A.S. was partially supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (5R03DE021741-02) and the National Cancer Institute (1K08CA154963-01A1).&#160;
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute provided funding for M.L. through the HHMI Medical Research Fellows Program.

1.卵孵化<ol><li>获得8天龄的无特定病原体鸡胚。 </li><li>将鸡蛋在旋转蛋托，朝上加盖结束，并把一个鸡蛋孵化器内的旋转托盘。孵化鸡蛋48小时在36℃和50％的湿度。 </li></ol> 2.删除的CAM和打开鸡蛋<ol><li>从孵化器收集的鸡蛋。将鸡蛋放在蛋架，加盖的一面朝上，并提请层流罩。 </li><li>关闭室和发动机罩灯。 </li><li>轻轻握住蛋的加盖端蛋坎德勒以暴露所述CAM的脉管以及空气囊。 注：蛋烛台是用于可视化发育​​中的胚胎和相关的空气囊和血管的光源。 </li><li>在两个主要血管之间的铅笔标记。 </li><li>开灯，并使用无菌推针使一个孔在气囊（加盖端）之上蛋的尖端和一个孔在所述的pencil大关。不要推则推销一路过关斩将;大约3毫米的孔深通常就足够了。 </li><li>把灯关掉。挤压安全球，稳稳地按下开口端对上方的空气囊孔。应用吸拉空气进入孔在铅笔标记，导致CAM下落离开壳的铅笔标记。 </li><li>检查空气囊已经从卵到使用坎德勒铅笔标记孔加盖结束感动。如果没有，用图钉，使两个孔略深，然后用安全球重新申请吸力。 </li><li>开灯。拿着一手拿鸡蛋，打开DREMEL旋转工具连接了15/16英寸的切割轮，并两次横向切割只是深足通过壳削减，但不够深削减一路下跌至郁闷CAM。使约2厘米长，1厘米彼此间隔开的切口。使切口足够宽，从而硅环1厘米，直径可通过但比标准的透明胶带宽度更薄。 </li><li>接着，通过轻轻接触切割轮与壳之间做出，并在两次横向切割的端部1纵向切口。 </li><li>滑动壳片和平行于下壳无菌镊子。抢壳片的镊子和删除干净整片。 </li><li>将透明胶带在新打开的窗口中，确保了自身折叠一端，便于拆卸。 </li><li>将鸡蛋放回孵化器中的蛋托（而不是在旋转蛋架），直到接种时间。 </li></ol> 3.接种<ol><li>保持基底膜蛋白混合物，如基质胶，在冰上（防止聚合），并装在罩。 </li><li>使用2mM EDTA的分离的细胞（4 - 每个T75烧瓶5毫升）并置于烧瓶中的组织培养培养箱中5分钟。 </li><li>重悬分离的细胞介质，并使用血球和台盼蓝计数。间50万吨使用Ø2000000细胞移植到CAM，取决于细胞系。优化在初步实验中的适当数量。 </li><li>在500 XG需要合适的细胞数量和离心5分钟测量体积。 </li><li>弃上清，然后悬浮细胞沉淀在40μ微升PBS ++和20μ升基底膜的混合物。 注意：在这一点上，细胞可以用药物或其他测试试剂如重悬到细胞/基底膜混合物悬浮所需实验处理。另外，代理可以嫁接后吸至电池/基底膜混合物悬浮体。 </li><li>检索与从培养箱和发生在层流罩鸡蛋蛋架。 </li><li>剥离胶带关闭窗口，检索从使用灭菌镊子低温小瓶的帽的1毫米硅胶圈，并通过窗口滴环。 </li><li>吸取PBS的60μ升细胞溶液++和基底膜mixturË直接进入硅胶圈搁在所述CAM的中心。 </li><li>胶带重新贴到窗口，移动蛋架回孵化器。在这一点上，请小心地移动鸡蛋为环和细胞悬浮液时，很容易成为流离失所。 </li><li>允许肿瘤生长5至7天。 </li></ol> 4.收获肿瘤<ol><li>在引擎盖下面垫的地方。根据需要，用于组织学准备35×10mm的板和多聚甲醛的容器。放1毫升的PBS ++中的每一个35×10毫米的钢板。 </li><li>将生物危害袋罩。以无菌解剖剪刀和在接近年​​底加盖孔插入尖端进入卵子。 </li><li>整个鸡蛋围绕纵向切开。 注意：所述CAM和肿瘤与环应粘到外壳与窗口的上半部分。 </li><li>用解剖剪和钳子，解剖肿瘤远离CAM和放置肿瘤中的35×10毫米的钢板。测量和称重肿瘤。在paraformaldehy修复肿瘤德然后石蜡嵌入它们的组织学和免疫组织化学实验。 </li></ol> 5.（可选）：肿瘤细胞分离<ol><li>使用夹层剪刀剁碎在35×10毫米的钢板肿瘤。倾切碎肿瘤入15ml离心管中，并除去尽可能多的PBS ++尽可能通过移液。 </li><li>加入2毫升胶原酶（1mg / ml的在PBS ++），转管数次，孵育管中在37℃下至少30分钟（长达数小时）。 </li><li>加入5 ml的媒体到每个管中，通过上下抽吸20重悬彻底 - 40倍。彻底移液是完整的细胞分离的关键。 </li><li>允许沉淀沉降，将上清液转移到新的管中。离心在500×g离心5分钟。除去上清液，留下游离的细胞团。 注意：在这一点上，细胞沉淀可用于各种实验（流式细胞术，裂解为在Western印迹，RNA分离等用途）。总肿瘤细胞计数也可使用血细胞计数器和台盼蓝染色获得的。需要注意的是较小的，椭圆形的细胞是鸡细胞从CAM和不应该算作肿瘤细胞。应该有污染性非肿瘤（CAM）细胞如果肿瘤是从所述CAM解剖远仔细的最少数量。 </li></ol>

