笔者想感谢委员会科技与创新（CTI，瑞士）的财政支持（第13236.1 PFFLI-LS）。

调查用一管道泵设置（Figu重新2），使机械应力实验在流速为将60μL分钟-1和压力下降到将要执行2巴进行。 如图ü重新2中，实验装置包括储存容器，泵电路和设备的内联内窥镜技术。储存容器的叶轮只用于混合表面活性剂。外围元件被整合到闭环监测的流速V和压降p在不同泵的设置。该调查是通过使用手轮阀变化。 1.实验装置<ol><li>确保生物反应器（D = 0.15 M，H / D = 2.2）装有一个叶轮，用于将surfacta的溶解核苷酸，并确保该入口管骤降到流体，以避免气体进入。 </li><li>装备在泵循环用注射器端口，所调查的泵，一个夹式流量计，单次使用的压力传感器和一个手轮阀。泵循环到贮存容器的连接后，将泵头部连接到马达，并准备内窥镜探针。 </li><li>装入可变反射面，在这种情况下，铑镜，在探头尖端和调整反射镜和透镜之间的距离为150μm。调整螺钉100微米聚焦物镜的清晰度。 </li><li>经由光纤电缆和内窥镜到计算机通过以太网电缆将相机将探头连接到所述频闪仪。然后，通过一个触发方框线连接相机和频闪仪一起。 </li><li>启动计算机并打开制造商提供的软件，其包括图像采集和识别软件，以及结果分析软件。 </li><li>选择主菜单图像获取软件。 </li><li>按一下按钮在屏幕来检测照相机的左上角“检测装置”。 </li><li>在“目录设置”选择计算机上的位置保存图像并激活命令“创建触发器子文件夹”。 </li><li>在输入部分工艺参数“触发模式：准备好”。 帧速率：7.5赫兹 每次触发帧：50 触发器数：60 触发间隔：60秒</li><li>的所有准备工作完成后，倒入5升去离子水，储存容器和泵切换到填充泵和泵回路。 </li><li>关闭水泵，并添加表面活性剂0.9毫升（C = 表面活性剂 0.18毫升L -1，ρ 表面活性剂，20°C =1070公斤米-3，临界胶束浓度（CMC）：CMCω0;≈0.018毫升L-1，ω 表面≈10·ωCMC）用10毫升吸管下搅拌。 10分钟后的表面活性剂完全溶解。 </li><li>关掉叶​​轮并打开泵。定位的内窥镜探头，使透镜入口管下方直接位于。 </li><li>设定为3.4 L分钟流速-1和0.03，0.3或0.61巴，通过改变叶轮的速度和手轮阀的压降。 </li><li>重6.3克的油直接在注射器（β 油 = 1.26Hz克L- -1，ρ 油，20℃=989.5千克米-3）。 </li><li>启动图像采集软件，并经由注射器端口加入油中。运行泵分配乳液滴。 </li><li> 1小时后，完成该剪切应力调查并清洁直列型内窥镜以及生物反应器具有集成的泵循环。随后，准备实验装置为下泵送过程。 </li></ol> 2.测量与图像分析<ol><li>打开在主菜单中的自动图像识别软件。 </li><li>在“批量根目录”选择计算机上的位置来保存文件（所有* .csv的）。 </li><li>在屏幕的左下角选择列“图片系列路径”，然后点击按钮“添加图片系列子文件夹”来加载图像序列。 </li><li>加载其由制造商提供的工艺参数。选择列“搜索设置（* .pss或定做_ *。MAT）”，然后单击在中等偏下的屏幕按钮“设置搜索设置”加载以指定的下降识别过程的参数。 </li><li>选择列“搜索模式（* .psp或F _ *。MAT），点击按钮”设置搜索模式“在屏幕的右下角加载以指定降分析的处理参数。 </li><li>通过点击按钮“开始批量”启动图像识别。 </li><li>图像识别结束后，表示所检测的液滴尺寸由Sauter平均径（d 32），或任何其他代表平均值或选择的分布，通过使用结果分析器软件。 </li><li>打开在主菜单中的结果分析软件。 </li><li>激活指令“的所有* .csv的1文件夹”，然后点击按钮“加载文件夹（S）”在屏幕的左上角加载以前保存的所有* .csv文件。 </li><li>在下拉列表在屏幕的上部中间选择相关值（ 例如，沙得平均粒径）以可视化的结果。对于直径的计算输入的0.6591微米像素-1缩放在右边，这是由制造商提供的。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig2.jpg" /> 图2.实验装置的泵源电路用于使用内联内窥镜作为测量技术管道泵设置：（1）储存容器;（2）注射口，（3）泵，（4）压力传感器，（5）流量传感器，（ 6）频闪仪，（7）电脑制造商提供的软件，和（8）内窥镜探头。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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沃尔夫冈Dornfeld和雷托Schöb是Levitronix有限公司，磁悬浮离心式泵的制造商的员工。

