Authors would like to thank Catherine Solioz for her skillful assistance.

1. BCM准备<ol><li>从获得当地的屠户尽可能新鲜的猪的下颌骨。将下颚骨到坚硬的表面，并释放一个全厚皮瓣特别注意不要留下任何软组织或骨膜附着于骨。在清洁的环境，而不需要的流罩下工作的工作。 </li><li>一旦全厚瓣被释放，使用骨刮板从颊侧收获了碎骨片。请注意，骨刮板必须锐利。处理坚决骨刮板和长运动收集骨头。弃骨碎片越小1毫米。 <ol><li>维持天然骨片，直接将骨碎片直径10厘米与补充有1％抗生素和抗真菌剂不能让它们变干的Dulbecco氏改良的Eagle氏培养基（DMEM）的塑料盘中。 </li><li>为了评价热加工的影响，受骨芯片在80℃巴氏灭菌30分钟或高压釜20分钟，121℃。 </li><li>为了评价脱矿质的影响，摇骨碎片在1M HCL为4-6小时，在4℃，并用培养基反复洗涤直到pH为中性。 </li></ol></li><li>总共5克每10ml新鲜的DMEM补充有1％抗生素和抗真菌剂的骨片的放置到一个新的塑料盘。 </li><li>将塑料皿在湿润气氛中，在37℃下放置24小时。然后，收获BCM。离心机BCM的在200×g离心10分钟以除去碎片，将其过滤灭菌（0.2纳米），并保持等份冷冻在-80℃。 </li><li>在即将使用前解冻BCM股票和避免冷冻和解冻的重复循环。 </li><li>为指示的实验中，浸泡胶原膜与BCM或无血清培养基进行1小时，在室温。用PBS洗涤大力膜并将它们放入96孔板。湿膜用细胞接种。 </li><li> BCM的制备方法概述于图1中 。 </LI&gt; </ol>基于间充质细胞生物测定2 <ol><li>种子的人类间充质细胞（例如成骨细胞，牙龈和牙周膜细胞）到12孔板用30,000个细胞/ cm 2的浓度。种子细胞用生长培养基由DMEM，10％胎牛血清和抗生素。让细胞附着到板O / N。 </li><li>弃去培养液，用预温的PBS在37℃下洗涤细胞。通过加入预热的无血清培养基中有和没有20％BCM刺激细胞。将细胞在湿润气氛中，在37℃下放置24小时。 </li><li>弃去培养液，冲洗细胞与预热PBS，并根据您的首选协议提取RNA。 </li><li>调节RNA的浓度，以使每个样品中的RNA的量相同。制备的cDNA和执行定量RT-PCR分析，使用表1所示的引物的选择的基因。 注:这是每一个组件的稀释液:2X SYBR绿，20X引着，20X引反向，5倍无菌水DD，5倍的cDNA。的定量RT-PCR在95℃15秒40个循环和60℃1分钟进行。 </li><li> CT GAPDH和Δ（ΔCT）是ΔCT刺激 - - ΔCT控制通过标准化来使用Δ（ΔCT）方法，其中ΔCT是CT目标看家基因GAPDH计算相对表达水平。 </li><li>这种质量控制后，添加BCM到培养基来刺激所有类型的细胞，包括间充质细胞，造血细胞或内皮细胞。 </li></ol>