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A.S.&#160;receives&#160;funding from the Advaxis Pharmaceutical company to support an investigator-initiated clinical trial.&#160;

在这个协议中几个关键步骤最有可能占了改进的胚胎存活以及肿瘤生长的增加的可靠性。通过施加抽吸到空气囊丢弃所述CAM远离壳是侵入性比其它现有的方法（使用针从卵，钝性分离等除去白蛋白）以下。使用无菌图钉创造这种方法需要使用两个小孔是协议中最具挑战性的部分。使用过大的力可能会损坏到CAM及其脉管通过过度穿透的推针或者甚至可能导致破裂或破坏的蛋。使用图钉动手实践，使?...

肝细胞癌（HCC）是癌症死亡率在世界1中的第三大原因。目前，只有30％的肝癌患者有资格有可能治愈手术治疗2，和全身化疗不灵验3。因此，有迫切未满足的临床需要新的肝癌的治疗，并且适用于新的代理程序有效的测试模型系统的发展。鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）试验提供了在体内测试潜在的抗肿瘤药物的可重复的，具有成本效益，并快速介质通量方法。 CAM分析已被广泛用于研究血管生成4。还已经成功地发展成癌症的肿瘤异种移植物模型，包括成胶质细胞瘤5，胰腺癌6，黑素瘤7-9和骨肉瘤10-11 无论是在OVO 12 和前OVO13技术已被用在文献中，以改变从协议到协议的细节。一个主要的挑战CAM移植瘤模型是胚胎死亡的操控卵子后的发病率比较高，与已发表 ​​的鸡胚死亡率从25 - 50％的11-14。 在这篇文章中，我们描述了一个卵内肝癌移植瘤模型，可靠地产生三维，血管瘤的病理类似未分化肝癌生长的发展。我们已经适应首先由Ossowski 等人 14所述的协议，并已实现了高达93％鸡胚存活率具有极高的肿瘤植入。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1094">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Premium incubated eggs</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>http://www.criver.com/files/pdfs/avian/av_c_spf_egg_price_list.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:401px;">Egg incubators</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">GQF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Hova-Bator 2362N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:401px;">Rotating egg trays</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">GQF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1611 Automatic Egg Turner</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:401px;">Egg candler</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Lyon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Hi-Power 950-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Dremel 100 rotary tool with 15/16 cut-off wheel</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Dremel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-N/7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Sterile forceps, push pin, dissection scissors, Scotch tape</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Cryogenic vials, external thread with silicone washer</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (cam) assay as an efficient xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma

鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）开始7天受精后制定和成熟通过12天的CAM是自然免疫缺陷和高度血管，使其成为肿瘤植入的理想系统。此外，所述CAM包含细胞外基质蛋白，如纤连蛋白，层粘连蛋白，胶原蛋白，整合素（v）的β3，和MMP-2，使其成为有吸引力的模型来研究肿瘤侵袭和转移。科学家长期以来采取所述CAM的生理学优点通过使用它作为血管生成的模型。最近，CAM分析已被修改，使其成为对各种癌症的体内异种移植物模型体系桥接基本体外工作和更复杂的动物癌症模型之间的差距。 CAM分析允许肿瘤生长，抗肿瘤疗法，和亲肿瘤分子途径以生物相关的系统，既具有成本和时间有效的研究。在这里，我们描述了CAM的Xen的发展肝细胞癌（HCC）的高达93％的胚胎存活率和可靠的肿瘤ograft模型上导致立体，血管瘤的生长。

在协议的关键步骤代表性照片在这里显示。 图1A示范了使用坎德勒形象化发育中的胚胎中，空气囊，和所述CAM的脉管系统的图1B-1C示出通过使丢弃的CAM的过程的两个孔，然后施加负压使用安全灯泡，并且图1D示出一个成功删除的CAM用铅笔标记孔下一个大的气泡。 图1E和图1F展示DREMEL旋转工具的使用，以进行必要的削减在上面的气泡，并...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma at JoVE.com

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it a natural in vivo model of tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this protocol, we describe a reliable method of growing three-dimensional, vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors using the CAM assay.

该<em&gt;卵内</em&gt;鸡胚尿囊膜（CAM）含量为肝癌的有效异种移植模型

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and ...

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The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

34.9K 次观看.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it a natural in vivo model of tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this protocol, we describe a reliable method of growing three-dimensional, vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors using the CAM assay.