此协议的目的是显示在抽水过程中降三围尺寸内嵌内镜技术的适用性。为了这个目的，滴的油包水乳液体系的测定尺寸和一个测量索特平均直径计算为表征磁浮离心的机械应力泵以及对口，蠕动和4活塞隔膜泵。结果表明所测量索特的低变化的意思的直径，这是通过在15％以下的标准偏差量化，这表明液滴尺寸已可靠和准确地测量。其结果是，所测量索特平均直径可以成功地用作比较标准来评价调查了泵的机械应力。磁悬浮离心泵透露较大的测量索特平均直径，表明在乳液滴较低的机械应力的蠕动和4活塞隔膜泵相比。在螺柱独立实体迄今，直列内窥镜已被证明是一个强大的和简单的技术可靠滴尺寸测量1,6,12-14,20-21，这也证实了这项研究。相比于替代的测量技术，如光纤FBR传感器中，FBRM和2D-ORM技术，内窥镜技术可被用作用于获得精确的数据在液体/液体应用12,14的标准方法。 易于处理内嵌内窥镜和简单的生产的非生物油包水乳液体系的使得能够按照协议文本一个简单的程序，液滴尺寸检测（见上文）。然而，应该指出的是，在内窥镜探头的位置取决于在存储容器中的流体流动。进一步的调查（数据未显示）揭示，探针的透镜应直接流入管下方设于低流率高达5升分钟-1为了避免多重检测的一滴19。超过5升分钟-1的清晰图像，在流率时，建议定位探针至少10厘米的距离的入口管。独立的工艺参数，内联内窥镜的持有者应以避免变速探针，这可能会导致模糊的图像是稳定的。 此外，应该特别注意的是，检测到的液滴尺寸是接近所施加光的光学系统，其中，最小可检测水滴直径为6.5微米的检测下限。作为制造商提供的软件进行了改进，直列内窥镜技术可以可靠地检测的1微米的最小液滴尺寸。此外，图像处理将进一步发展，以使工业应用的实时监测。 虽然目前的研究重点是高达3.4 L相对低流量<html> 60;分-1，今后的研究应考虑更宽范围的运转条件。第一调查已经进行了在流率高达20升分钟-1（数据未显示）。然而，1：油-水乳液体系2稀释（三表面活性剂 =0.09毫升L-1，C 油 =0.64毫升L-1），建议在流速超过10升分钟-1 19，如增加滴解体致更高的机械应力，否则会影响下降检测和减少检测滴数。试验，进行了以1：2稀释并用未稀释的油包水乳液体系的结果进行比较。对于这两种方法，Sauter平均直径已可靠计量的（低于5％的标准偏差）。因此，减小的体积分数（1：2稀释）并不影响测量Sauter平均直径，并因此落滴解体是微不足道的。 NT“&gt;这些功能强大的实验方法为内镜技术的改进以及相关的图像采集，识别和分析结果软件的良好基础。此外，内镜技术是否适合类型的泵和系列分类，根据他们的机械应力被成功地证明，所获得的结果是对泵的设计开发和泵的优化来​​减少细胞损伤是至关重要的。

