我们感谢参与这项工作的各个方面，尤其是唐娜·哈特曼，亚伦麦克斯韦，埃里克·米勒和安德森艾莉森了大量的现场和实验室助手。这项研究的经费是由美国地质调查局通过从美国环境保护局（EPA）三区提供支持。该研究部分科学下开发取得成效奖学金援助协议号FP-91766601-0美国环保局颁发。虽然本文中描述的研究已经得到了美国环境保护署资助的，它并没有受到机构的要求同行和政策审查，因此不一定反映该机构的观点，并没有正式认可应推断。

1.目标位点的流域纳入考核<ol><li>标识正在影响理化和生物条件3,7目标8位数水文单元代码（HUC）流域内占主导地位的土地利用活动。 注意:此方法假设感兴趣的流域内的重要压力已经存在的知识。然而，咨询监管机构或熟悉该系统可以在这方面的努力有助于分水基。 </li><li>显性的土地利用活动的选择基于景观措施[ 例如，2011年全国土地覆盖数据库（NLCD）3,7。 <ol><li>咨询发表的文献，以帮助确定每个土地利用活动10最好的基于景观措施。联系自然资源机构确定并获取特定区域的景观数据集可用于使用。然而，可能有必要创建新的景观的变量或数据集。 </li></ol></li><li>制表土地覆盖和使用属性到1:24,000或1:用地理信息（GIS）软件100000国家水文数据集（NHD）集水区。 <ol><li>确保每个1:24,000或1:100,000流域有一个唯一的标识符。使用用户定义的任何数值或类别标识符作为唯一标识符。 </li><li>制表矢量数据（ 如点或线）各下跌流域内。 <ol><li>通过总结分析工具箱的统计工具集内的制表工具相交每个流域内的所有矢量要素。选择NHD集水层作为输入区功能，集水唯一标识符区域字段，以及利益为输入类别特征矢量数据集。 </li><li>加入表格景观属性集水层。右键单击内容表中的集水层上，并选择加入，并从下拉菜单中涉及 ，并从我们携手ubsequent菜单。选择的唯一标识符作为该连接将根据场，从1.3.2.1输出表作为表被接合，并且该连接将基于在表中的唯一标识符作为字段。 </li></ol></li><li>制表使用面积制表工具所在的空间分析工具箱中的工具带状内的栅格数据。 <ol><li>装载空间分析扩展。从自定义菜单中选择扩展 。在扩展对话框中，选中对应于空间分析扩展模块的框。 </li><li>在制表领域对话框中，选择NHD流域shape文件作为输入栅格或要素区域数据，唯一标识符（ 例如 ，FEATUREID）作为区域字段和土地覆盖数据集（ 例如 ，NLCD）作为输入栅格或要素类数据。 </li><li>加入表格景观属性以下步骤1.3.2.2协议的集水层，用制表面积结果表作为联接表。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>厚积薄发所有NHD流域景观属性。 <ol><li>下载NHDPlusV2流域在http://www2.epa.gov/waterdata/nhdplus-tools属性分配和积累工具（CA3TV2）。使用CA3TV2的积累功能属性的积累1:100000 NHD集水区11。 注:我们使用自定义编写的代码，积累景观属性1:24,000比例NHD分水岭12。使用CA3TV2详细说明被整合到工具，并且可以通过帮助功能进行访问。 </li></ol></li><li>选择的基础上积累了景观属性NHD流域为研究基地。 <ol><li>创建所有NHD流域相对于主要的土地利用活动（ 图1A）累积值的散点图。 </li><li>选择考察地点（大约每8位HUC流域40个站点​​）来表示，完全R从目标分水岭（ 图1B）中发现的主要土地利用活动的影响力法兰。选择独立的应激梯度（ 即由单一的土地利用活动的影响）和应激组合（即由多个土地利用活动的影响）（ 图1B）中的网站。 </li><li>确保研究地点在整个靶分水岭和相互独立的空间分布相对于下游的排水。确保每一个掉落个人和组合的应激梯度内的网站也有类似的平均盆地地区。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig1.jpg" /> NHD流域相对于图1.假设的散点图从2土地利用活动的影响力 。在假想的W的所有NHD流域2土地利用活动的影响力大小atershed（N = 4,229）（A）。选择的研究基地（N = 40），代表全方位的相对独立和联合应激梯度（B）流域内观察到的情况。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54095/54095fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2，现场协议理化与生物信息的收集注意:每个网站的所有数据都应正常基流条件相同的现场考察时收集。这里提出的协议代表了环境保护（WVDEP）13西弗吉尼亚部门的标准作业程序。它可能更适合使用状态或者联邦政府认可程序的具体分水岭正在评估。 <ol><li>划定为每个站点为40×有效通道宽度（ACW）在采样范围，最大和最小的150长度和300米3,7。 </li><li>样本的水质从流动的水是整个采样点（ 例如 ，不直接或支流排水管输入影响）的特征位置属性。 <ol><li>获得的溶解氧，比电导率，温度和pH值使用手持传感器瞬间的措施。校准之前，以下制造商的说明每个采样事件传感器。 </li><li>冲洗过滤设备之前与水样品收集去离子水。 </li><li>过滤250ml水（混合纤维素酯膜滤器，0.45微米孔径）为溶解的金属的分析。固定至pH &lt;2，以确保金属保持溶解在溶液中。 注意:酸的正确体积可以下列样品收集被加入到水样。可替换地，正确的体积可以被添加到之前的取样事件的瓶子。固定至pH &lt;2所需的体积取决于酸的强度。<ol><li>对于这里所描述的研究中，每个站点收集的单一过滤样品并用硝酸修复测定溶解铝，钙，铁，镁，锰，钠，锌，钾，钡，镉，铬，镍，硒3 7。 注:分析物的选择应以流域特有的土地利用活动的指导。 </li></ol></li><li>通过完全浸没在水体中样品瓶收集250毫升未过滤样品（多个）。轻轻挤压瓶子，抹去残留的空气，同时放置在样品瓶帽。样品（S）修正至pH &lt;2，如果必要（ 例如 ，避免影响营养物质的生物活性）。 <ol><li>对于这里所描述的研究中，收集每个站点中的两台未过滤的样品。固定第一与硫酸测定的 NO 2和NO 3和总P的不要固定第二未过滤样品，并用它来 ​​确定总和碳酸氢盐的碱度，氯，SO 4，和总溶解如此盖3,7。 注:分析物的选择应以流域特有的土地利用活动的指导。 </li></ol></li><li>获取每个采样活动期间使用的每个定影剂领域的空白。通过使用去离子水作为最终样本以下的所有协议样本采集（ 即 ，漂洗，过滤，固定）获得场空白。 注:现场空白样品用于收集和分析，以确定污染。 </li><li>在4℃下保存所有的水样，直到所有的分析都完成。确保所有被分析物的规定保持时间14内测量。 </li></ol></li><li>在测量每个样品的网站流量。 <ol><li>除以润湿流宽度成大小相等的增量。 </li><li>在每个部分的中点测量深度和平均流速。 <ol><li>使用深度计杆，测量深度为从流床到水的表面的距离。 </li><li>使用真正水流NT仪，测量在60％水深水流速度。 </li></ol></li><li>计算放电如速度，深度和宽度的所有部分的产物的总和。 </li></ol></li><li>品尝大型底栖动物群落在每个站点。 <ol><li>获得踢样品（净尺寸335×508毫米2用500微米筛目）从整个采样到达的整个长度分布的4个独立的代表浅滩。 <ol><li>在每个位置踢，将踢净垂直于水流，立即惊动上游河床的0.50×0.50 平方米 （ 即 0.25 平方米 ）的区域。确保所有的生物体和碎片下游流入踢入网。 </li><li>结合在4球样品的有机体和碎屑成一个单一的复合试样（表示1.00米河床的2），并立即用95％的乙醇保持。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>测量物理栖息地质量并在整个流达到的复杂性。 <ol><li>以沿深泓（通过其主要的或最快速流动时流的一部分）均匀分隔点水深，液压通道单元类型，泥沙类和鱼类盖物体的距离测量。进行测量每1 ACW的流&lt;5米宽，每隔0.5 ACW的流&gt;宽5米15。 <ol><li>分类通道单元内的每个位置深泓的位置（ 例如，浅滩，运行，游泳池或滑翔）16。 </li><li>使用深度计杆，测量深度为从流床到水的表面的距离。 </li><li>随机找出一块泥沙，并确定其大小温特沃斯分类（淤泥，沙子，碎石，鹅卵石，巨石）17。 </li><li>估计每个深泓点与最近盖物体的距离。 注:鱼盖被定义为有效通道的任何结构能够隐瞒20.3前端2厘米（8英寸）的鱼18。 </li></ol></li><li>算上在工作通道内大型木质残骸的所有作品。 </li><li>美国环境保护署（EPA）的快速可视化的栖息地评估（RVHA）估计栖息地质量协议19。 </li></ol></li><li>获得研究地点的随机选择10％的重复测量和样品。重复的措施来估计采样和实验室分析精度。 </li></ol> 3.实验室协议理化与生物数据注:描述实验室协议定量水化学属性是这个手稿的范围之内。然而，目前的研究中使用水和废物14标准的化学方法。 <ol><li>包含在每个大型无脊椎动物样品中的生物子样，以获得大型底栖动物群落的每个站点有代表性的子样本（使用2.4节协议收取）。 <ol><li>将整个复合无脊椎动物样品放入100 2网格排序（测定5×20 2）。随机每1 2网格数分配从1到100。 </li><li>使用立体显微镜来计数，并确定随机选择1 2格之内的所有生物，直到有序个体的总数为200±20％。识别生物体使用无脊椎动物键，例如那些由梅里特和Cummins 20发布到属。 </li><li>编译属层次丰富的资料进社区指标[ 例如，总的丰富性和蜉蝣目％，襀翅目，毛翅和（EPT）用作统计模型和随后的情景分析3，7响应变量。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，统计和分析方案<ol><li>构建广义线性模型插播物理，化学预测，并基于景观indicato生物条件主导土地利用活动的RS。 注:协议和分析，在R语言和环境统计计算（版本3.2.1）21进行。 <ol><li>试验使用夏皮罗-威尔克常态[shaprio.test（）函数中的R包统计 21]测试和变换变量，以满足参数分析的假设和线性关系。 </li><li>飞度最大的初始模型指定所有的土地使用预测中双向交互[GLM（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>套用一个落后的缺失，以确定最低适当的模型3，7，22。 <ol><li>确定的最大模型的至少显著（ 即，解释了变化量最少的）变量[摘要（）中的R包函数统计 21]和适合与[GLM（）中的R包函数统计 21]这个变量排除的新模式。 </li><li>继续删除变量直到所有剩余的预测分别为0和解释力显著的不同不从使用偏差表和似然比检验[R中包lrtest（）函数lmtest 23]分析每个响应变量的最大模型显著不同。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>预测当前的条件。 <ol><li>使用最终模型整个流域的目标，将所有未抽样NHD流域内预测理化和生物条件给定电流景观特征[预测（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>在可视化GIS软件的预测。 <ol><li>加入预言NHD流域。右键单击内容表中的集水层上，并选择加入，并从下拉菜单中涉及 ，并从随后的菜单中加入 。选择的唯一标识符作为该连接将根据场，预测文件作为表被接合和唯一标识符，所述连接表中的字段将基于</li><li>右键单击集水层上，然后选择属性 。在图层属性对话框中，单击符号选项卡，选择数量上。选择感兴趣的值字段中的预测值，然后单击应用 。 注:取值范围可以手动更改以匹配使用分类按钮公认的生态标准。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>进行情景分析来比较下各土地利用情景水产品条件预测的变化。 <ol><li>更新当前数据集景观，模拟未来可能出现的发展或减缓情景。对于这里所描述的研究中，手动更新积累的景观值的属性表内利息集水区（ 例如 ，改变10英亩的森林开采土地覆盖）。 <ol><li>选择INTERES集水T使用选择由位于选择下拉菜单中的属性功能。在选择按属性对话框，选择NHD集水区为层。在唯一标识符的属性，双击，选择=，然后键入标识符在方程式框中感兴趣的集水区。 </li><li>通过右键单击目录表中的集水层，从下拉菜单中选择打开属性表打开NHD集水属性表。选择仅显示选定的集水区。 </li><li>在只选择集水显示，右键点击感兴趣的列，并选择字段计算器中输入新的模拟值。注:多个集水可以改变整个模拟大空间尺度上发生的多空间明确的发展或管理活动。 注:另外，原来的矢量和栅格数据集可以通过数字化的新功能或改变和删除原来的FE进行更新atures模拟的预先存在的土地使用的影响24个新的土地利用活动或管理。这可以通过使用编辑器工具栏来完成。 </li></ol></li><li>重新分配和使用步骤1.3-1.4提出的协议都NHD集水区再累加景观属性。 </li><li>预测的物理化学和生物学条件作为更新风景数据集的函数[预测（）中的R包函数统计 21]。 </li><li>可视化预测下使用在第4.2.2提出的协议替代的土地利用方案的条件。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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<li>Petty, J. T., Strager, M. P., Merriam, E. R., Ziemkiewicz, P. F. Scenario analysis and the Watershed Futures Planner: predicting future aquatic condiditons in an intensively mined Appalachian watershed. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aPetty%2C+JT+%22Environmental+Considerations+in+Energy+Productions%22">Environmental Considerations in Energy Productions</a>. Craynon, J. R. , Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. Englewood, CO. 5-19 (2013).</li>
<li>Daraio, J. A., Bales, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+land+use+and+climate+change+on+stream+temperature+I%3A+daily+flow+and+stream+temperature+projections%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Am.+Water+Resour.+As%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of land use and climate change on stream temperature I: daily flow and stream temperature projections.</a> J. Am. Water Resour. As. 50, 1155-1176 (2014).</li>
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<li>Piggott, J. J., Townsend, C. R., Matthaei, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Climate+warming+and+agricultural+stressors+interact+to+determine+stream+macroinvertebrate+community+dynamics%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Glob.+Change+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Climate warming and agricultural stressors interact to determine stream macroinvertebrate community dynamics.</a> Glob. Change Biol. 21, 1897-1906 (2015).</li>
<li>Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R., Hastie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+working+guide+to+boosted+regression+trees%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Anim.+Ecol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A working guide to boosted regression trees.</a> J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 802-813 (2008).</li>
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<li>EPA 841-B-11-002. USEPA. Identifying and protecting healthy watersheds. Concepts, assessments, and management approaches. (US, U. S. E. P. A. , US Environment Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds. Washington, DC. (2012).</li>
<li>Merriam, E. R., Petty, J. T., Strager, M. P., Maxwell, A. E., Ziemkiewicz, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Complex+contaminant+mixtures+in+multi-stressor+Appalachian+riverscapes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Toxicol.+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Complex contaminant mixtures in multi-stressor Appalachian riverscapes.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们提供评估和管理的严重影响流域多个土地利用活动的累积效应的框架。本文描述的方法解决先前确定了与管理在很大程度上影响了流域水生5-6系统相关的限制。最值得注意的是，有针对性的流域评估设计（ 即沿着从个人和组合的应激抽样轴）产生，非常适合通过简单易懂的和可实施的建模技术3，7定量在相关的空间尺度（ 即流域尺度）复杂的累积效应数据此外?...

