure of the macroinvertebrate communities. In addition to the protocol, this work includes the calibration results and enumerates several challenges and recommendations to adapt the procedure to macroinvertebrate samples and to consider for further improvements. Overall, the results support the use of the presented scanning system for the automatic body size measurement of river macroinvertebrates and suggest that the depiction of their size spectrum is a valuable tool for the rapid bioassessment of freshwater ecosystems.

The article is based on the creation of an adapted protocol to scan, detect, sort, and identify digitized objects corresponding to benthic river macroinvertebrates using a semi-automatic imaging procedure. This procedure allows the acquisition of the individual size distributions and size metrics of a macroinvertebrate community in about 1 h.

自动图像处理确定河流大型无脊椎动物群落大小结构

Body size is an important functional trait that can be used as a bioindicator to assess the impacts of perturbations in natural communities. Community ...

Hellgrammite as a Non-Conventional Biomonitor for Surface Water and Environmental Health Assessment

The larvae of dobsonflies from the genus Corydalus, commonly known as Hellgrammites, are characterized by their notable size, extensive range of occurrence, and extended period of immaturity, which can last up to one year. Hellgrammites are clearly known to exhibit sensitivity to pollution and habitat structure impacts. Given these unique features, using Corydalus texanus larvae is highly suitable as reliable biomonitoring agents to assess the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. This protocol aims to provide the necessary tools for C. texanus assessment and demonstrate their efficacy through a case study. Research findings have practical implications, indicating that C. texanus larvae exhibit early-warning responses to mining pollution, bioaccumulating high amounts of heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, and Al. The presence or absence of C. texanus populations may serve as a helpful indicator for identifying potential issues related to ecosystem health. The unconventional approach has shown early warnings of pollution in mining-impacted sites, highlighting the need for timely action to protect the environment. Given their unique traits, the use of C. texanus larvae is highly suggested as a reliable non-conventional bioindicator.

This protocol describes the use of biomarkers for the early detection of deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. The biomarkers are closely related to sentinel traits, and their changes aid in detecting early-warning damages.

Hellgrammite 作为地表水和环境健康评估的非常规生物监测器

The larvae of dobsonflies from the genus Corydalus, commonly known as Hellgrammites, are characterized by their notable size, extensive range of ...

Environmental Screening of Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa in Zebrafish Systems

Health monitoring systems are developed and used in zebrafish research facilities because pathogens of Danio rerio such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa have the potential to impair animal welfare and research. The fish are typically analyzed post mortem to detect microbes. The use of sentinels is a suggested way to improve the sensitivity of the surveillance and to reduce the number of animals to sample. The setting of a pre-filtration sentinel tank out of a recirculating system is described. The technique is developed to prevent water pollution and to represent the fish population by a careful selection of age, gender, and strains. In order to use the minimum number of animals, techniques to screen the environment are also detailed. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on surface sump swabs is used to significantly improve the detection of some prevalent and pathogenic mycobacterial species such as Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium haemophilum, and Mycobacterium chelonae. Another environmental method consists of processing the sludge at the bottom of a holding tank or sump to look for P. tomentosa eggs. This is a cheap and fast technique that can be applied in quarantine where a breeding device is submerged into the holding tank of imported animals. Finally, PCR is applied to the sludge sample and A. hydrophila is detected at the sump&#39;s bottom and surface. Generally, these environmental screening techniques applied to these specific pathogens have led to an increased sensitivity compared to the testing of pre-filtration sentinels.

Environmental Screening of Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa in Zebrafish Systems

This protocol describes the use of sump swabs and sludge analysis of zebrafish systems, which leads to increased detection compared to the sole use of sentinels to detect pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa. A system to monitor P. tomentosa eggs in quarantine is also proposed.

使用摇蚊科（双翅目）的表面浮蛹蜕为快速生物议定书水体

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VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX