Authors were funded in part by the intramural program of NIDCR (N.M.M) and supported by a Wellcome Trust Stepping Stones Fellowship (097820/Z/11/B to J.E.K) and by a Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research grant (to J.E.K). The authors thank Teresa Wild for critically reviewing the manuscript.

在此协议中描述的所有实验程序遵循必要的指导方针和机构动物护理和使用委员会，NIDCR / NIH获得批准。 1.提前准备<ol><li>制备完全培养基:RPMI补充了2mM L-谷氨酰胺，100单位/ ml青霉素，100微克/毫升链霉素和10％FBS。 </li><li>准备DNA酶媒体50 10ml补充7.5微克DNA酶的RPMI媒体（做出新的，保持在冰上在任何时候）。 </li><li>准备胶原酶DNA酶媒体:5毫升DNA酶培养基加上3.2毫克/毫升胶原酶IV型的（做出新的，保持在冰上在任何时候）。 </li><li>预冷FACS缓冲液:0.5％FBS的PBS稀释。 </li><li>预冷离心机到4℃。 </li><li>温暖的摇床孵化到37℃。 </li></ol> 2.分离，解剖和细胞分离，从牙龈块<ol><li>通过将它们暴露到CO 2在一个适当的腔室安乐死的小鼠，根据ARAC准则。 </li> &lt;li&gt;打开胸，腹腔暴露心脏和内脏。灌注，使下腔静脉的切口和使用3毫升注射器用27克针通过左心室灌注3mL的PBS中。 </li><li>固定在主体和鼠标的头部与胃朝上的垫。 </li><li>切唇每对合缝用剪刀在脖子上，分离覆盖下颌和颈部区域，露出下面的组织和肌肉皮肤。解剖下唇发现下颌骨。 </li><li>更低的门牙之间切割以分离下颌骨的​​两侧并固定各边访问口腔。 </li><li>可视化和解剖腭从鼻腔了。 </li><li>解剖用10个刀片的地区，包括周围的牙龈（图1）和上颌下颌磨牙区。使垂直切口只是前第一磨牙和后部的第三磨牙和一个水平切口牙龈的边界（组织周围牙齿的白领）。 </li><li>放置在用5ml胶原酶/ DNA酶（保持在冰上）50ml锥形管中的上颌和下颌的块。 </li><li>孵育在摇床培养箱中于37℃进行1小时，最后5分钟温育的过程中添加50微升的0.5M EDTA中。 </li><li> 5毫升冷DNA酶媒体加入50毫升管用纸巾轻轻摇晃混匀。 </li><li>传输上的培养皿的组织的4块，用500微升DNA酶介质覆盖。从组织的每个块取出牙龈，用手术刀片，指着叶片进入龈和牙间区。 </li><li>从培养皿以及解剖过程中使用的前一脱氧核糖核酸酶媒体通过细胞过滤网（70微米大小）转移组织和媒体，到一个新的50ml管中。用DNase媒体（3-5毫升），所有使用的手段和过滤器的清洗。 </li><li>使用无菌3毫升注射器推杆，捣烂组织对滤网，冷DNA酶介质（30至35毫升）过滤。 </li><li>用冷水DNA酶媒体细胞过滤。 </li><li>离心机在4℃，314×g离心6分钟。 </li><li>弃去上清液，在1毫升完整的媒体重新挂起。 </li><li>计数细胞用自动细胞计数器（预期量范围应细胞的&gt; 80％生存力8 1.2 6之间×10 5〜×10）。 </li></ol> 3.刺激和FACS牙龈细胞染色<ol><li>刺激用PMA（50纳克/ ml）和离子霉素（2.5微克/毫升）的单细胞悬浮液中的1微升/毫升布雷菲德菌素A的存在</li><li>孵育在37℃下3.5小时和5％ 的 CO 2。 </li><li>降速并在4℃下用PBS离心洗涤; 314×g离心6分钟。 </li><li>染色使用按照制造商的说明书一活力染色的细胞。 </li><li>染色的细胞外标记（CD45，TCRγδ，TCRβ，CD4，CD8，TCRγδ或蚂蚁按照制造商的指示选择ibodies）。 </li><li>洗用冷FACS缓冲液，并离心将细胞在4℃，314×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>轻轻涡旋破坏细胞沉淀。 </li><li>固定，用2％多聚甲醛将细胞在室温下20分钟。 </li><li>洗用冷FACS缓冲液，离心将细胞在4℃，314×g离心5分钟，染色细胞内细胞因子。 <ol><li>填用冷的0.5％皂素在FACS缓冲液和离心稀释的溶液中的FACS管在4℃，314×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>添加300微升0.5％的皂苷溶液至FACS管，孵育在黑暗中15分钟，在4℃，然后在4℃，314×g离心5分钟离心。 </li><li>染色为按照制造商的指示细胞内标记物（IL-17A和IFNγ或选择的细胞因子）的细胞。洗用0.5％皂角苷溶液和离心机的细胞在4℃，314×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>用FACS洗一遍缓冲液和在4℃，314×g离心5分钟离心。 </li><li>重新悬浮在300μl的FACS缓冲液中的细胞。 </li></ol></li><li>分析上的流式细胞仪的结果。 </li></ol> 4.流式细胞仪分析<ol><li>可视化的细胞上向前（FSC）和侧向散射（SCC）和栅极进行分析，以排除碎片。 </li><li>选择单细胞前向散射面积（FSC-A）对高度（FSC-H）的参数。 </li><li>栅极细胞是活的（由活力染色所示）和阳性供进一步分析（图2A 和 2C）造血标记物CD45 +。 </li><li> 如图2和图3继续特异性标记物的分析。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+The+Normal+Bacterial+Flora+Of+The+Oral+Cavity.">Defining The Normal Bacterial Flora Of The Oral Cavity.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 43, 5721-5732 (2005).