自然景观的人为改变是水生生态系统在世界各地1的最大电流威胁。在许多地区，以目前的速度持续下降将导致水产资源造成不可挽回的损失，最终限制其能力，以提供宝贵的，不可替代的生态系统服务。因此，存在对工具和能力开发流域2-3内管理水生系统的方法的一个关键需求。鉴于管理者常常与社会经济和政治压力的面节约水生资源继续开发活动的任务，这是特别重要的。 积极发展区域内的水生生态系统的管理要求的预先存在的自然和人为景观的背景下预测提出了开发活动可能产生的影响的能力属性3，4。一个主要的挑战aquat重度退化流域内IC资源管理是量化，并在相关的空间尺度2,5管理复杂（ 也就是说 ，添加剂或交互式）多次土地使用压力的累积效应的能力。尽管当前面临的挑战，然而，累积效应评估正被纳入世界各地的5-6监管指引。 有针对性的分水岭评估设计相对于多个土地使用压力可产生能够模拟复杂的累积效应7的数据采样全方位的条件。此外，结合情景分析框架内，这样的模型[在一系列现实的或拟开发或流域管理（恢复和减缓）情景预测生态变化]有严重影响流域3,5内大大提高水产资源管理，8的潜力-9。最值得注意的是，情景分析提供对于通过将科学信息（生态关系和统计模型），监管的目标和利益相关者加入客观性和透明度管理决策的框架需要到一个单一的决策框架3,9。 我们提出了一个方法，评估和情景分析框架中管理多个土地利用活动的累积效应。我们首先描述如何适当目标根据已知的土地使用压力的分水岭评估中纳入网站。我们描述了对多种土地利用活动的生态影响的数据获取现场和实验室技术。我们简要描述了生产基于景观累积效应模型的建模技术。最后，我们讨论如何情景分析框架内引入累积效应模型，展示在协助监管决策这种方法的实用程序（ 例如，允许和休息祭文）在西弗吉尼亚州南部的深入挖掘流域内。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Slack Invert Sampling Kit</td><td>Wildco</td><td>3-425-N56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Square Jars</td><td>US Plastic Corp</td><td>66188</td><td>32 oz; for storing fixed, composite invertebrate samples</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof</td><td>PHARMCO-AAPER</td><td>111000190</td><td>For fixing and storing invertebrate samples</td></tr><tr><td>5 in. by 20 in. Macroinvertebrate sub-samplilng grid</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>This item cannot be purchased and must be made in house</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000 with stand C LED</td><td>ZEISS</td><td>000000-1106-133</td><td>For macroinvertebrate sorting and identification</td></tr><tr><td>Thermo Scientific Nalgene Reusable Filter Holders with Receiver</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-740-23A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immobilon-NC Transfer Membrane</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HATF04700</td><td>Triton-free, mixed cellulose exters, 0.45&amp;nbsp;&amp;#956;m, 47&amp;nbsp;mm, disc</td></tr><tr><td>Actron Vacuum Pump Brake Bleeder Kit</td><td>Advanced Auto Parts</td><td>CP7835</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric Acid Solution</td><td>HACH</td><td>254049</td><td>1:1, 500&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Oblong NDPE Wide Mouth Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1229Z38</td><td>250 ml; for collection of water samples</td></tr><tr><td>650 Multi-parameter display, standard memory</td><td>Fondriest Environmental</td><td>650-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>600XL Sonde with temperature/conductivity sensor</td><td>Fondriest Environmental</td><td>065862</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH calibration buffer pack</td><td>Fondriest Environmental</td><td>603824</td><td>2 pints each of pH 4, 7, &amp;amp; 10</td></tr><tr><td>conductivity standard</td><td>Fondriest Environmental</td><td>065270</td><td>1 quart, 1,000 &amp;micro;S</td></tr><tr><td>Flo-Mate 2000</td><td>TTT Environmental</td><td>2000-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Keson English/Metric Open Reel Fiberglass Tape</td><td>Forestry Suppliers</td><td>40025</td><td>300&#039;/100 m</td></tr><tr><td>ArcGIS 10.3.1</td><td>ESRI</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework

有工具和能力管理严重影响流域内的水生生态系统的方法迫切需要。目前的努力往往功亏一篑为无法量化和预测在相关的空间尺度的当前和未来的土地使用场景复杂累积效应的结果。这份手稿的目的是为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。网站是通过识别在独立梯度和已知压力的组合落在网站首次入选流域内评估纳入。场和实验室技术随后被用于获取在物理，化学数据，以及多个土地使用活动的生物效应。然后多元线性回归分析被用于生产基于风景累积效应模型，用于预测水性抽动条件。最后，对于一个情景分析框架内引入累积效应模型指导管理和监管决策的积极开发流域内（ 例如，允许和缓解）方法进行了探讨，并展示了阿巴拉契亚中部山顶采矿区域内的2个子流域。本文所提供的分水岭考核及管理办法使资源管理，促进经济和发展活动，同时保护水生生物资源和生产用于通过有针对性的整治网络生态效益的机会。

四十1:24,000 NHD流域被选为煤河中研究基地，西弗吉尼亚（ 图2）。被选定研究网站涵盖从地面开采（％土地面积24），住宅开发[结构密度（no./km 2）]，和地下开采[国家污染物排放消除系统（NPDES）许可证密度（不指定范围的影响。 /千米2）]，使得两个单独和组合的范围内可能的（ 图3）发生每个主要用地活性。在每个站点?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

有工具和能够在未来不确定的条件下，面对管理水系统的方法迫切需要。我们为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

watershed-planning-within-a-quantitative-scenario-analysis-framework

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8.0K 次观看.  West Virginia University. 有工具和能够在未来不确定的条件下，面对管理水系统的方法迫切需要。我们为开展有针对性的分水岭评估，使资源管理者以生产景观累积效应模型的情景分析管理框架内的使用方法。 

