该研究是由奥地利科学基金会（FWF）：P23681-B16。

1.选煤厂材料<ol><li>使用主体植物材料的任叶或整株植物（ 玉簪属或菜豆 ）。 </li></ol> 2.准备水处理解决方案含冰核活性（INA）细菌<ol><li>培养INA的细菌， 丁香假单胞菌 （菌株CIT-7）在培养皿中，在25℃对铜绿琼脂˚F制备按照生产商的方向100％的甘油的10克/升。 </li><li>后培养已经长大充分，发生在4℃直至需要的，但保持在4℃下进行，以确保冰核活性的高水平之前两天。 </li><li>刮由单一的板的细菌从琼脂表面用塑料，一次性或可重复使用的金属刮刀在使用和地点的时间在10〜15毫升去离子水在25毫升一次性杯。的浓度应为1×10 7至1×10 9的范围· </sup&gt;毫升-1。该解决方案将出现混浊。没有必要确认使用血球或分光光度计的浓度，如浓度仅需要近似的。 </li><li>涡试管最少10秒的分发细菌。 注意：得到的INA混合物的具体浓度是不重要的，描述的协议将提供超过冰核活性的适当水平。 INA细菌和水的混合物将在核试验以后使用。 </li></ol> 3.设置冷冻实验<ol><li>放置高分辨率红外摄像机（SC-660）的保护性丙烯酸盒内以便通过开口在盒前面的透镜的项目，并通过盒的后部开口将相机连接到笔记本电脑或记录装置出口处的线。固定框的盖板，将箱中的位置的环境室或冷冻室里面的那个将所有流待观察对象的植物材料。 <ol><li>由衬的腔室的壁与黑色施工纸，以防止反射的红外能量干扰提供围绕植物材料在暗背景。 </li><li>适合室LED照明时可见光波长记录图像，需要从光源尽量减少发热。只有最小的照明，如电池供电的壁橱光或其他小的LED装置中，是所必需的植物是由相机可见。 <ol><li>一旦受试者植物材料的可见图像被拍摄时，关闭LED照明。通过端口或其他室内分布开放所有外部有线连接（FireWire连接到电脑，电源线等）连接到摄像机。 </li></ol></li><li>填入口或开口的任何额外的空间用绝缘泡沫材料，以避免或减少在腔室中的温度梯度。在1°C的设置室的初始温度。 </li></ol></li><li>对齐植物或植物部分，以使植物材料是在磁场 - 视摄像机和植物材料是可见的远程观看屏幕上或所选择的软件内。 </li><li>允许植物平衡在1℃下进行30分钟至1小时，这取决于植物材料的大小之前，发起受控冷冻试验。这保证了装置的温度不会被许多度落后气温一旦冷冻实验被启动。当所述植物材料的温度在0.5℃的空气温度的平衡得以实现。 <ol><li>放置一层泡沫塑料绝缘对盆栽土壤的顶部，如果盆栽被使用。一旦植物已经平衡，开始该腔室的冷却。 注意：绝缘锅的土壤表面上的层减小了从锅到植物周围的空气继续热损耗量，并且防止了树根从FREezing，因为这将不通常在自然界中结霜事件的发生是由于存在于土壤余热大规模贮存。 </li></ol></li><li>设置所需的照相机参数（调色板，温度范围，感兴趣的特定区域等 ），如在3.4.1-3.4.4讨论。 <ol><li>选择调色板彩虹同时观看实时图像显示温度的变化。 </li><li>通过调整位于正好在软件的图像下方的温度栏设定温度跨度至5℃。 </li><li>选择线性标尺（算法），用于将所述红外数据到假彩色图像由所选择的调色板（彩虹）定义的与设定温度的范围内以5℃，并以基于在图像上自动跟踪。另外，手动调整设定的范围，同时进行了实验。 <ol><li>使用特定的点或温度的平均温度的利益由软件提供的规定区域内的是。检索所记录的视频序列或从嵌入在图像文件中的信息的所有像素的温度数据。 图3示出了一个典型的屏幕截图从ResearchIR软件内。 </li></ol></li><li>将光标置于上的植物组织，代表感兴趣的特定点的位置。定义兴趣点（大小1-3像素），框，线条，椭圆，或圆的面积。点或形状的多种组合可以位于​​在图像上。 </li></ol></li><li>记录视频序列<ol><li>将相机设定为60赫兹和录音手动停止录制。 </li><li>指示计算机或外部驱动器，其中所记录的视频文件将被放置的位置。 </li><li>开始录制。 注：录制到外部硬盘驱动器，强烈推荐，因为大的视频文件将被生成。录制的视频文件可以在以后修改为仅包含含NE的部分cessary信息。这将大大降低文件大小。 </li><li> 0.5 -1.0℃的降低增量腔室的温度。等到植物温度达到平衡与空气的温度，然后通过0.5-1.0℃下再次降低温度。取决于植物组织被观察和它的形态的质量，平衡可能需要10至15分钟。因此，给予约4℃/小时的冷却速度。 </li><li>继续以这种方式，直到工厂冻结和提出的意见完成。结束记录时在冷冻过程已经完成。 注意：植物组织已经平衡的空气温度时，植物材料和背景是相同的颜色，因为它们是在相同的温度。由于背景温度和植物组织的温度是相同的，也可能是很难看到的植物材料，直到再次降低温度并且在植物组织和一之间的温度差IR温度。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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作者有没有竞争经济利益或利益冲突。

