作者感谢健太山田先生、Ryota 藤冈先生和水木许田先生对实验和数据分析的支持。这项工作得到了 jsp KAKENHI 赠款25630069号, 铃木基金会和日本精密测量技术促进基金会的支持。

1. 实验设置和程序
准备一个光学轨道, 以安装一个样品和光学为近红外成像如下。
<ol><li>
样品准备。 注: 当使用水或液体时, 做步骤1.1.1。当使用高粘度的水凝胶时, 做步骤1.1.2。<ol>
<li>钢球在水中设置。<ol>
<li>用少量胶水固定一个2.0 毫米直径的钢球到一个薄薄的塑料弦的末端。</li>
			<li>将钢球挂在矩形玻璃单元格的中心, 其光学路径长度为10.0 毫米, 宽度为10毫米, 高度为45毫米 (图 3)。</li>
			<li>小心地将过滤过的水倒入细胞中, 以免产生气泡。 注: 钢球也可以固定在一个薄塑料杆的尖端与少量胶水19。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>钢球设置在水凝胶。<ol>
<li>加热一个水凝胶, 以降低其粘度, 使其低到足以倒入顺利。</li>
			<li>使用注射器, 将水凝胶倒入矩形玻璃细胞中, 其光学路径长度为2.0 毫米, 宽度为10毫米, 高度为45毫米至半满, 使其冷却。</li>
			<li>在凝胶表面的中心放置一个0.5 毫米直径的钢球。</li>
			<li>用水凝胶填充细胞。 注: 较大球体 (> 1 毫米直径) 不应与凝胶一起使用, 因为它们会在感应加热过程中由引力和/或磁力移动。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>将单元格设置为塑料支架, 然后将其装入光驱 (图 3)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
近红外成像系统的研制。
	<ol>
<li>用光纤导光器准备卤素灯, 并将光纤导轨的一端固定在光学导轨上。</li>
		<li>将窄带通滤波器 (NBPF) 与透光率峰值在λ = 1150 nm 或λ = 1412 nm 之间的光纤导光和单元格 (图 3)。</li>
		<li>在卤素灯和 NBPF 之间, 干涉另一个带通滤波器 (BPF), 其传输波长范围比 NBPF 宽。 注意: BPF 是需要防止热损伤的 NBPF, 因为它直接接收光。</li>
		<li>在 NBPF 和单元格架之间的光路中, 将虹膜膜片干预以减少杂散光 (图 3)。</li>
		<li>设置近红外摄像机以检测通过单元格传输的光 (图 3)。将照相机通过数据传输电缆连接到安装在个人电脑 (PC) 上的图形板上, 并使用图像采集软件。</li>
		<li>在单元格和照相机之间设置远心透镜 (图3)。 注意: 还可以使用普通相机镜头。然而, 远心透镜是更好的选择检测的光平行于主射线的 IAT 和减少衍射的影响。 注: NBPF 和 BPF 不应放置在单元格和照相机之间, 因为在这样做时, 水温将通过直接吸收卤素灯的高强度光而增加。</li>
		<li>打开近红外摄像机并启动图像采集软件。</li>
		<li>点燃卤素灯并调整其输出功率, 观察显示器上显示的图像 (图 4)。</li>
		<li>调整远心透镜的轴线、位置和焦距, 以获得钢球的精细图像。 注: 如果调整不完整, 将出现不规则的强度模式, 导致不正确的 absorbances。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
感应加热系统的研制。
	<ol>
<li>准备由高频发生器组成的感应加热系统 (最大输出功率: 5.6 千瓦; 频率: 780 赫)、水冷线圈和冷水机组。 注: 用于钎焊、焊接、焊接小五金件的感应加热系统适合于此用途;请参阅材料表。</li>
		<li>如果可能, 在 XYZ 移动舞台上安装线圈以改变其位置。</li>
		<li>将线圈靠近单元格, 使线圈中心和钢球之间的距离约为15毫米 (图 3)。确保线圈附近没有其他金属部件。 注: 应根据感应加热功率和球体尺寸调整距离。</li>
		<li>循环冷却水。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
图像采集和感应加热。
	<ol>
<li>单击图像采集软件上的 "开始" 以按顺序存储图像。</li>
		<li>点击 "启动" 感应加热控制软件开始感应加热。</li>
		<li>几秒钟后 (根据条件和目的), 单击图像采集软件上的 "停止"。</li>
		<li>在感应加热控制软件上单击 "停止"。</li>
		<li>在图像采集软件中, 将世俗存储的图像保存为 TIFF 序列 (或其他非压缩格式)。 注意: 如果温度足够高, 光偏转的效果将出现在图像7上。感应加热功率必须适当降低, 但实验表明, 在球附近温度的增加小于约 10 K, 可以在以下协议步骤中确认温度估计。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 图像处理和温度估计
注意: 保存的顺序图像表示为ii(x, z), 其中I是顺序帧编号。坐标、 x、 y、 z、 r和r都定义为图 2中所示;z在与引力相反的方向上是正的。下面的协议步骤的大纲也在补充 1中说明。
<ol><li>
吸光度图像构造。
	<ol>
<li>使用图像处理软件打开ii(x, z)。</li>
		<li>通过实现 3 x 3 像素平均值, 减少i(x, z) 中的噪音。</li>
		<li>在加热之前, 在i = 1 到 5 (或更多) 之前创建iI(x, z) 的平均图像, 并将其定义为参考图像, Ir(x, z)。 注意: 这种平均值降低了噪声, 从而获得比单个帧图像更可靠的图像。</li>