视频: Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

科研

环境科学

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it regulates the gravity-driven soil movement induced by runoff and tillage activities. The recent application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data holds promise for generating high spatial resolution topographic metrics that can be used to investigate soil property variability. In this study, fifteen topographic metrics derived from LiDAR data were used to investigate topographic impacts on redistribution of soil and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, we explored the use of topographic principal components (TPCs) for characterizing topography metrics and stepwise principal component regression (SPCR) to develop topography-based soil erosion and SOC models at site and watershed scales. Performance of SPCR models was evaluated against stepwise ordinary least square regression (SOLSR) models. Results showed that SPCR models outperformed SOLSR models in predicting soil redistribution rates and SOC density at different spatial scales. Use of TPCs removes potential collinearity between individual input variables, and dimensionality reduction by principal component analysis (PCA) diminishes the risk of overfitting the prediction models. This study proposes a new approach for modeling soil redistribution across various spatial scales. For one application, access to private lands is often limited, and the need to extrapolate findings from representative study sites to larger settings that include private lands can be important.

Landscape processes are critical components of soil formation and play important roles in determining soil properties and spatial structure in landscapes. We propose a new approach using stepwise principal component regression to predict soil redistribution and soil organic carbon across various spatial scales.

利用主成分扩展地形模型绘制土壤再分配和土壤有机碳

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it ...

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&ndash;Environment Interactions

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating a knowledge gap. To meet the challenge of improving crops to feed the growing global population, this gap must be bridged.
Physiological traits are considered key functional traits in the context of responsiveness or sensitivity to environmental conditions. Many recently introduced high-throughput (HTP) phenotyping techniques are based on remote sensing or imaging and are capable of directly measuring morphological traits, but measure physiological parameters mainly indirectly.
This paper describes a method for direct physiological phenotyping that has several advantages for the functional phenotyping of plant&#8211;environment interactions. It helps users overcome the many challenges encountered in the use of load-cell gravimetric systems and pot experiments. The suggested techniques will enable users to distinguish between soil weight, plant weight and soil water content, providing a method for the continuous and simultaneous measurement of dynamic soil, plant and atmosphere conditions, alongside the measurement of key physiological traits. This method allows researchers to closely mimic field stress scenarios while taking into consideration the environment&#8217;s effects on the plants&#8217; physiology. This method also minimizes pot effects, which are one of the major problems in pre-field phenotyping. It includes a feed-back fertigation system that enables a truly randomized experimental design at a field-like plant density. This system detects the soil-water-content limiting threshold (&#952;) and allows for the translation of data into knowledge through the use of a real-time analytic tool and an online statistical resource. This method for the rapid and direct measurement of the physiological responses of multiple plants to a dynamic environment has great potential for use in screening for beneficial traits associated with responses to abiotic stress, in the context of pre-field breeding and crop improvement.

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&#8211;Environment Interactions

This high-throughput, telemetric, whole-plant water relations gravimetric phenotyping method enables direct and simultaneous real-time measurements, as well as the analysis of multiple yield-related physiological traits involved in dynamic plant&#8211;environment interactions.

植物与环境相互作用实时生理表型的遥测重力平台

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

参数化 V 型缺口堰方程，用于排水控制结构中的流量监测

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...

Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetland Design for Wastewater Treatment

Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a by-product of bitumen extraction through surface mining in Alberta, Canada, contains various constituents of concern, including naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). These organic compounds are particularly worrisome due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS) use plants and their associated microbes to attenuate contaminants in wastewater. Field-scale CWTS have been presented as a potential large-scale treatment option for OSPW, specifically for degrading NAFCs. To optimize the use of CWTS for large-scale treatment of NAFCs in OSPW, it is essential to deepen our understanding of various design parameters and explore ways to enhance efficacy.
Mesocosm-scale experiments serve as a valuable intermediary, bridging the gap between complex field trials and controlled laboratory settings. Mesocosms provide a controlled, replicable environment to study the effects of various parameters such as substrate, plant species, temperature, and retention time while incorporating ecological complexities in their design. Published and previous work has shown that this method is successful in evaluating the impacts of different parameters on the efficacy of CWTS to attenuate NAFCs in OSPW. This protocol outlines the design and setup of a surface flow wetland mesocosm, along with the experimental approach for treating NAFCs in OSPW. This method can be adapted to treat other wastewaters across diverse geographical locations.