水具有过冷到温度低于0℃，并在该水会冻结可以相当可变温度的能力。36的温度限制为纯水过冷是约-40℃，并且被定义为均相成核点。当水结冰的温度比回暖-40°C它带来的异质存在成核剂，使小冰的胚胎形成，然后作为催化剂，冰的形成和生长。37有众多的自然分子的充当非常有效的冰成核剂，因此大多数的性质的冷冻水发生在温度刚好低于0℃。调节或影响异质成核剂的活性的能...

冷冻时植物生长活跃时发生的温度可以是致命的，特别是如果植物具有很少或没有冰冻耐受性。这样的事件霜冻往往会对农业生产造成破坏性影响，也可以在植物自然种群形成群落结构发挥了重要作用，特别是在高山，亚寒带和寒带生态系统1-6。严重的春季霜冻事件在最近几年7-9对水果生产在美国和南美洲的重大影响，并加剧了发病初期温暖的天气其次是较典型的平均气温低。早期的温暖的天气诱使芽突破，激活新枝，叶和花所有这些都很少无霜容忍1,3,10-12增长。这种变化无常的天气模式已经被报道正在发生的气候变化的直接反映，并预计将在FORES一个共同的天气模式eeable未来的13。努力提供经济，有效和环境友好的管理技术或农用化学品，可以提供增加的冰冻耐受性取得了有限的成功为宿主的原因，但是这可以部分地归因于耐冻性和冰冻避免机制在植物的复杂性。 14 霜存活于植物相关联的自适应机制已经传统上被分为两类，耐冻性和冰冻回避。前一类与由一组特定的基因是允许植物容忍与存在和冰在其组织的脱水作用有关的应力的调节生化机制相关联。而在后一类通常是，但不是唯一，与植物中的植物14结构方面确定是否，何时，何地冰形成有关。尽管冻结回避的患病率作为广告aptive机制，一些研究一直致力于在近期了解的底层机制和冻结规避监管。读者可以参考最近15检讨关于这个主题的更详细。 而形成的冰在低温下可能看起来像一个简单的过程中，许多因素有助于确定在哪些冰成核在植物组织和它如何在植物内扩散的温度。如外在和内在冰的存在下成核，异质与均相成核事件，热滞后（防冻剂）的蛋白质，具体糖和其它渗透剂的存在下，和一台主机的植物的结构方面参数都可以发挥显著在植物冷冻过程中的作用。总的来说，这些参数影响在哪个工厂结冰，冰的地方开始以及如何成长的温度。它们也可以影响所得冰晶体的形态。各种方法已被用于研究在植物冷冻过程在实验室条件，包括核磁共振谱（NMR）16，磁共振成像（MRI）17，冷冻显微镜18-19，和低温扫描电子显微镜下（LTSEM ）。20冻结在实验室和现场设置整株植物，然而，主要被监测热电偶。使用热电偶来研究冷冻的是基于热解放（熔化焓）当水经历从液体到固体的相变。冷冻，然后被记录作为一个放热事件。21-23即使热电偶是选择在研究中的植物冷冻的典型方法，它们的使用有很大的局限性，限制了冷冻事件期间所获得的信息的量。例如，用热电偶就很难几乎不可能确定在何处开始在植物中的冰，它是如何传播，如果它在传播的速度，甚至，如果某些组织保持无冰。 高分辨率红外热（HRIT）24-27进展，然而，有显著增加，以获取有关整个植物冷冻处理信息的能力，在差分成像模式下使用时尤其如此。28-33在本报告中，我们描述了使用该技术的研究冷冻过程的各个方面，该影响在哪里和以什么样的温度冰在植物中被启动的各种参数。的协议将被呈现，将展示冰核活性（INA）细菌作为一个非本征成核启动在高温，零下温度在一种草本植物冷冻能力， 丁香假单胞菌 （CIT-7）。 高分辨率红外摄像机该协议和实例本报告中采用红外线高分辨率视频辐射计。所述辐射计（ 图1）提供的红外和可见光谱图像和温度数据的组合。照相机的光谱响应是在7.5至13.5微米的范围内，并提供640×480像素的分辨率。所产生的可见光谱图像的内置相机可以与红外图像进行实时，这有利于复杂，热图像的解释是稠合的。透镜用于摄像机A范围可以被用来制造特写和显微镜观察。该相机可以在一个独立的模式下使用，或接口和控制使用的专有软件的笔记本电脑。该软件可以被用来获得各种嵌入在录制的视频热数据。要注意的是各种各样的红外线辐射计是市售的是重要的。因此，至关重要的是，研究者讨论一个知识渊博的产品工程师其预期应用和研究人员测试任何specifi的能力ç辐射计，以提供所需的信息。在所描述的协议中使用的成象辐射计被放置在丙烯酸类盒（ 图2）绝缘的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料I N为了在升温和冷却的协议，以防止暴露于冷凝。无需对所有摄像机或应用这种保护。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>SC-660</td>
			<td>Many models available depending on application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Analytical Software</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>ResearchIR 4.10.2.5</td>
			<td align="right">$3,500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Pseudomonas syringae (strain Cit-7)</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"><a href="mailto:icelab@berkeley.edu">Kindly provided by Dr. Steven Lindow, University of California&#160; Berkeley icelab@berkeley.edu</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas Agar F</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0448-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of high-resolution infrared thermography (hrit) for the study of ice nucleation and ice propagation in plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