泵被用来传送细胞培养在制药和生物技术工业。在泵送过程中，机械应力可导致不可逆的细胞损伤，这可能会损害产品1-4的数量和质量。机械应力的水平取决于泵的类型和泵的设置，这表现在以前的研究5-6。通常，蠕动，注射器和隔膜泵被用于单次使用（SU）技术为基础的应用程序。这些泵导致引起的泵管的压缩和脉动流7高的局部剪切力。 为了克服这些缺点，磁悬浮离心泵（磁悬浮离心泵）构成一个有前途的替代方案。在电动机磁驱动，以避免在叶轮和泵壳（ 图1）之间狭窄的间隙。先前的研究调查了磁悬浮离心式泵和在中国仓鼠卵巢 （CHO）细胞中显示出较低的机械应力与蠕动和4活塞隔膜泵5比较。另外，溶血分析显示无显著血液创伤和血栓形成的范围上使用这些泵8-11操作条件。研究结果表明，利用这些专门设计的泵与蠕动和隔膜泵相比对生物系统应用较少的机械应力。调查了机械应力具有有限的实验费用，油包水乳液模型系统，由于其成本（ 约 99.8％）和时间减少（ 约 99.5％）的应用与生物细胞培养系统相比，推荐使用。 作为油包水乳液体系的滴解体是机械应力的函数，滴大小必须在剪切应力调查的实验时间进行计数。有很多技术选型提供滴，WHICH可分为声音，激光器和光电基础的技术12。具体地，使用光的光探测器直列内窥镜的显示几乎相同的液滴尺寸用于手动和自动检测（低于10％的标准偏差），使检测的250滴每分钟13。其准确性和可靠性，因为，将内窥镜技术已被证明是用于在液体/液体分散体的液滴大小分布的有效标准的测量技术，与其它常用的探头（ 例如，光纤前后比（FBR）传感器相比，聚焦光束反射法（FBRM）和二维光学反射率测量技术（2D-ORM））12,14。此外，内联内窥镜的适宜用于测量液滴大小在一个搅拌容器已经证明多次以前的调查15-18。 基于之前的研究6，本协议描述利用内嵌内窥镜来确定墨滴尺寸（索特平均直径）的油包水乳液体系在泵。 Sauter平均直径被用作比较标准，以便估计多用（MU）磁悬浮离心泵，蠕动和单次使用的（SU）4活塞隔膜泵的机械应力。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig1.jpg" /> 图1.磁悬浮离心式泵系统。（A）无轴承电机和（B）的PuraLev 200亩的原理，作为一个例子。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies GmbH</td>
			<td>GX2750</td>
			<td>Equipment for inline endoscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-Flex Biopharmaceutical Tubing</td>
			<td>Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics</td>
			<td>374-375-4</td>
			<td>Tube 
			Select a tubing length of about 45 cm 
			before the pump.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-Flex Biopharmaceutical Tubing</td>
			<td>Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics</td>
			<td>374-375-3</td>
			<td>Tube 
			Select a tubing length of about 45 cm after the pump and clamp on the flow sensor to this tubing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLAVE Connector</td>
			<td>Victus</td>
			<td>011-C2000</td>
			<td>Sampling port</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller LPC-200.1-02</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-30030</td>
			<td>PuraLev 200MU controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller LPC-600.1-02</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-30033</td>
			<td>PuraLev 600MU controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LeviFlow Clamp-On Sensor LFSC-12</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-30329</td>
			<td>Flow sensor for flow rates below 5 L min-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LeviFlow Converter LFC-1C-CS</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-30328</td>
			<td>Flow sensor output device&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex I/P Easy Load</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific AG</td>
			<td>EW-77963-10</td>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitos free flow valve</td>
			<td>Parker Hannifin Europe S&#224;rl</td>
			<td>FFLQR16S6S6AM</td>
			<td>Valve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mobil Eal Arctic</td>
			<td>Exxon Mobil Corporation</td>
			<td>Mobil EAL Arctic 22</td>
			<td>Oil 
			Prepare the emulsion directly before 
			the experiment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor</td>
			<td>Elektromotorenwerk Brienz AG</td>
			<td>7WAC72N4THTF</td>
			<td>Motor for agitator shaft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor BSM-1.4</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-10005</td>
			<td>PuraLev 200MU motor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor LPM-600.4</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-10038</td>
			<td>PuraLev 600MU motor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norm-Ject 10 mL Luer Lock</td>
			<td>Restek Corporation</td>
			<td>22775</td>
			<td>Syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump Head LPP-200.5</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-90525</td>
			<td>PuraLev 200MU pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump Head LPP-600.18</td>
			<td>Levitronix GmbH</td>
			<td>100-90548</td>
			<td>PuraLev 600MU pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quattroflow 1200-SU</td>
			<td>Almatechnik AG</td>
			<td>QF 1200</td>
			<td>4-piston diaphragm pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SciPres Sensor</td>
			<td>SciLog</td>
			<td>080-695PSX</td>
			<td>Pressure sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SciPres Sensor Monitor</td>
			<td>SciLog</td>
			<td>080-690</td>
			<td>Pressure sensor output device&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOPAT-VF Inline Endoscopic Probe</td>
			<td>SOPAT GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inline endoscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stroboscope</td>
			<td>Drello GmbH &#38; Co KG</td>
			<td>Drelloscop 255-01</td>
			<td>Equipment for inline endoscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Surfactant 
			Handle with gloves and goggles. 
			(acute toxicity, eye irritation)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cost-effective and reliable method to predict mechanical stress in single-use and standard pumps