</li><li>Belkaid, Y., Naik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentalized+And+Systemic+Control+Of+Tissue+Immunity+By+Commensals.">Compartmentalized And Systemic Control Of Tissue Immunity By Commensals.</a> Nat Immunol. 14, 646-653 (2013).</li><li>Darveau, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periodontitis:+A+Polymicrobial+Disruption+Of+Host+Homeostasis.">Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption Of Host Homeostasis.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8, 481-490 (2010).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomicrobial+Pathogenesis+Of+Periodontitis:+Keystones,+Pathobionts,+And+Host+Response.">Immunomicrobial Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis: Keystones, Pathobionts, And Host Response.</a> Trends Immunol. 35, 3-11 (2014).</li><li>Eke, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+Of+Periodontitis+In+Adults+In+The+United+States:+2009+And+2010.">Prevalence Of Periodontitis In Adults In The United States: 2009 And 2010.</a> J Dent Res. 91, 914-920 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., Lionakis, M. S., Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inborn+Errors+In+Immunity:+Unique+Natural+Models+To+Dissect+Oral+Immunity.">Inborn Errors In Immunity: Unique Natural Models To Dissect Oral Immunity.</a> J Dent Res. , (2015).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G., Lamont, R. J., Graves, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Enduring+Importance+Of+Animal+Modelsin+Understanding+Periodontal+Disease.">The Enduring Importance Of Animal Modelsin Understanding Periodontal Disease.</a> Virulence. 6, 229-235 (2015).</li><li>Sharrow, S. O., Coligan, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+Of+Flow+Cytometry+Data.">Analysis Of Flow Cytometry Data.</a> Current Protocols In Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Arizon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Langerhans+Cells+Down-Regulate+Inflammation-Driven+Alveolar+Bone+Loss.">Langerhans Cells Down-Regulate Inflammation-Driven Alveolar Bone Loss.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 7043-7048 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+Neutrophil+Recruitment+In+Leukocyte+Adhesion+Deficiency+Type+I+Disease+Causes+Local+IL-17-Driven+Inflammatory+Bone+Loss.">Defective Neutrophil Recruitment In Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I Disease Causes Local IL-17-Driven Inflammatory Bone Loss.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6, 229-240 (2014).</li><li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+IL-23-IL-17+Immune+Axis:+From+Mechanisms+To+Therapeutic+Testing.">The IL-23-IL-17 Immune Axis: From Mechanisms To Therapeutic Testing.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 585-600 (2014).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose

当前技术成功地产生合适的大量免疫细胞（从单个小鼠），不仅对表型特征，也用于功能研究离体 。另一组先前公布的协议，以分离和表征鼠牙龈免疫细胞和导入用多色牙周炎的动物模型9的研究流式细胞仪的值。经大量排除在本协议中的关键改变是包括组织的全块解剖，以包括牙龈领区和齿间牙龈（图1）。与单纯的牙龈切除，常全层皮瓣没有实现，而且牙龈的部分尤...

牙龈组织包围人和鼠牙列和经常暴露于齿1的复杂生物膜。免疫细胞网络监管龈屏障对于维持组织完整性，确保与本地共生微生物稳态和，在相同的时间，提供对致病性挑战2有效免疫至关重要。实现动态平衡，免疫系统被仔细针对牙龈环境中创建一个高度专业化的免疫细胞网络，但小细节是已知的齿龈免疫细胞群及其在维持组织免疫2的作用。 当免疫稳态是在齿龈打乱，无论是通过增加宿主易感性和/或dysbiotic微生物群落，炎性病症的存在，牙周炎产生3 4。牙周炎是一种常见的炎性疾病，导致牙齿的S损失95的支持结构。在它的严重的形式，可以看出在一般人群5的约10％。解剖参与牙周炎的易感性和进展的关键因素已被证明难以6。然而，动物模型已经在理解牙周炎起始和进展7的机制是非常有用的。模型可以被用来定义密钥的细胞群体和分子介质是用于维持免疫稳态和牙周炎的驱动发展至关重要。这样的洞察力将改变我们的免疫稳态的具体牙龈调控的了解，进一步我们目前的发病机制的认识。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="914">
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			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse IL-17A APC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12-7311-82</td>
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			<td>11-5931-82</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD19 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0193-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11b FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0112-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11c FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0114-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse TCR beta FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5961-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6G FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5931-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6C FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">553104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, characterization and functional examination of the gingival immune cell network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

为了说明该协议的应用，我们显示代表性结果检查在有和没有牙周炎小鼠齿龈免疫细胞网络（WT与LFA - / - ， 图2A - C）。代表性FACS图显示出在齿龈（图2A，2C）活的CD45 +造血细胞。免疫细胞与本协议的分离和加工产生足够的细胞进行体外刺激和细胞因子的分泌模式的表征。这里，我们表明，IL-17和IFN-?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network at JoVE.com

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

我们已经建立了隔离，表型特征，并从小鼠牙龈免疫细胞的功能分析的技术。

分离，鉴定和牙龈免疫细胞网络的功能性考试

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

isolation-characterization-functional-examination-gingival-immune

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.7K 次观看.  NIH. 我们已经建立了隔离，表型特征，并从小鼠牙龈免疫细胞的功能分析的技术。 

视频: Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

在固定和活细胞，流式细胞仪测量钙蛋白酶活性

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

科研

免疫与感染

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

心脏功能免疫细胞的分离

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Differentiating Functional Roles of Gene Expression from Immune and Non-immune Cells in Mouse Colitis by Bone Marrow Transplantation