<ol><li>Buser, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long-term+Stability+of+Early+Implant+Placement+with+Contour+Augmentation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+dental+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long-term Stability of Early Implant Placement with Contour Augmentation.</a> Journal of dental research. , (2013).</li>
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<li>Jensen, S. S., Broggini, N., Hjorting-Hansen, E., Schenk, R., Bone Buser, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((healing+and+graft+resorption+of+autograft%2C+anorganic+bovine+bone+and+beta-tricalcium+phosphate.+A+histologic+and+histomorphometric+study+in+the+mandibles+of+minipigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clinical+oral+implants+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">healing and graft resorption of autograft, anorganic bovine bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate. A histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs.</a> Clinical oral implants research. 17, 237-243 (2006).</li>
<li>Jensen, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+a+novel+biphasic+calcium+phosphate+in+standardized+bone+defects%3A+a+histologic+and+histomorphometric+study+in+the+mandibles+of+minipigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clinical+oral+implants+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate in standardized bone defects: a histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs.</a> Clinical oral implants research. 18, 752-760 (2007).</li>
<li>Grabowski, G., Bone Cornett, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((graft+and+bone+graft+substitutes+in+spine+surgery%3A+current+concepts+and+controversies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Orthopaedic+Surgeons%22%5BJournal%5D)">graft and bone graft substitutes in spine surgery: current concepts and controversies.</a> The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 21, 51-60 (2013).</li>
<li>Khan, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+biology+of+bone+grafting%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Orthopaedic+Surgeons%22%5BJournal%5D)">The biology of bone grafting.</a> The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 13, 77-86 (2005).</li>
<li>Bohr, H., Ravn, H. O., Werner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+osteogenic+effect+of+bone+transplants+in+rabbits.+The+Journal+of+bone+and+joint+surgery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22British%22%5BJournal%5D)">The osteogenic effect of bone transplants in rabbits. The Journal of bone and joint surgery.</a> British. 50, 866-873 (1968).</li>
<li>Bone Urist, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((formation+by+autoinduction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">formation by autoinduction.</a> Science. 150, 893-899 (1965).</li>
<li>Caballé-Serrano, J. D., Buser, D., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Proteomic+analysis+of+porcine+bone+conditioned+medium%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+International+journal+of+oral+%26+maxillofacial+implants%22%5BJournal%5D)">Proteomic analysis of porcine bone conditioned medium.</a> The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants. , (2014).</li>
<li>Peng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bone-Conditioned+Medium+Inhibits+Osteogenic+and+Adipogenic+Differentiation+of+Mesenchymal+Cells+In+Vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clinical+implant+dentistry+and+related+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bone-Conditioned Medium Inhibits Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro.</a> Clinical implant dentistry and related research. , (2014).</li>
<li>Brolese, E., Buser, D., Kuchler, U., Schaller, B., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Human+bone+chips+release+of+sclerostin+and+FGF-23+into+the+culture+medium%3A+an+in+vitro+pilot+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clinical+oral+implants+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Human bone chips release of sclerostin and FGF-23 into the culture medium: an in vitro pilot study.</a> Clinical oral implants research. , (2014).</li>
<li>Caballé-Serrano, J., Bosshardt, D. D., Gargallo-Albiol, J., Buser, D., Bone Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((conditioned+medium+enhances+osteoclastogenesis+in+murine+bone+marrow+cultures.+Clin+Oral+Impl+Res%3B+in%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Int+J+Oral+Maxillofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">conditioned medium enhances osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. Clin Oral Impl Res; in.</a> Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. , (2015).</li>
<li>Zimmermann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bone-conditioned+medium+changes+gene+expression+in+bone-derived+fibroblasts%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22IJOMI+accepted%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bone-conditioned medium changes gene expression in bone-derived fibroblasts).</a> IJOMI accepted. , (2014).</li>
<li>Fulzele, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Myelopoiesis+is+regulated+by+osteocytes+through+Gsalpha-dependent+signaling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Blood%22%5BJournal%5D)">Myelopoiesis is regulated by osteocytes through Gsalpha-dependent signaling.</a> Blood. 121, 930-939 (2013).</li>
<li>Becerra, J., Andrades, J. A., Ertl, D. C., Sorgente, N., Nimni, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Demineralized+bone+matrix+mediates+differentiation+of+bone+marrow+stromal+cells+in+vitro%3A+effect+of+age+of+cell+donor%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of%22%5BJournal%5D)">Demineralized bone matrix mediates differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro: effect of age of cell donor.</a> Journal of. 11, 1703-1714 (1996).</li>
<li>Kupcova Skalnikova,, H, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Proteomic+techniques+for+characterisation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+secretome%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biochimie%22%5BJournal%5D)">Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome.</a> Biochimie. , (2013).</li>
<li>Romanello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Osteoblastic+cell+secretome%3A+A+novel+role+for+progranulin+during+risedronate+treatment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22%22%5BJournal%5D)">Osteoblastic cell secretome: A novel role for progranulin during risedronate treatment.</a> , Bone. (2013).</li>
<li>Schuldt Filho,, G, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Conditioned+medium+of+demineralized+bone+matrix+activates+TGF-%CE%B2+signaling+pathways+in+mesenchymal+cells+in+vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Cranio+Maxill+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Conditioned medium of demineralized bone matrix activates TGF-β signaling pathways in mesenchymal cells in vitro.</a> J Cranio Maxill Surg. , (2015).</li>
<li>Buser, D., Chen, S. T., Weber, H. P., Belser, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Early+implant+placement+following+single-tooth+extraction+in+the+esthetic+zone%3A+biologic+rationale+and+surgical+procedures%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+International+journal+of+periodontics+%26+restorative+dentistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Early implant placement following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: biologic rationale and surgical procedures).</a> The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry. 28, 441-451 (2008).</li>
<li>Stoecklin-Wasmer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Absorbable+collagen+membranes+for+periodontal+regeneration%3A+a+systematic+review%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+dental+research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Absorbable collagen membranes for periodontal regeneration: a systematic review.</a> Journal of dental research. 92, progress. 773-781 (2013).</li>
</ol>