Constructed wetland treatment systems have been used for decades to treat wastewater, but their application to treat oil sands process-affected waters is relatively new. To explore this potential, a surface flow mesocosm design and experimental methods are outlined. This approach aims to enhance our understanding of key design parameters and improve treatment efficacy.

用于废水处理的中宇宙尺度人工湿地设计

Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a by-product of bitumen extraction through surface mining in Alberta, Canada, contains various constituents of ...

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

Computational analyses of toxicological processes enables high-throughput screening of chemical substances and prediction of their endpoints in biological systems. In particular, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models have been increasingly applied to assess the environmental effects of a plethora of toxic materials. In recent years, some more highlighted types of toxicants are endocrine disruptors (EDs, which are chemicals that can interfere with any hormone-related metabolism). Because EDs may significantly affect animal development and reproduction, rapidly predicting the adverse effects of EDs using in silico techniques is required. This study presents an in silico method to generate prediction data on the effects of representative EDs in aquatic vertebrates, particularly fish species. The protocol describes an example utilizing the automated workflow of the QSAR Toolbox software developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to enable acute ecotoxicity predictions of EDs. As a result, the following are determined: (1) calculation of the numerical correlations between the concentration for 50% of lethality (LC50) and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), (2) output performances in which the LC50 values determined in experiments are compared to those generated by computations, and (3) the dependence of estrogen receptor binding affinity on the relationship between Kow and LC50.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling is a representative bioinformatics-assisted method in toxicological screening. This protocol demonstrates how to computationally assess the risks of endocrine disruptors (EDs) in aquatic environments. Utilizing the OECD QSAR Toolbox, the protocol implements an in silico assay for analyzing toxicity of EDs in fish.

在内分泌干扰物计算水生毒理学的Silico建模方法:使用QSAR工具箱的基于软件的方法

Computational analyses of toxicological processes enables high-throughput screening of chemical substances and prediction of their endpoints in biological ...

生物工程

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

Finding the cost-efficient (i.e., lowest-cost) ways of targeting conservation practice investments for the achievement of specific water quality goals across the landscape is of primary importance in watershed management. Traditional economics methods of finding the lowest-cost solution in the watershed context (e.g.,5,12,20) assume that off-site impacts can be accurately described as a proportion of on-site pollution generated. Such approaches are unlikely to be representative of the actual pollution process in a watershed, where the impacts of polluting sources are often determined by complex biophysical processes. The use of modern physically-based, spatially distributed hydrologic simulation models allows for a greater degree of realism in terms of process representation but requires a development of a simulation-optimization framework where the model becomes an integral part of optimization.
Evolutionary algorithms appear to be a particularly useful optimization tool, able to deal with the combinatorial nature of a watershed simulation-optimization problem and allowing the use of the full water quality model. Evolutionary algorithms treat a particular spatial allocation of conservation practices in a watershed as a candidate solution and utilize sets (populations) of candidate solutions iteratively applying stochastic operators of selection, recombination, and mutation to find improvements with respect to the optimization objectives. The optimization objectives in this case are to minimize nonpoint-source pollution in the watershed, simultaneously minimizing the cost of conservation practices. A recent and expanding set of research is attempting to use similar methods and integrates water quality models with broadly defined evolutionary optimization methods3,4,9,10,13-15,17-19,22,23,25. In this application, we demonstrate a program which follows Rabotyagov et al.'s approach and integrates a modern and commonly used SWAT water quality model7 with a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm SPEA226, and user-specified set of conservation practices and their costs to search for the complete tradeoff frontiers between costs of conservation practices and user-specified water quality objectives. The frontiers quantify the tradeoffs faced by the watershed managers by presenting the full range of costs associated with various water quality improvement goals. The program allows for a selection of watershed configurations achieving specified water quality improvement goals and a production of maps of optimized placement of conservation practices.

This work demonstrates an integration of a water quality model with an optimization component utilizing evolutionary algorithms to solve for optimal (lowest-cost) placement of agricultural conservation practices for a specified set of water quality improvement objectives. The solutions are generated using a multi-objective approach, allowing for explicit quantification of tradeoffs.

空间使用SWAT模型的农业保护的做法和多目标优化的进化算法

Finding the cost-efficient (i.e., lowest-cost) ways of targeting conservation practice investments for the achievement of specific water quality goals ...