在生物制药和生物技术生产过程转移无菌培养肉汤时，泵主要使用。然而，在泵送过程中的剪切力发生可导致定性和/或定量的产品损失。来计算机械应力具有有限的实验费用，油包水乳液体系中使用时，其适用性被证明为在生物反应器1滴大小检测。作为油包水乳液体系的滴解体是机械应力的函数，滴大小需要过度的剪切应力调查的实验时间进行计数。在以前的研究中，内联内窥镜已被证明是在液体/液体分散体的液滴大小检测的精确和可靠的测量技术。此协议的目的是显示在抽水过程中降三围尺寸内嵌内镜技术的适用性。为了表示的液滴尺寸，沙得平均粒径ð32被用作在油包水乳液液滴的代 ​​表性直径。结果表明低变化的索特平均直径，这是通过在15％以下的标准偏差量化，表示测量技术的可靠性。

光学评估 图û重新3示出后1小时的泵送时间的粒子识别图像。上部四个图像显示识别之前的液滴而其低四位图像显示标记的识别软件的液滴。检测到的液滴突出了一个绿色的边。比较所述上部和下部的图像显示，降边缘分别由图像识别软件精确地检测。左侧的照片显示了磁悬浮离心滴分配泵PuraLev 200亩和PuraLev 600亩，以及那些在右侧示出了4活塞隔膜和蠕动泵。光学评估所允许的机械应力的初始分类模型中的乳液体系。这表明，较大的液滴尺寸和较低的降计数由磁悬浮离心泵生成与4活塞diaphr相比股东周年大会及蠕动泵。因此，磁悬浮离心泵，尤其是PuraLev 200亩，显示减少破损下降，表明较低的机械应力。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig3.jpg" /> 内嵌内镜图3.图像后（A，B，C，D）后（E，F，G，H）的粒子识别1小时用（A，E）的PuraLev 200亩抽乳液之前滴，（ B，F）的PuraLev 600亩，（C，G）的​​4活塞隔膜泵，和（D，H），在相同的工作条件蠕动泵（3.4 L -1分钟和0.03条）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看更大的版本这个数字。</a> 索泰我一个直径进一步调查发现下面ð32±0.4微米的标准偏差，并保证可重复的结果使用内联内镜19时。因此，并不需要这种方式，其还降低了实验费用多的调查。 为了表示的液滴尺寸，沙得平均直径d 32（见公式1）作为在油-水乳液，用于这种方法液滴的代 ​​表直径。在一般情况下，在沙得平均粒径随时间而减少的所有类型的泵和泵设置，直至达到稳态12。在这项研究中调查证实Sauter平均直径的进展（ 图û重新4A至D），的PuraLev 200亩（ 图曲线Ü重新＆＃160; 4A）和蠕动泵（ 图Ú重新4D）在这个协议中被示例性地讨论。 与此相反的PuraLev 200亩，沙得平均直径为高达40％，为蠕动泵较小在相同的操作条件下（流速= 3.4 L分钟-1;压降= 0.03巴）。其结果是，更高的机械应力产生了一个增加的滴解体，因此，更小的液滴尺寸。此外，在沙得平均粒径与在PuraLev 200亩增加压降（ 图Ú重新4A），这表明液滴尺寸的依赖压降减小。与此相反，蠕动泵呈沙得平均的D- 32,60min = 10微米直径在实验的所有工艺参数的端部（ 图ü重新4D）。因此，沙得平均粒径被认为是独立的压降。然而，调查结果反映了下降解体物理的理解：具有较高的机械应力，较小的索特平均直径测定（参见图也重新ü5）。 对于每个测量点，至少300下降，以保证统计确定性进行了测定。最大标准差降低为PuraLev 200亩从D 32,4min±42微米，为PuraLev 600亩从D 32,6min±21微米到大约ð32±0.5微米，在泵送过程结束。从增加的均匀的液滴尺寸分布的减小标准偏差导致直至达到稳定状态。在比较牛逼Ø磁悬浮离心式泵，蠕动和4活塞隔膜泵透露下面ð32±10微米的标准偏差。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052eq1.jpg" width="80" /> （1） <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig4.jpg" /> 索泰图4.典型剖面直径平均32ð随着时间的推移和测量索特平均直径的D判断32，男 。的沙得平均直径比较ð32（A）中为PuraLev 200亩，（B）为PuraLev 600亩，（C）为4-活塞隔膜泵，和（D）为蠕动泵。的沙得平均直径ð32分别以3.4 L分钟-1的流速来确定和压力下降，从0.03至0.61巴。所测量索特平均直径d 32，米 ，计算在过去的10分钟（边界）。 Sauter平均直径的标准产生的偏差D 32（N≥300）显示。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 测量索特平均直径作为比较系统 如上所述，沙得平均粒径随时间降低直至液滴尺寸达到稳定状态。在实验时间过去10分钟时，沙得的平均值平均直径计算为确定所测量的沙得平均直径，这是作为一个比较标准（ 见图边界ü重新4A-D）。所测量索特平均直径ð32，米示为3.4升的流率＃160;分-1和压降范围从0.03至0.61巴图ü重新5。较大的测量索特平均直径测定为磁悬浮离心泵（200亩和600亩）和4活塞隔膜泵在较低的压降和叶轮速度。