作者什么都没有透露。霍尔迪卡巴耶 - 塞拉诺获得奖学金的牙科研究和教育，巴塞尔，瑞士的基金会。

骨条件培养基反映骨移植物的过程中的骨再生的早期阶段的释放活性。这里描述的协议可以适于研究不同类型参与骨再生的细胞的反应。此外，该协议可以用于制备从加工骨或骨填充剂的条件培养基。该方法很容易执行，并依靠一个简单的概念:从各种天然和加工骨释放的因素。如何理解BCM影响间充质细胞可以帮助更多地了解移植整合和自体骨的性质。基于这种理念，我们已经积累了BCM从本土1...

自体骨被广泛用于桥接发生作为结果畸形，切除手术，重建手术创伤，和之前植入物放置1,2-缺陷。了解骨移植物是如何支持巩固移植的过程中，生物的原则是不理解为什么自体被认为是在重建手术的金标准唯一的关键，这也是仿生骨代用品3的改进设计。尽管如此，移植合并是更快地与自体骨相比，骨替代4,5。因此，当务之急是揭示，使自体骨以便有效地支持骨再生的分子和细胞机制。 还有被认为支持整合过程6,7自体移植三种教科书的特点。首先，自体骨骨传导是，新成立的骨生长提供指导入缺陷。其次，自体骨的成骨，这意味着它包含间充质细胞，能分化成成骨细胞8。第三，自体骨是骨诱导性的像埋葬在基质骨形态发生蛋白的生长因子可以发起软骨内或甚至膜内骨形成9的过程。还有另外一个方面:新鲜制备的骨碎片保持基于在体外观察与"骨条件培养基"10-15旁分泌功能。还骨髓细胞生成的影响应该提到16。与之类似的术语"脱钙骨基质条件培养基"已经创造于1996年，支持骨旁分泌功能的整体概念，即使是由脱盐处理17。对于我们而言，BCM可以从新鲜的猪准备下颌骨10,11。 BCM的蛋白质组学分析显示的成分复杂，包括生长事实口服补液盐和细胞外基质10的成分，也延长对整骨18,19的蛋白酶现有的知识。因此，BCM应该反映骨移植体外的各种修改的发布活动。 当间质细胞，例如来自骨片或口腔软组织中分离，暴露于BCM？ 在体外会发生什么，BCM降低了成骨和脂肪细胞分化，并引发IL11表达11的强劲增长。基因组范围的微阵列显示多个基因被差异表达的间充质细胞响应于BCM。在这些基因中有肾上腺髓质素（ADM），IL11，IL33，NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4），蛋白聚糖4（PRG4或润滑素）和五聚环蛋白3（PTX3）15。从高压灭菌骨碎片得到的BCM未能改变各基因14的表达。从骨片的巴氏杀菌经历和冻结BCM能改变基因表达14。脱钙骨基质（DBM-CM）的还条件培养基改变TGF-β调控的基因20的表达。有趣的是，用于从周围的软组织21,22屏蔽骨片胶原阻挡隔膜，吸附BCM的，负责的基因表达的变化23的那些部分。 BCM研究可以扩展到参与骨再生等骨吸收的破骨细胞和内皮细胞的其它细胞类型，仅举几例。总体而言，累积体外数据提供用于临床前研究的设计的科学依据。 本协议是两方面:首先，它显示了如何准备BCM。其次，它显示了如何基于骨髓间质细胞在体外测试其生物活性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pig Mandibles</td><td>Local bucher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone Scraper</td><td>Hu-Friedy</td><td>PPBUSE2/36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotics &amp;amp; Antimicotics</td><td>All life Technologies</td><td>15240-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen Membranes (Bio-Gide)</td><td>Geistlich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Calf Serum</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>16030074</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Invitrogen Corporation</td><td>21885-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;br/&gt; High Pure RNA Isolation Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>11828665001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>4379012001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primers</td><td>Microsynth</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR Green (for Q-RT-PCR)</td><td>Roche</td><td>4673484001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Roche</td><td>11666789001</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay

自体骨移植被广泛应用于口腔颌面外科，骨科，骨伤。自体骨移植不仅取代失去的骨头，它们还支持骨再生的复杂过程。自体移植的这种有利的行为归因于三个特点:骨传导性，osteogenicity，和骨诱导性。然而，还有另外一个方面:骨移植物释放分子，包括生长因子，它可以靶向参与骨再生的间充质细胞的无数。骨移植物的旁分泌性能还可以通过使用骨条件培养基（BCM）来进行体外研究。在这里，我们提出了一个协议就如何从本地猪皮质骨骨准备条件培养基和骨头进行热加工或脱矿。细胞可以直接暴露于BCM或接种于生物材料，如胶原膜，与前面的BCM湿透。我们举例说明体外 bioassaYS上的TGF-β调节基因表达的间质细胞。所提出的协议应该鼓励进一步揭示骨移植的旁分泌影响骨再生期间和重建手术的广阔领域打开了转化型研究的路径。

骨条件培养基从新鲜猪碎骨片制成。该方法的一般概述，制备BCM和用于与BCM组合的生物材料示于图1和图2分别。在BCM制备，重要的是要获得大的骨片，长动作短的运动或非常小的骨片可以影响最终BCM的质量。霉素，PTX3，IL11，IL33，NOX4和PRG4（ 图3）:BCM的质量可以通过分析BCM靶基因的基因表达的控制。 ADM和PTX3都下调至0.4倍，IL11，IL33，NOX4和PRG4可以是上调至200倍...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

我们在这里描述了如何准备骨条件培养基（BCM）和体外测试其活性。

骨条件培养基的制备和生物测定

Autologous bone grafts are widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedics, and traumatology. Autologous bone grafts not only replace missing ...

bone-conditioned-medium-preparation-and-bioassay

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.0K 次观看.  School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern. 我们在这里描述了如何准备骨条件培养基（BCM）和体外测试其活性。 

视频: Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

弓形虫囊肿壁形成激活骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞和Bradyzoite条件

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

科研

免疫与感染

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with diagnostic or prognostic difficulties. OS comprises genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cells. Bone microenvironment elements are proved to account for tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. Bone extracellular matrix (BEM) retains the microstructural matrices and biochemical components of native extracellular matrix. This tissue-specific niche provides a favorable and long-term scaffold for OS cell seeding and proliferation. This article provides a protocol for the preparation of BEM model and its further experimental application. OS cells can grow and differentiate into multiple phenotypes consistent with the histopathological complexity of OS clinical specimens. The model also allows visualization of diverse morphologies and their association with genetic alterations and underlying regulatory mechanisms. As homologous to human OS, this BEM-OS model can be developed and applied to the pathology and clinical research of OS.

The bone extracellular matrix (BEM) model for osteosarcoma (OS) is well established and shown here. It can be used as a suitable scaffold for mimicking primary tumor growth in vitro and providing an ideal model for studying the histologic and cytogenic heterogeneity of OS.

骨肉瘤的三维骨细胞外基质模型

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

癌症研究

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

RANKL 小鼠骨髓破骨细胞培养法研究 mTORC1 在破骨细胞形成中的作用

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

发育生物学

Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such lesions, there are potential complications with their use. Thus, material scientists are developing synthetic, biocompatible biomaterials to overcome these problems. In this study, we present a multidisciplinary platform for evaluating biomaterials for bone repair. We combined expertise from bone biology and immunology to develop a platform including in vitro osteoclast (OC) and osteoblast (OB) assays and in vivo mouse models of bone repair, immunogenicity, and allergenicity. We demonstrate how to perform the experiments, summarize the results, and report on biomaterial biocompatibility. In particular, we tested OB viability, differentiation, and mineralization and OC viability and differentiation in the context of &#946;-tricalcium phosphate (&#946;-TCP) disks. We also tested a &#946;-TCP/Collagen (&#946;-TCP/C) foam which is a commercially available material used clinically for bone repair in a critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model to determine the effects on the early phase of bone healing. In parallel experiments, we evaluated immune and allergic responses in mice. Our approach generates a biological compatibility profile of a bone biomaterial with a range of parameters necessary for predicting the biocompatibility of biomaterials used for bone healing and repair in patients.