视频: The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

多光子成像在口腔鳞状细胞癌原位小鼠模型的肿瘤细胞的侵袭

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

科研

医学

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

甲状腺未分化癌的原位小鼠模型

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

该<em&gt;在OVO</em&gt; CAM作为一个肉瘤Xenograftmodel的检测

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

皮下及肝内人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠的产生

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脑Microslices的兴奋性刺激作为<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;中风模型

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The objective of this study was to use 3D CLSM time lapse confocal imaging to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of dental composites. This method provides an accurate and sensitive indication of viable cell rate in contact with dental composite extracts. The ELS extra low shrinkage, a dental composite used for direct restoration, has been taken as example. In vitro assessment was performed on cultured primary human gingival fibroblast cells using Live/Dead staining. Images were obtained with the FV10i confocal biological inverted system and analyzed with the FV10-ASW 3.1 Software. Image analysis showed a very slight cytotoxicity in the presence of the tested composite after 5 hours of time lapse. A slight decrease of cell viability was shown in contact with the tested composite extracts compared to control cells. The findings highlighted the use of 3D CLSM time lapse imaging as a sensitive method to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the biocompatibility behavior of dental composites.

The most studied aspect of the biocompatibility of dental composites is their cytotoxicity 3D CLSM time lapse imaging combined with fluorescent signal quantification allows sensitive evaluation of the cell fate over time. Utilizing this method could be an efficient tool to assess the cytocompatibility of dental composites.

焦时间推移成像为牙科复合材料的细胞相容性评价的有效方法

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The ...

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms and for evaluating novel strategies for the treatment of metastatic cancers. Here, an in-depth description of a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for exploring the mechanisms of metastasis of solid organ tumors is provided. The survival surgical implantation of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c is described. The success and reproducibility of this methodology recommends it for widespread use in elucidating the biological mechanisms of solid organ cancer metastasis.

A &quot;Patient-Like&quot; Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

The metastatic spread of cancer is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. We provide an in-depth description of our survival surgery methodology for establishing a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model system for studying the mechanisms of metastasis in solid organ tumors.

“以病人为像”肝癌原位同源小鼠模型的癌转移

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...

Designing CAD/CAM Surgical Guides for Maxillary Reconstruction Using an In-house Approach

Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is now being evaluated as a preparative technique for maxillofacial surgery. Because this technique is expensive and available in only limited areas of the world, we developed a novel CAD/CAM surgical guide using an in-house approach. By using the CAD software, the maxillary resection area and cutting planes and the fibular cutting planes and angles are determined. Once the resection area is decided, the necessary faces are extracted using a Boolean modifier. These superficial faces are united to fit the surface of the bones and thickened to stabilize the solids. Not only the cutting guides for the fibula and maxilla but also the location arrangement of the transferred bone segments is defined by thickening the superficial faces. The CAD design is recorded as .stl files and three-dimensionally (3-D) printed as actual surgical guides. To check the accuracy of the guides, model surgery using 3-D-printed facial and fibular models is performed. These methods may be used to assist surgeons where commercial guides are not available.

Methods for designing a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) surgical guide are shown. Cutting planes are separated, united, and thickened to easily visualize the necessary bone transfer. These designs can be three-dimensional printed and checked for accuracy.

用内部方法设计上颌重建的 cad/cam 手术指南

Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is now being evaluated as a preparative technique for maxillofacial surgery. Because this ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Predicting Treatment Response to Image-Guided Therapies Using Machine Learning: An Example for Trans-Arterial Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. The objective of this study was to develop a method to predict response to intra-arterial treatment prior to intervention.
The method provides a general framework for predicting outcomes prior to intra-arterial therapy. It involves pooling clinical, demographic and imaging data across a cohort of patients and using these data to train a machine learning model. The trained model is applied to new patients in order to predict their likelihood of response to intra-arterial therapy.
The method entails the acquisition and parsing of clinical, demographic and imaging data from N patients who have already undergone trans-arterial therapies. These data are parsed into discrete features (age, sex, cirrhosis, degree of tumor enhancement, etc.) and binarized into true/false values (e.g., age over 60, male gender, tumor enhancement beyond a set threshold, etc.). Low-variance features and features with low univariate associations with the outcome are removed. Each treated patient is labeled according to whether they responded or did not respond to treatment. Each training patient is thus represented by a set of binary features and an outcome label. Machine learning models are trained using N - 1 patients with testing on the left-out patient. This process is repeated for each of the N patients. The N models are averaged to arrive at a final model.
The technique is extensible and enables inclusion of additional features in the future. It is also a generalizable process that may be applied to clinical research questions outside of interventional radiology. The main limitation is the need to derive features manually from each patient. A popular modern form of machine learning called deep learning does not suffer from this limitation, but requires larger datasets.

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. A method for predicting response to these therapies is proposed. The technique uses pre-procedural clinical, demographic, and imaging information to train machine learning models capable of predicting response prior to treatment.

用机器学习预测图像引导疗法的治疗反应--肝细胞癌的跨动脉治疗实例

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. The objective of this ...