蠕动泵透露测量Sauter平均直径ð32，M = 10微米的所有工艺参数。如前所述，剪切力是独立的蠕动泵的压力降。 最大测量索特平均直径ð32米 = 36微米，为PuraLev 200亩以及d 32，M = 34微米的PuraLev 600亩分别以0.03巴的压降得到。在与他们的同行相比，磁悬浮离心泵系列获得了较大的59％测量Sauter平均直径。这些结果S所示滴解体的较低的速率和从使用离心泵所得从而降低机械应力。 测量索特的标准偏差是指直径在稳定状态低于15％，从而证实了液滴尺寸可靠和准确的值。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig5.jpg" /> 测量索特平均直径的图5的比较ð32微米 。测量Sauter平均直径为磁悬浮离心泵和他们的同行在3.4 L -1分钟和压降为0.03，0.30和0.61条。所测量索特平均直径的所得标准偏差ð32，在稳定状态下米被示出。 缩写 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53052/53052fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">PLE</a>ASE点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 2D-ORM </td><td>二维光反射测量</td></tr><tr><td> CCD </td><td>电荷耦合器件</td></tr><tr><td> CHO </td><td>中国仓鼠卵巢</td></tr><tr><td> CMC </td><td>临界胶束浓度</td></tr><tr><td> FBR </td><td>前后比</td></tr><tr><td> FBRM </td><td>聚焦光束反射法</td></tr><tr><td> MU </td><td>多用</td></tr><tr><td> SU </td><td>单次使用的</td></tr></tbody></table> 命名法 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><img alt="V" fo:content-="" src="/files/ftp_upload/53052/V.jpg" width="8
" /></td><td> [米3秒-1] </td><td>流量</td></tr><tr><td> C </td><td> [米3米-3] </td><td>浓度</td></tr><tr><td> ð32 </td><td> [M] </td><td>索特平均直径</td></tr><tr><td> ð32，男 </td><td> [M] </td><td>测量索特平均直径</td></tr><tr><td> ðs </td><td> [M] </td><td>面直径</td></tr><tr><td> D V </td><td> [M] </td><td>卷径</td></tr><tr><td> F </td><td> [赫兹] </td><td>频率</td></tr><tr><td> ñ </td><td> [秒-1] </td><td>叶轮转速</td></tr><tr><td> ñ </td><td> [ - ] </td><td>滴的数目</td></tr><tr><td> p </td><td>霸</td><td>压力下降</td></tr><tr><td> Ť </td><td>秒</td><td>时间</td></tr><tr><td> β </td><td> [公斤米-3] </td><td>质量浓度</td></tr><tr><td> ρ </td><td> [公斤米-3] </td><td>密度</td></tr><tr><td>69; </td><td> [米3米-3] </td><td>质量分数</td></tr></tbody></table> 见表1。表缩写和命名。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps at JoVE.com

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

高性价比和可靠的方法来预测机械应力一次性使用和标准泵

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

a-cost-effective-reliable-method-to-predict-mechanical-stress-single

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Concept of Stress

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.3K 次观看.  Zurich University of Applied Sciences. Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol. 