The number of novel biomaterials engineered for repairing large bone lesions is continuously expanding with the aim to enhance bone healing and overcome the complications associated with bone transplantation. Here, we present a multidisciplinary strategy for pre-clinical biocompatibility testing of biomaterials for bone repair.

骨再生生物材料的生物相容性曲线

Large non-union bone fractures are a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Although auto- and allogeneic bone grafts are excellent for healing such ...

生物工程

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

抗体药物对小鼠骨髓及腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用的评价

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Generation of Organ-conditioned Media and Applications for Studying Organ-specific Influences on Breast Cancer Metastatic Behavior

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused on identifying factors inherent to breast cancer cells that are responsible for this observed metastatic pattern (termed organ tropism), however much less is known about factors present within specific organs that contribute to this process. This is in part because of a lack of in vitro model systems that accurately recapitulate the organ microenvironment. To address this, an ex vivo model system has been established that allows for the study of soluble factors present within different organ microenvironments. This model consists of generating conditioned media from organs (lymph node, bone, lung, and brain) isolated from normal athymic nude mice. The model system has been validated by demonstrating that different breast cancer cell lines display cell-line specific and organ-specific malignant behavior in response to organ-conditioned media that corresponds to their in vivo metastatic potential. This model system can be used to identify and evaluate specific organ-derived soluble factors that may play a role in the metastatic behavior of breast and other types of cancer cells, including influences on growth, migration, stem-like behavior, and gene expression, as well as the identification of potential new therapeutic targets for cancer. This is the first ex vivo model system that can be used to study organ-specific metastatic behavior in detail and evaluate the role of specific organ-derived soluble factors in driving the process of cancer metastasis.

This manuscript describes an ex vivo model system comprised of organ-conditioned media derived from the lymph node, bone, lung, and brain of mice. This model system can be used to identify and study organ-derived soluble factors and their effects on the organ tropism and metastatic behavior of cancer cells.

器官空调，媒体和应用的产生对乳腺癌转移行为研究器官特异性的影响

Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lymph node, bone, lung, brain and liver in breast cancer patients. Previous research efforts have focused ...

医学

A Comprehensive High-Efficiency Protocol for Isolation, Culture, Polarization, and Glycolytic Characterization of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. Macrophages are commonly classified as M1-like (inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) subtypes. M1-like macrophages are pro-inflammatory macrophages that get activated by LPS and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-&#947;, IL-12 &#38; IL-2. M1-like polarized macrophages are involved in various diseases by mediating the host&#39;s defense to a variety of bacteria and viruses. That is very important to study LPS induced M1-like macrophages and their metabolic states in inflammatory diseases. M2-like macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory macrophages, activated by anti-inflammatory cytokines and stimulators. Under the pro-inflammatory state, macrophages show increased glycolysis in glycolytic function. The glycolytic function has been actively investigated in the context of glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, compensatory glycolysis, or non-glycolytic acidification using extracellular flux (XF) analyzers.
This paper demonstrates how to assess the glycolytic states in real-time with easy-to-follow steps when the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are respiring, consuming, and producing energy. Using specific inhibitors and activators of glycolysis in this protocol, we show how to obtain a systemic and complete view of glycolytic metabolic processes in the cells and provide more accurate and realistic results. To be able to measure multiple glycolytic phenotypes, we provide an easy, sensitive, DNA-based normalization method for polarization assessment of BMDMs. Culturing, activation/polarization and identification of the phenotype and metabolic state of the BMDMs are crucial techniques that can help to investigate many different types of diseases.
In this paper, we polarized the na&#239;ve M0 macrophages to M1-like and M2-like macrophages with LPS and IL4, respectively, and measured a comprehensive set of glycolytic parameters in BMDMs in real-time and longitudinally over time, using extracellular flux analysis and glycolytic activators and inhibitors.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于骨髓来源巨噬细胞分离、培养、极化和糖酵解表征的全面高效方案

This protocol provides detailed and comprehensive methods for the isolation, culture, polarization, and measurement of the glycolytic metabolic state of live bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). This paper provides step-by-step instructions with realistic visual illustrations for workflow and glycolytic assessment of BMDMs in real-time.