冰+细菌的冰核活动， 丁香假单胞菌 （株CIT-7） 水的10μl降和10微升水含有P.丁香 （CIT-7）被放置于一玉簪叶的背面（ 玉簪属）（ 图4）。如图所示，对含有冰核细菌水滴冻结第一和负​​责诱导叶冻结而水在叶子表面上的压降保持解冻。 冻结和冰繁殖的木本植物 图5示出冰都开始和冰繁殖...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants at JoVE.com

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

高分辨率红外热成像（HRIT）的冰核和冰传播的植物研究中的应用

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

9.5K 次观看.  Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV. Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

视频: The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

重组纤维素酶Cel5A从表达<em&gt;里氏木霉</em&gt;在烟草

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

科研

环境科学

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing seeds of Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), and Mescluns (Lepidium sativum). We applied magnets under the culture dish. During the 4 days of application, we observed that the stem and root length increased. The group subjected to magnetic field treatment (n = 10) showed a 1.4 times faster rate of growth compared with the control group (n = 11) in a total of 8 days (p &#60;0.0005). This rate is 20% higher than that reported in previous studies. The tubulin complex lines did not have connecting points, but connecting points occur upon the application of magnets. This shows complete difference from the control, which means abnormal arrangements. However, the exact cause remains unclear. These results of growth enhancement of applying magnets suggest that it is possible to enhance the growth rate, increase productivity, or control the speed of germination of plants by applying static magnetic fields. Also, magnetic fields can cause physiological changes in plant cells and can induce growth. Therefore, stimulation with a magnetic field can have possible effects that are similar to those of chemical fertilizers, which means that the use of fertilizers can be avoided.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

采用静态磁场农业植物初始增长率提高

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

对污水处理工艺的疗效评估利用化学和生态毒理学方法的电池，以消除雌激素潜能

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered &#34;bee-safe,&#34; there is mounting evidence that fungicide residues in pollen are associated with bee declines (for both honey and bumble bee species). While the mechanisms remain relatively unknown, researchers have speculated that bee-microbe symbioses are involved. Microbes play a pivotal role in the preservation and/or processing of pollen, which serves as nutrition for larval bees. By altering the microbial community, it is likely that fungicides disrupt these microbe-mediated services, and thereby compromise bee health. This manuscript describes the protocols used to investigate the indirect mechanism(s) by which fungicides may be causing colony decline. Cage experiments exposing bees to fungicide-treated flowers have already provided the first evidence that fungicides cause profound colony losses in a native bumble bee (Bombus impatiens). Using field-relevant doses of fungicides, a series of experiments have been developed to provide a finer description of microbial community dynamics of fungicide-exposed pollen. Shifts in the structural composition of fungal and bacterial assemblages within the pollen microbiome are investigated by next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Experiments developed herein have been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of how fungicides affect the microbiome of pollen-provisions. Ultimately, these findings should shed light on the indirect pathway through which fungicides may be causing colony declines.