		<li>通过以下公式构造吸光度差的序列图像, ΔAi(x, z): <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq1.jpg">(1) 注意: ΔAi(x, z) 是吸光度的变化, ai(x, z), 从参考吸光度, r(x, z), 之前加热, 并派生如下15,16,17,18,19: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq2.jpg">(2) 其中I0是入射光对单元格的强度。</li>
		<li>使用适当的颜色映射 (如蓝色到红色) 着色ΔAi 图像。 注意: 为 ImageJ 运行步骤2.1.2 的命令脚本文件在补充 2中显示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
温度估计。
	<ol>
<li>通过直观地观察图像, 选择ΔAi(x、 z) 与球体中心圆对称的时间段。 注: 圆形对称性主要由自由对流破坏。在前面的工作19中介绍了一种基于图像的自由对流发生的分析判断;然而, 实际上, 视觉判断是有效的。</li>
		<li>将δai(r @xmltag@#ʹ,θ ) 数据沿δ上的360径向线 (δθ= 1˚)解压缩到i (x,z ) 图像。</li>
		<li>在球体及其附近 (δr @xmltag@#ʹ≈0.2 毫米) 中排除δAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ、θ) 数据。注: 数据在附近异常非常小或大, 主要是由于球体的轻微移动。</li>
		<li>平均ΔAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ,θ ) 在θ上确定线路配置文件, Δ i (r @xmltag@#ʹ)。 注意: 为 ImageJ 运行步骤2.2.2 的命令脚本文件在补充 3中显示。</li>
		<li>通过以下多高斯函数近似ΔAi(r @xmltag@#ʹ) 数据: <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq3.jpg">(3) 其中aj 是加权因子, σj 是色散参数, r是 r @xmltag@#ʹ的最大值,其中Δi (R) = 0 可以假定。</li>
		<li>计算吸收系数的差异, Δµi(r), 将获得的N、 j和σj 放入以下 Eq 中的 IAT. (3): <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq4.jpg">(4) 其中电流变是错误函数。</li>
		<li>通过以下公式将Δµi(r) 转换为温度: <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/57407/57407eq5.jpg">(5) 与水的温度系数, αf, 是 4.0 x 10-3 K-1毫米-1为λ = 1150 nm19和 4.1 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1对于λ = 1412 nm17。 注意: 运行步骤2.2.5 到2.2.7 的命令脚本文件在补充 4中显示, 其中 Levenberg-马夸特非线性最小二乘法17,19被用于步骤2.2.5。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+of+nanofluid+heat+transfer+in+presence+of+magnetic+field:+A+review.">Simulation of nanofluid heat transfer in presence of magnetic field: A review.</a> Int J Heat Mass Trans. 115, 1203-1233 (2017).</li><li>H&#228;feli, U., Sch&#252;tt, W., Teller, J., Zborowski, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers. , (2013).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本文所提出的技术是利用近红外吸收水的温度依赖性, 在建立必要的设备和实施方面没有很大困难的一种新方法。使用卤素灯和 NBPF 可以很容易地产生入射光。然而, 激光不能使用, 因为相干干扰模式将出现在图像上。可用于可见光使用的普通光学透镜和玻璃细胞, 因为它们在λ上传输足够的光 (1150 毫微米和 1412 nm)。此外, InGaAs 相机现在可以以相对低廉的价格购买。
NBPFs ...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.
In 2.2.7, the temperature coefficient of water, &#945;f, for &#955; = 1150 nm has been corrected from:
4.0 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1
to:
2.8&#160;x 10-4&#160;K-1&#160;mm-1

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.