用于骨髓来源巨噬细胞分离、培养、极化和糖酵解表征的全面高效方案

Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. ...

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is the initiation of innate immune programmed cell death (PCD) to eliminate infected or damaged cells and propagate immune responses. However, excess PCD is associated with inflammation and pathology. Therefore, understanding the activation and regulation of PCD is a central aspect of characterizing innate immune responses and identifying new therapeutic targets across the disease spectrum.
This protocol provides methods for characterizing innate immune PCD activation by monitoring caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are often associated with diverse PCD pathways, including&#160;apoptosis,&#160;pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. Initial reports characterized caspase-2, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-10 as initiator caspases and caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7 as effector caspases in apoptosis, while later studies found the inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-11, drive pyroptosis. It is now known that there is extensive crosstalk between the caspases and other innate immune and&#160;cell death molecules across the previously defined PCD pathways, identifying a key knowledge gap in the mechanistic understanding of innate immunity and PCD and&#160;leading to the characterization of PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by PANoptosome complexes, which integrate components, including caspases,&#160;from other cell death pathways.
Here, methods for assessing the activation of caspases in response to various stimuli are provided. These methods allow for the characterization of PCD pathways both in vitro and in vivo, as activated caspases undergo proteolytic cleavage that can be visualized by western blotting using optimal antibodies and blotting conditions. A protocol and western blotting workflow have been established that allow for the assessment of the activation of multiple caspases from the same cellular population, providing a comprehensive characterization of the PCD processes. This method can be applied across research areas in development, homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and cancer to evaluate PCD pathways throughout cellular processes in health and disease.

This protocol describes a comprehensive method for assessing caspase activation (caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-11) in response to both in vitro and in vivo (in mice) models of infection, sterile insults, and cancer to determine the initiation of cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis.

评估半胱天冬酶活化以评估先天免疫细胞死亡

Innate immunity provides the critical first line of defense in response to pathogens and sterile insults. A key mechanistic component of this response is ...

Isolation and Cultivation of Mandibular Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats

Here we present an efficient method for isolating and culturing mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro to rapidly obtain numerous high-quality cells for experimental requirements. mBMSCs could be widely used in therapeutic applications as tissue engineering cells in case of craniofacial diseases and cranio-maxillofacial regeneration in the future due to the excellent self-renewal ability and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Therefore, it is important to obtain mBMSCs in large numbers.
In this study, bone marrow was flushed from the mandible and primary mBMSCs were isolated through whole bone marrow adherent cultivation. Furthermore, CD29+CD90+CD45&#8722; mBMSCs were purified through fluorescent cell sorting. The second generation of purified mBMSCs were used for further study and displayed potential in differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Utilizing this in vitro model, one can obtain a high number of proliferative mBMSCs, which may facilitate the study of the biological characteristics, the subsequent reaction to the microenvironment, and other applications of mBMSCs.

This article presents a method that combines whole bone marrow adherence and flow cytometry sorting for isolating, cultivating, sorting, and identifying bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rat mandibles.

大鼠骨髓骨髓的隔离和培养

Here we present an efficient method for isolating and culturing mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro to rapidly obtain numerous ...

骨条件培养基的制备和生物测定

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骨肉瘤的三维骨细胞外基质模型

RANKL 小鼠骨髓破骨细胞培养法研究 mTORC1 在破骨细胞形成中的作用

骨再生生物材料的生物相容性曲线

抗体药物对小鼠骨髓及腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用的评价

器官空调，媒体和应用的产生对乳腺癌转移行为研究器官特异性的影响

用于骨髓来源巨噬细胞分离、培养、极化和糖酵解表征的全面高效方案

用于骨髓来源巨噬细胞分离、培养、极化和糖酵解表征的全面高效方案

评估半胱天冬酶活化以评估先天免疫细胞死亡

大鼠骨髓骨髓的隔离和培养