Microbial consortia within bumble bee hives enrich and preserve pollen for bee larvae. Using next generation sequencing, along with laboratory and field-based experiments, this manuscript describes protocols used to test the hypothesis that fungicide residues alter the pollen microbiome, and colony demographics, ultimately leading to colony loss.

经验、基因和计算技术阐明了杀菌剂危害蜜蜂健康的机制

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere through interactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The main sink of NOx is the formation and deposition of nitric acid, a component of acid rain and a bioavailable nutrient. NOx is emitted from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, which vary in space and time. The collocation of multiple sources and the short lifetime of NOx make it challenging to quantitatively constrain the influence of different emission sources and their impacts on the environment. Nitrogen isotopes of NOx have been suggested to vary amongst different sources, representing a potentially powerful tool to understand the sources and transport of NOx. However, previous methods of collecting atmospheric NOx integrate over long (week to month) time spans and are not validated for the efficient collection of NOx in relevant, diverse field conditions. We report on a new, highly efficient field-based system that collects atmospheric NOx for isotope analysis at a time resolution between 30 min and 2 hr. This method collects gaseous NOx in solution as nitrate with 100% efficiency under a variety of conditions. Protocols are presented for collecting air in urban settings under both stationary and mobile conditions. We detail the advantages and limitations of the method and demonstrate its application in the field. Data from several deployments are shown to 1) evaluate field-based collection efficiency by comparisons with in situ NOx concentration measurements, 2) test the stability of stored solutions before processing, 3) quantify in situ reproducibility in a variety of urban settings, and 4) demonstrate the range of N isotopes of NOx detected in ambient urban air and on heavily traveled roadways.

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time resolution.

自动化，高清晰度移动采集系统对NO的氮同位素分析<sub系列&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. A cube-shaped sample assembly is prepared and compressed, at room temperature, by a set of four X-ray transparent sintered diamond anvils and two tungsten carbide anvils, in the lateral and the vertical planes, respectively. All six anvils are housed within a 250-ton hydraulic press and driven inward simultaneously by two wedged guide blocks. A horizontal energy dispersive X-ray beam is projected through and diffracted by the sample assembly. The beam is commonly in the mode of either white or monochromatic X-ray. In the case of white X-ray, the diffracted X-rays are detected by a solid-state detector array that collects the resulting energy dispersive diffraction pattern. In the case of monochromatic X-ray, the diffracted pattern is recorded using a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, such as an imaging plate or a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The 2-D diffraction patterns are analyzed to derive lattice spacings. The elastic strains of the sample are derived from the atomic lattice spacing within grains. The stress is then calculated using the predetermined elastic modulus and the elastic strain. Furthermore, the stress distribution in two-dimensions allow for understanding how stress is distributed in different orientations. In addition, a scintillator in the X-ray path yields a visible light image of the sample environment, which allows for the precise measurement of sample length changes during the experiment, yielding a direct measurement of volume strain on the sample. This type of experiment can quantify the stress distribution within geomaterials, which can ultimately shed light on the mechanism responsible for compaction. Such knowledge has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of key processes in rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, mineral physics, and material science applications where compactive processes are important.

We report detailed procedures for compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. Such experiments allow quantification of the stress distribution within samples, that ultimately sheds light on compaction processes in geomaterials.

基于同步辐射 x 射线衍射的岩石和矿物团聚体冷压缩应力分布

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions.
The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.

Here, we present a protocol to image a strawberry plant freezing in 3 dimensions. Two infrared cameras positioned at slightly different angles are used to produce a red-blue anaglyph video to observe the freezing of the plant in 3 dimensions.

植物冷冻三维红外视频制作协议

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to individually track cohoused animals. We tested the tracking routine with four cohoused Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus) under light-darkness conditions for 5 days. The lobsters had been individually tagged. The experimental setup and the tracking techniques used are entirely based on the open source software. The comparison of the tracking output with a manual detection indicates that the lobsters were correctly detected 69% of the times. Among the correctly detected lobsters, their individual tags were correctly identified 89.5% of the times. Considering the frame rate used in the protocol and the movement rate of lobsters, the performance of the video tracking has a good quality, and the representative results support the validity of the protocol in producing valuable data for research needs (individual space occupancy or locomotor activity patterns). The protocol presented here can be easily customized and is, hence, transferable to other species where the individual tracking of specimens in a group can be valuable for answering research questions.

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

Here we present a protocol to individually track animals over a long period of time. It uses computer vision methods to identify a set of manually constructed tags by using a group of lobsters as case study, simultaneously providing information on how to house, manipulate, and mark the lobsters.

生态动物的长期视频跟踪: 挪威龙虾 (诺菲氏肾病) 日生物活动的案例研究

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.