Erratum: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

在许多科研领域和应用中, 需要一种测量介质中小热源附近温度的技术。例如, 在磁性热疗的研究中, 这是一种利用磁粒子电磁感应或小磁片进行癌症治疗的方法, 对于准确预测磁性产生的温度分布至关重要。粒子1,2。但是,虽然微波3,4, 超声波 5,6,7,8, 光声 9, 拉曼 10, 和磁共振 11,对12基于的温度测量技术进行了研究和开发, 目前无法准确测量出这种内部温度分布。到目前为止, 在一些位置的单位置温度或温度是通过温度传感器测量的, 在感应加热的情况下, 是非磁性光纤温度传感器13,14。或者, 通过红外辐射温度计远程测量介质的表面温度, 以估计内部温度14。然而, 当含有小热源的介质是水层或非浑浊的水介质时, 我们已经证明, 近红外吸收技术对于测量温度15、16是有用的, 17,18,19。本文介绍了该技术的详细协议和代表性结果。
近红外吸收技术是基于近红外区域水吸收带温度依赖性的原理。如图 1a所示, ν1 + ν2 + ν3的水的吸收带在 1100 nm 到 1250 nm 波长 (λ) 范围内, 并随着温度的变化而变短波长。增加19。这里, ν1 + ν2 + ν3表示此波段对应于三基本的 O H 振动模式的组合: 对称拉伸 (ν1), 弯曲 (ν 2)和求解反对称拉伸(ν 3)20, 21。频谱的这种变化表明, 波段中最温度敏感的波长是λ ≈ 1150 nm。其他吸收的水带也表现出类似的行为, 有关温度15,16,17,18,20,21。ν1 + ν3在范围λ = 1350−1500 nm 中观察到的水带, 其温度依赖性在图 1b中显示。在ν1 + ν3带水中, 1412 nm 是温度敏感度最高的波长。因此, 有可能获得二维 (2D) 温度图像, 使用近红外相机捕捉2D 吸光度图像在λ = 1150 或 1412 nm。由于水的吸收系数在λ = 1150 毫微米小于在λ = 1412 毫微米, 前波长为大约10毫米厚实的水介质是适当的, 而后者适合大约1毫米厚实部分。最近, 使用λ = 1150 nm, 我们得到的温度分布在一个10毫米厚的水层包含感应加热1毫米直径钢球19。此外, 使用λ = 1412 nm15,17, 测量了0.5 毫米厚水层中的温度分布。
基于近红外测温技术的一个优点是, 它简单的设置和实现, 因为它是一种透射吸收测量技术, 不需要荧光, 荧光粉, 或其他热探针。此外, 其温度分辨率小于 0.2 K15,17,19。这种良好的温度分辨率不能通过基于干涉测量的其他传输技术来实现, 这种方法经常用于热和传质研究22,23,24。然而, 我们注意到, 近红外温度成像技术在局部温度变化较大的情况下并不适用, 因为由大温度梯度引起的光偏转成为占主导地位的19。本文从实际使用的角度介绍了这一问题。
本文介绍了基于近红外测温技术的小磁球感应加热的实验设置和步骤;此外, 它还提供了两个代表性的2D 吸光度图像的结果。一个图像是一个2.0 毫米直径的钢球在10.0 毫米厚的水层, 捕获在λ = 1150 nm。第二个图像是一个0.5 毫米直径的钢球在2.0 毫米厚的麦芽糖糖浆层, 捕获在λ = 1412 nm。本文还提出了将逆阿贝尔变换 (IAT) 应用于2D 吸光度图像的三维 (3D) 径向分布的计算方法和结果。当3D 温度分布假定为球状对称时, IAT 是有效的, 如加热球体 (图 2)19中的情况。对于 IAT 计算, 在这里采用了一种多高斯函数拟合方法, 这是因为可以通过分析25、26、27、28、29 (IATs) 来获得高斯函数的可解析性.并适合于单调地减少数据;这包括使用来自单一热源的热传导的实验。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:727px;" width="727">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Induction heating system</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">CEIA, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPW900/56</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Coil</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SA-Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td>Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Water chiller</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Matsumoto Kikai, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP-401CT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Halogen lamp</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LA-150UE-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1150 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">115FS10-25</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1412 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">semi-custom</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 850&#8722;1300 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-1300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 1100&#8722;2000 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">NIR camera</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Alpha NIR</td>
			<td>InGaAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IRvista</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>ver. 1.51r</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Matlab</td>
			<td>ver. 2016a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Telecentric lens</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Edmond Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55350-L</td>
			<td>X1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Maltose syrup as aqueous gel</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sonton, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Mizuame</td>
			<td>Food product</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere

介绍了一种测量感应加热小磁球周围水和非混浊水介质温度的方法。这个技术利用1150年和1412毫微米的波长, 水的吸收系数取决于温度。水或非混浊水凝胶含有2.0 毫米或0.5 毫米直径的磁性球体被辐照1150毫微米或 1412 nm 入射光, 选择使用一个狭窄的带通滤波器;此外, 二维吸光度图像, 这是横向预测的吸收系数, 是通过近红外相机获取。当温度的三维分布可以假设为球状对称时, 将逆阿贝尔变换应用于吸光度剖面估计。根据时间和感应加热功率, 观察到温度的变化。

ΔAi的图像 (x, z) 在λ = 1150 毫微米为一个2.0 毫米直径钢球形在水和在λ = 1412 毫微米为一个0.5 毫米直径钢球形在麦芽糖糖浆在图 5A和显示图 6分别为。在这两种情况下, 球体位于线圈底部的12毫米, 沿其中心轴线。图 5b和<strong cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere at JoVE.com

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

提出了一种利用1150年和 1412 nm 波长测量感应加热小磁球周围水温度的技术。

感应加热小磁球周围水近红外测温技术

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding

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8.0K 次观看.  Tokyo Metropolitan University. 提出了一种利用1150年和 1412 nm 波长测量感应加热小磁球周围水温度的技术。

视频: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

高压直流电桥从极地介电液的制备

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

科研

工程学

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film synthesis) for the purpose of exploratory materials research. Certain materials pose a challenge wherein the traditional bulk Hall bar device fabrication method is insufficient to produce a measureable device for sample transport measurement, principally because the single crystal size is too small to attach wire leads to the sample in a Hall bar configuration. This can be, for example, because the first batch of a new material synthesized yields very small single crystals or because flakes of samples of one to very few monolayers are desired. In order to enable rapid characterization of materials that may be carried out in parallel with improvements to their growth methodology, a method of device fabrication for very small samples has been devised to permit the characterization of novel materials as soon as a preliminary batch has been produced. A slight variation of this methodology is applicable to producing devices using exfoliated samples of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as well as multilayer heterostructures of such materials. Here we present detailed protocols for the experimental device fabrication of fragments and flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate and subsequent measurement in a commercial superconducting magnet, dry helium close-cycle cryostat magnetotransport system at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common procedure for collecting traces of explosives, and standardized measurements of collection efficiency are needed to evaluate and optimize sampling protocols. The approach described here is designed to provide this measurement infrastructure, and controls most of the factors known to be relevant to wipe-sampling. Three critical factors (the applied force, travel distance, and travel speed) are controlled using an automated device. Test surfaces are chosen based on similarity to the screening environment, and the wipes can be made from any material considered for use in wipe-sampling. Particle samples of the explosive 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are applied in a fixed location on the surface using a dry-transfer technique. The particle samples, recently developed to simulate residues made after handling explosives, are produced by inkjet printing of RDX solutions onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. Collection efficiency is measured by extracting collected explosive from the wipe, and then related to critical sampling factors and the selection of wipe material and test surface. These measurements are meant to guide the development of sampling protocols at screening venues, where speed and throughput are primary considerations.

Optimized sampling protocols and the development of new wipe materials can be facilitated by standardized measurements of collection efficiency from wipe-sampling. Our approach for sampling trace explosives uses an automated device to control speed, force, and distance during wipe-sampling followed by extraction of collected explosives.

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. The developed technique can be performed in two ways: using the reconstructed multiplication moir&#233; method or the spatial phase-shifting sampling moir&#233; method. When the specimen grid pitch is around 2 pixels, 2-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated to reconstruct a multiplication moir&#233; pattern for a deformation measurement. Both the displacement and strain sensitivities are twice as high as in the traditional scanning moir&#233; method in the same wide field of view. When the specimen grid pitch is around or greater than 3 pixels, multi-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated, and a spatial phase-shifting technique is combined for a full-field deformation measurement. The strain measurement accuracy is significantly improved, and automatic batch measurement is easily achievable. Both methods can measure the two-dimensional (2D) strain distributions from a single-shot grid image without rotating the specimen or scanning lines, as in traditional moir&#233; techniques. As examples, the 2D displacement and strain distributions, including the shear strains of two carbon fiber-reinforced plastic specimens, were measured in three-point bending tests. The proposed technique is expected to play an important role in the non-destructive quantitative evaluations of mechanical properties, crack occurrences, and residual stresses of a variety of materials.