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice to colitis. If the gene-of-interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells of the host; however, it is possible to differentiate the role of a gene of interest in bone marrow derived cells and non- bone marrow derived cells by bone marrow transplantation technique. To change the bone marrow derived cell genotype of mice, the original bone marrow of recipient mice were destroyed by irradiation and then replaced by new donor bone marrow of different genotype. When wild-type mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to knockout mice, we could generate knockout mice with wild-type gene expression in bone marrow derived cells. Alternatively, when knockout mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to wild-type recipient mice, wild-type mice without gene-of-interest expressing from bone marrow derived cells were produced. However, bone marrow transplantation may not be 100% complete. Therefore, we utilized cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules (CD45.1 and CD45.2) as markers of donor and recipient cells to track the proportion of donor bone marrow derived cells in recipient mice and success of bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type mice with CD45.1 genotype and knockout mice with CD45.2 genotype were used. After irradiation of recipient mice, the donor bone marrow cells of different genotypes were infused into the recipient mice. When the new bone marrow regenerated to take over its immunity, the mice were challenged by chemical agent (dextran sodium sulfate, DSS 5%) to induce colitis. Here we also showed the method to induce colitis in mice and evaluate the role of the gene of interest expressed from bone-marrow derived cells. If the gene-of-interest from the bone derived cells plays an important role in the development of the disease (such as colitis), the phenotype of the recipient mice with bone marrow transplantation can be significantly altered. At the end of colitis experiments, the bone marrow derived cells in blood and bone marrow were labeled with antibodies against CD45.1 and CD45.2 and their quantitative ratio of existence could be used to evaluate the success of bone marrow transplantation by flow cytometry. Successful bone marrow transplantation should show a vast majority of donor genotype (in term of CD molecule marker) over recipient genotype in both the bone marrow and blood of recipient mice.

Bone marrow transplantation provides a way to change the genotype of the bone marrow derived cells. If the gene of interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells, bone marrow transplantation can change the bone marrow derived cells to a different genotype without changing the non-bone marrow derived cell genotype.

区分功能基因表达的作用，通过骨髓移植免疫和非免疫细胞在小鼠结肠炎

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

主要鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞的功能及分子生物学研究的流式细胞仪分离

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

小鼠牙龈细胞的分离，处理和分析

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an intensification of interest in immune cell contribution to local and systemic insulin resistance. Isolation and quantification of different immune cell populations in lean and obese AT is now a commonly utilized technique in immunometabolism laboratories; yet extreme care must be taken both in stromal vascular cell isolation and in the flow cytometry analysis so that the data obtained is reliable and interpretable. In this video we demonstrate how to mince, digest, and isolate the immune cell-enriched stromal vascular fraction. Subsequently, we show how to antibody label macrophages and T lymphocytes and how to properly gate on them in flow cytometry experiments. Representative flow cytometry plots from low fat-fed lean and high fat-fed obese mice are provided. A critical element of this analysis is the use of antibodies that do not fluoresce in channels where AT macrophages are naturally autofluorescent, as well as the use of proper compensation controls.

Adipose tissue (AT) is a site of intense immune cell activation and interaction. Almost all cells of the immune system are present in AT and their ratios are altered by obesity. Proper isolation, quantification, and characterization of AT immune cell populations are critical for understanding their role in immunometabolic disease.

脂肪组织免疫细胞的分离

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;模型在HIV合并感染的背景下测量免疫应答疟疾

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

分离和流式细胞仪分析从缺血小鼠脑免疫细胞

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

中性粒细胞衍生微粒的分离与鉴定功能研究

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with functional compartmentalization both during steady state and during different forms of inflammation. Until recently, the study of immune cells in the heart required the use of microscopy or poorly developed digestion protocols, which provided enough sensitivity during severe inflammation but were unable to confidently identify small &#8212; but key &#8212; populations of cells during steady state. Here, we discuss a simple method combining enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNAse) and mechanical digestion of murine hearts preceded by intravascular administration of fluorescently-labelled antibodies to differentiate small but unavoidable intravascular cell contaminants. This method generates a suspension of isolated viable cells that can be analyzed by flow cytometry for identification, phenotyping and quantification, or further purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation for transcriptional analysis or in vitro studies. We include an example of a step-by-step flow cytometric analysis to differentiate the key macrophage and dendritic cell populations of the heart. For a medium sized experiment (10 hearts) the completion of the procedure requires 2&#8211;3 h.

This protocol presents a simple and efficient method to isolate, identify and quantify immune cells residing in the myocardium of mice during steady state or inflammation. The protocol combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion for the generation of a single cell suspension that can be further analyzed by flow cytometry.