The authors would like to acknowledge Aspen Walker at the University of Pennsylvania for her assistance in reactor maintenance and sample collection.

1.反应器组件<ol><li>根据图 1中的示意性安排的反应器组成。 <ol><li>放置反应器（R）上的混合板，一个搅拌棒加入到反应器中。放置再循环罐（RT）的搅拌盘和反应器的旁边，以使罐的流出物（顶部）端口被引向实验室工作台的边缘。 </li><li>将废液容器（W）再循环罐（RT）的流出物（顶部）端口下面。放置进料罐（FT）旁边的再循环罐（RT）。 注：料罐为5 L.总容量</li></ol></li><li>固定反应器（R）抗倾倒用适当大小的支架和夹具。同样地，固定再循环罐（RT）以防止移动。 </li><li>将氯丁橡胶蠕动泵管中循环（泵A）和饲料（泵B）泵头。请参阅材料表附加管道规格。安装泵头在泵驱动用螺钉proviDED与泵的驱动器。 </li><li>泵A的管连接到反应器，并再循环罐的端口。插入泵B的管的端部进料罐和再循环罐。顶部反应器端口连接到循环罐与管道。适用夹具到管道在反应器端口。 注：光合社区可能从灯提供人工照明中受益。 </li></ol> 2.制备储备溶液，进水/进料溶液和藻类孕育剂<ol><li>制备矿物原液。以下添加到1L的量瓶中，用500ml去离子水：200克碳酸氢钠，40个克磷酸二氢钾，4克硫酸镁，4克氯化铁，4克氯化钙，1克氯化铜，1克钴六水氯化，1克氯化镍六水合物，1克硫酸锌七水合物。添加额外的400ml去离子水。涡流有力地促进盐溶解。继迪斯盐的olution，加去离子水使溶液的总体积达到1L。 </li><li>制备氨原液。在1L容量瓶中，溶解38.214克氯化铵在约900毫升去离子水。溶解后，加去离子水使总体积达1000毫升 注：1 ml储备溶液稀释至1升产生一个10毫克的L -1 铵态氮溶液。 </li><li>制备硝酸盐原液。在1L容量瓶中，溶解72.413克硝酸钾在约900毫升去离子水。溶解后，加去离子水使总体积达1000毫升 注：1 ml储备溶液稀释至1升产生一个10毫克的L -1 NO 3 - -N溶液。 </li><li>准备饲料/进水的解决方案。为了使含有20毫克的L原料溶液-1 NH 4 + -N和20毫克的L -1 NO 3 - -N，稀释加入2mlmmonia原液和2ml硝酸原液至1L总体积。在稀释之前，添加0.5 ml的矿物溶液/ L的溶液正在取得。制备5升进水中总启动反应器中。 </li><li>准备藻类接种。 <ol><li>收集的水的大体积（至少10升）从含藻类水体如河流或池塘。允许藻类留下不受干扰24小时的水样沉降。 </li><li>倒出并丢弃清晰（非藻类含有）水在样品的顶部，样品瓶内留下浓缩的藻类悬浮液。组合来自所有样品的藻类悬浮液到一个容器中，并重复所述沉降和倾析的步骤。 </li><li>测量所述浓缩试样中的生物量。 <ol><li>干纸真空过滤器（0.45微米MCE真空过滤器）和铝称量船O / N中已设置为103℃后，在干燥器降温为在室温30分钟测量共同的烘箱mbined过滤器的质量和重量的船。 </li><li>真空过滤器20毫升浓藻液，并返回过滤器和权衡船烤箱烘干O / N。 </li><li>测量过滤器的组合质量和称重舟。计算出浓缩的样品中生物量密度。 注：水样的总体积，调查将需要收集将取决于水源水体。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3.播种并启动反应堆<ol><li>加将750ml进料溶液到反应器中。填再循环罐用500ml进料溶液。 </li><li>使用长吸管轻轻添加包含反应器的底部附近1.5克藻类的接种悬浮液。允许接种物沉降到反应器的底部，确保此通过目视观察，进行到下一步骤之前。 </li><li>一旦细胞已经解决，除去管夹，打开泵A以缓慢的流速（10革命ns（最小值）-1 /38毫升分钟-1）。空气截留在管道将被排出到反应器中。 注：加入750毫升反应器将阻止由泵干扰的任何生物量从离开反应器。挤压管，以确保所有的空气被排出。 </li><li>逐渐进料溶液添加到再循环罐作为溶液泵入反应器。继续加入直到反应器和再循环罐是在容量和流出物开始退出经由顶部端口再循环罐。 注：进料溶液的体积要添加到再循环罐将随加入到反应器中的接种物的体积。 </li><li>倒入剩余进料溶液到进料罐中。 </li><li>设置循环泵（泵A）以19转分钟-1，建立72.5毫升分钟的回流量-1。观察藻类开始从反应器底部到放样。使用在反应器的灰度等级，确定藻类双向omass区域高度。确保高度是在进行到下一步之前，恒定。 </li><li>打开混合板在非常低的速度;的1或2的设定是适当的启动。混合棒将有助于进一步放样生物量，但攻击性的混合会导致藻类离开反应器，进入再循环罐，和在流出物离开。设定搅拌速度在建立在反应器（图2A）内的一个明确的藻类边界所需的设置;藻类生物量区应在高度约10-15厘米。 </li><li>观察藻插头和反应器流体之间的边界清楚后开始进料泵。设置泵25转分钟-1，确立为1.5ml min的流速-1。观察反应器中的流体出口的流出物端口由于重力和位移引起的传入流入流。 </li></ol> 4.样品采集和分析<ol><li>开展样品采集活动PRI或在反应器系统上执行维护。每天收集20毫升污水和进水样品。收集流出物试样从循环槽内。直接从进料罐收集流入样品。 </li><li>真空过滤样品以去除悬浮之前存储和分析的固体。 </li><li>存储的进水和出水样品在-20°C，直到进一步的分析。限制冻融循环样品进行的数量。如果需要的话，可将样品分成等分部分，以保持样品的完整性。 </li><li>进行样品分析，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐和氨使用标准技术17。 注意：利用离子色谱法（IC）的作者，以产生本文中所呈现的结果。请参阅材料表规范。 </li></ol>