A sampling moir&#233; technique featuring 2-pixel and multi-pixel sampling methods for high-accuracy strain distribution measurements at the micro/nano-scale is presented here.

微米/纳米尺度应变分布测量从采样莫尔条纹

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. M2052 (Mn-20Cu-5Ni-2Fe, at%) is an important branch of Mn-Cu-based alloys, which possesses both excellent damping capacity and processability. In recent decades, lots of studies have been carried out on the performance optimization of M2052, improving the damping capacity, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and service temperature, etc. The major methods of performance optimization are alloying, heat treatment, pretreatment, and different ways of molding etc., among which alloying, as well as adopting a reasonable heat treatment, is the simplest and most effective method to obtain perfect and comprehensive performance. To obtain the M2052 alloy with excellent performance for casting molding, we propose to add Zn and Al to the MnCuNiFe alloy matrix and use a variety of heat treatment methods for a comparison in the microstructure, damping capacity, and service temperature. Thus, a new type of cast-aged Mn-22.68Cu-1.89Ni-1.99Fe-1.70Zn-6.16Al (at.%) alloy with&#160;superior damping capacity and high service temperature is obtained by an optimized heat treatment method. Compared with the forging technique, cast molding is simpler and more efficient, and the damping capacity of this as-cast alloy is excellent. Therefore, there is a suitable reason to think that it is a good choice for engineering applications.

Here we present a protocol to obtain a novel Mn-Cu-based alloy with excellent comprehensive performances by a high-quality smelting technology and reasonable heat treatment methods.

新型高性能 MnCuNiFeZnAl 合金的制备及高温性能研究

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

一种水上光纤的设计与制造

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed and characterized a temperature-independent fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based random-displacement sensor that adopts a magnetic scale as a novel transferring mechanism. By detecting shifts of two FBG center wavelengths, a full-range measurement can be obtained with a magnetic scale. For identification of the clockwise and counterclockwise rotation direction of the motor (in fact, the direction of movement of the object to be tested), there is a sinusoidal relationship between the displacement and the center wavelength shift of the FBG; as the anticlockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG detector shows a leading phase difference of around 90&#176; (+90&#176;). As the clockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG displays a lagging phase difference of around 90&#176; (-90&#176;). At the same time, the two FBG-based sensors are temperature independent. If there is some need for a remote monitor without any electromagnetic interference, this striking approach makes them a useful tool for determining the random displacement. This methodology is appropriate for industrial production. As the structure of the whole system is relatively simple, this displacement sensor can be used in commercial production. In addition to it being a displacement sensor, it can be used to measure other parameters, such as velocity and acceleration.

A protocol to create a full-range linear displacement sensor, combining two packaged fiber Bragg grating detectors with a magnetic scale, is presented.

通过组合磁量表和两个光纤布拉格光栅进行随机位移测量

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed ...

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, with its peak locomotion speed reaching 150 cm/s. First of all, we observed the microstructure and hierarchy of water strider legs using the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the observed morphology of the legs, a theoretical model of the detachment from water surface was established, which explained water striders' capability to slide on water surface effortlessly in terms of energy reduction. Secondly, a dynamic force measurement system was devised using the PVDF film sensor with excellent sensitivity, which could detect the whole interaction process. Subsequently, a single leg in contact with water was pulled upward at different speeds, and the adhesion force was measured at the same time. The results of the departing experiment suggested a deep understanding of the fast jumping of water striders.

The protocol here is dedicated to investigating the free and quick maneuvering of water strider on water surface. The protocol includes observing the microstructure of legs and measuring the adhesion force when departing from water surface at different speeds.

PVDF 薄膜传感器对水黾腿跳起动力的测量

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the prediction of the components in industrial processes. The ability to record spectra for solid and liquid samples without any pretreatment is advantageous and the method is widely used. However, the disadvantages of analyzing high-dimensional near-infrared spectral data include information redundancy and multicollinearity of the spectral data. Thus, we propose to use partial least squares regression method, which has traditionally been used to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the collinearity between the original features. We implement the method for predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether. The proposed approach offers the following advantages over component regression prediction methods: 1) partial least squares regression solves the multicollinearity problem of the independent variables and effectively avoids overfitting, which occurs in a regression analysis due to the high correlation between the independent variables; 2) the use of the near-infrared spectra results in high accuracy because it is a non-destructive and non-polluting method to obtain information at microscopic and molecular scales.

The protocol describes a method of predicting o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. To describe the process more clearly and completely, an example of predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene is used to clarify the steps.

O-cresol 浓度在线测量基于近红外光谱通过部分最小平方回归

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the ...