视频: A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

一个断开连接的银纳米结构的方法来制作的3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

科研

工程学

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (P&mu;SL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified P&mu;SL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation.
A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 &mu;m resolution.
This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

微三维打印使用数字投影机和软材料力学的研究及其应用

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

钢管机械性扩张为解决井眼漏

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

机器人平台研究加州海狮的Foreflipper

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

冰生成和传热传质现象将水引入到盐水冷水浴

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

电浆捕获和纳米粒子的释放在监控环境

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

一种新的复合制备方法的实验实现: 用软层法对复合材料表面裸露纤维进行曝光

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

This manuscript describes an experimental procedure that allows obtaining diverse quantitative information on temporal and spatial evolution of water waves excited by time-dependent and steady wind forcing. Capacitance-type wave gauge and Laser Slope Gauge (LSG) are used to measure instantaneous water surface elevation and two components of the instantaneous surface slope at a number of locations along the test section of a wind-wave facility. The computer-controlled blower provides airflow over the water in the tank whose rate can vary in time. In the present experiments, the wind speed in the test section initially increases quickly from rest to the set value. It is then kept constant for the prescribed duration; finally, the airflow is shut down. At the beginning of each experimental run, the water surface is calm and there is no wind. Operation of the blower is initiated simultaneously with the acquisition of data provided by all sensors by a computer; data acquisition continues until the waves in the tank fully decay. Multiple independent runs performed under identical forcing conditions allow determining statistically reliable ensemble-averaged characteristic parameters that quantitatively describe wind-waves&#39; variation in time for the initial development stage as a function of fetch. The procedure also allows characterizing the spatial evolution of the wave field under steady wind forcing, as well as decay of waves in time, once the wind is shut down, as a function of fetch.

This manuscript describes a fully computer-controlled procedure that allows obtaining reliable statistical parameters from experiments of water waves excited by steady and unsteady wind forcing in a small-scale facility.

稳定时变风强迫下风浪罐中波浪的测量

This manuscript describes an experimental procedure that allows obtaining diverse quantitative information on temporal and spatial evolution of water ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

管道单、两相流局部瞬时对流换热的测量

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and subsequent safety issues becomes increasingly important. In a Li-ion cell setup, the voltage measurement across the positive and negative terminals inherently includes the effect of the cathode and anode which are coupled and sum to the total cell performance. Accordingly, the ability to monitor the degradation aspects associated with a specific electrode is extremely difficult because the electrodes are fundamentally coupled. A three-electrode setup can overcome this problem. By introducing a third (reference) electrode, the influence of each electrode can be decoupled, and the electrochemical properties can be measured independently. The reference electrode (RE) must have a stable potential that can then be calibrated against a known reference, for example, lithium metal. The three-electrode cell can be used to run electrochemical tests such as cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three-electrode cell EIS measurements can elucidate the contribution of individual electrode impedance to the full cell. In addition, monitoring the anode potential allows the detection of electrodeposition due to lithium plating, which can cause safety concerns. This is especially important for the fast charging of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles. In order to monitor and characterize the safety and degradation aspects of an electrochemical cell, a three-electrode setup can prove invaluable. This paper aims to provide a guide to constructing a three-electrode coin cell setup using the 2032-coin cell architecture, which is easy to produce, reliable, and cost-effective.

Three-electrode cells are useful in studying the electrochemistry of lithium-ion batteries. Such an electrochemical setup allows the phenomena associated with the cathode and anode to be decoupled and examined independently. Here, we present a guide for construction and use of a three-electrode coin cell with emphasis on lithium plating analytics.

锂离子电池三电极硬币电池制备及电沉积分析

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and ...