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D., Bentlage, B., Gibbons, T. R., Bachvaroff, T. R., Delwiche, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metatranscriptome+profiling+of+a+harmful+algal+bloom.">Metatranscriptome profiling of a harmful algal bloom.</a> Harmful Algae. 37, 75-83 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose and declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本节将首先解决可能的操作问题，以及使用不同的微生物群落所需要的协议变化的讨论。这种反应器设计的优点将讨论的，包括以管理控制氧通量的和在反应器内形成的高密度的絮凝物的能力。目前的挑战和调查可能的途径也将被提及​​。 协议的细微差别和变化 HDBRs种植不同类型的文化中的操作需要运营协议的微小变化，这取决于被调查的物种。充分的混合和...

城市废水通常治疗活性污泥法中，以减少悬浮固体（SS），生物需氧量（BOD），有机和无机氮和磷含量5,6。活性污泥处理，二次处理废水的装置，工作需要在一个曝气池填充有传入的废水和再循环的异养微生物的混合液的有机碳的氧化（通常称为活性污泥）5-7。该混合液，然后进入一个相当大的澄清器（沉淀池）其中污泥沉降更容易收集，要么被布置或再循环回到曝气池，而澄清，处理后的废水可以继续三级处理或消毒被释放到前受纳水体5-7。在辅助净化器的处理过的废水和固体（污泥）的高效分离为一个是正确功能所必需tewater处理系统，因为任何活性污泥不断超越澄清会增加废水5-8 BOD和SS。 对于二级处理的废水，其减少或消除需要大澄清罐，包括附装生长（生物膜）的反应器，膜生物反应器（MBR）的，与颗粒污泥的反应器有许多替代生物过程存在。在生物膜反应器中，形成生物膜，其中土壤微生物天然骨料和附上作为层在固体表面上，允许生物量保留和积累，而不需要一个澄清槽。生物膜反应器可分为三种类型：填充床反应器，流化床反应器，和生物转盘。填充床反应器，诸如滴滤器和生物塔，利用一个固定的固体生长表面5,6。流化床反应器（快堆）依赖于微生物的附着于颗粒，如砂，粒状活性炭（GAC），或玻璃珠，其通过高向上流速9,10保持悬浮状态。旋转生物反应器依赖于形成在安装于旋转轴媒体允许生物膜的生物膜被交替地暴露于空气和液体被治疗5,6。膜生物反应器使用的膜过滤单元，无论是在生物反应器（浸没配置）或经由再循环（侧流配置）5,11外部。该膜用于实现生物质和固体颗粒从处理后的液体11,12良好的分离。颗粒污泥反应器是上流式反应器中，速度13微生物极为致密，沉降颗粒的形成发生时，他们暴露在高肤浅的空气向上流动。 作为另一替代活性污泥法，一种新型的上流式反应器系统，现在被称为高密度生物反应器（卧床），为designeD和通过销售和Shieh（2006）建研究COD去除率由活性污泥从在低F / M条件合成废物流是已知会引起的沉降污泥差形成（即，膨胀污泥）1,7,14。所利用的卧床系统改性流化床反应器中，通常由一个上流式反应器和一个外部再循环罐的。流化床反应器一般操作与再循环流的流速足够高以保持生物膜生长基质悬浮但足够低以使生物膜覆盖的衬底被保留。不像流化床反应器中，卧床描述在销售和Shieh（2006）中使用相对低的循环物流的流速其中，随着外部通气，防止了反应器1内形成的生物量区的中断。随后的研究证明了这一点反应堆设计的能力，使用硝化/反硝化细菌3,4成功治疗了一系列的氮通量。在所有的螺栓IES的卧床内的稳定，生物质致密区的形成不再需要外部絮凝/沉淀工艺1-4。 正如我们在这里报告，使用卧床的生长致密培养物也已在光生物反应器（PBR）配置为藻类的培养试验。我们讨论的好处和这种新颖的反应器系统的藻类培养缺点及其潜在用于克服大的障碍与生物质收获（即，良好的固-液分离15,16）相关联的藻类生物燃料的商业化。以下协议描述了安装，启动，来自样品，并保持与藻类感兴趣的微生物群落的卧床所需的步骤。在异养和硝化/反硝化文化的启动和运行方案的变化也将被提及​​。最后，一​​般的优点，缺点，以及这种新型反应器设计未知数将突出显示。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="686">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Aeration stone</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Alita</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AS-3015C</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Aerator</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Top Fin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Air-1000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Anion analysis column</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shodex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC SI-52 4E</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Beaker (600 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Corning Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1000-600</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Used as mixing vessel (MV). Addition of hose barbs at the bottom and 500 mL levels. Outside diameter of hose barbs 3/8&#34;.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C5670</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Cation analysis column</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shodex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC YS-50</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Cobalt chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8661</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Copper chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">222011</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Ferric chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">157740</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Filter (vacuum)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-719-2E</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">0.45 um membrane filter, MCE, 47 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Graduated cylinder (1000 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Corning Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3025-1L</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Used as reactor vessel (R). Addition of hose barbs at bottom, 500 mL, and 1 L levels. Outside diameter of hose barbs 3/8&#34;.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">HPLC/IC</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shimadzu</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Prominence</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2643</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Masterflex L/S variable speed drive</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07553-50</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Drive for recycle and feed pumps (2 needed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Nickel chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N6136</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Potassium nitrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8291</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">(Monobasic) Potassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5655</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump head</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07018-20</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Recycle pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump head</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07013-20</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Feed pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump tubing</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6404-18</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Recycle pump tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump tubing</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6404-13</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Feed pump tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z0251</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel bioreactor for high density cultivation of diverse microbial communities

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past studies have evaluated the performance of the reactor for the removal of COD1 and nitrogen species2-4 by heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, respectively. The HDBR design eliminates the requirement for external flocculation/sedimentation processes while still yielding effluent containing low suspended solids. In this study, the HDBR is applied as a photobioreactor (PBR) in order to characterize the nitrogen removal characteristics of an algae-based photosynthetic microbial community. As previously reported for this HDBR design, a stable biomass zone was established with a clear delineation between the biologically active portion of the reactor and the recycling reactor fluid, which resulted in a low suspended solid effluent. The algal community in the HDBR was observed to remove 18.4% of total nitrogen species in the influent. Varying NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the feed did not have an effect on NH4+ removal (n=44, p=0.993 and n=44, p=0.610 respectively) while NH4+ feed concentration was found to be negatively related with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000) and NO3- feed concentration was found to be positively correlated with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000). Consistent removal of NH4+, combined with the accumulation of oxidized nitrogen species at high NH4+ fluxes indicates the presence of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria within the microbial community.

该卧床被用于培养藻类超过进水氨和硝酸盐浓度的几种比例，同时保持在饲料中总含氮量在40毫克-NL -1。进水和出水样品的日常拍摄;生物质密度取样在各条件的开始和结束。在反应器的平均时间为3-5天达到稳态平衡条件改变之后。在宽范围的条件下流入一个独特的生物量区成立，所观察到的以前的研究（ 图2）。在卧床的藻类培养中发现，除去平均总氮品种的18.4％的饲料（N =...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities at JoVE.com

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Here, the HDBR is successfully applied in a photobioreactor (PBR) configuration for the study of nitrogen metabolism by a mixed high density algal community.

一种新型生物反应器为不同的微生物群落的高密度栽培

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past ...

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Bioengineering

16.7K 次观看.  Drexel University. A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Here, the HDBR is successfully applied in a photobioreactor (PBR) configuration for the study of nitrogen metabolism by a mixed high density algal community.