Name: sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% knee height: a novel approach to assess dynamic postural control independent of lead-limb
Uploaded: 2016-08-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb at JoVE.com

笔者想感谢托尼·克里斯托弗，林赛在马郁兰伦敦大学国王学院和比尔·安德森在伦敦南岸大学为他们的实际支持。也谢谢埃莉诺·琼斯在伦敦大学国王学院，她在收集数据，该项目的帮助。

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The authors have no competing financial interests to disclose.

这里定义的坐姿到站姿和步行（STSW）协议可用于健康人或病人群体复杂的过渡运动期间测试动态姿势控制。该协议包括被设计为允许与病理的受试者参与的限制，并切断光纳入意味着它是生态上有效和目标定向。因为先前已经证明，铅肢和从高（120％KH）座上升STSW 20期间不从根本上影响任务动力学，此处描述的方法可以作为一个标准的协议被应用。这STSW协议具有有效性，因为相比于健康...

影响感觉系统的临床病症，例如上运动神经元（UMN）损伤后中风，导致功能障碍包括虚弱，姿势的稳定性和痉挛的损失，这可以运动产生负面影响。恢复可与中风幸存者未能实现安全站立或行走1,2的功能里程碑的显著数量变量。 行走的离散实践和坐姿到站姿是UMN病理3,4后常见的康复任务，但是过渡动作经常被忽略。坐姿到步行（STW）是集坐姿到站姿（STS），步态启动（GI），和步行5连续的姿势，运动任务。 STW过程中反射犹豫的STS和GI，分离已经在患者中观察到与帕金森氏症6和慢性中风7中，除了较旧unimpaireð成年人8，但不是在年轻健康个体9。因此坐姿到待机和步行（STSW）被临床环境中通常实现的，并通过可变长度的暂停相站立时限定。然而，没有发表协议日期限定适于患者群体的上下文STSW动力学。 通常在STW研究最初的椅子高度为膝盖高度的100％（KH;地板到膝盖的距离），脚宽和GI铅肢是自我选择，双臂交叉于胸前和生态意义的任务语境的制约往往是缺席5-9。然而，患者发现从100％KH 10具有挑战性的上升和频繁采取更广泛的脚的位置与健康人相比，11，发起步态与患肢7，用自己的武器来产生动力7。 要启动的步态，在全身运动状态变化在purpos<html> eful方向需要12。这是通过解偶联全身中心的质量来实现的:从中心的压力的（COP（BCOM在空间13都被认为是身体段的加权平均）:将得到的地面反作用力的位置（GRF）载体14）。在胃肠道，快速定型后，向肢体的COP的横向运动的预期相位对摆动发生从而产生BCOM动量12,15。由此缔约方会议和BCOM是分开的，在它们之间的水平距离已被提议作为动态姿势控制16的量度。 COP-BCOM距离的计算需要缔约方会议和BCOM位置同时测量。 COP的标准计算如下所示公式（1）17: <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54323/54323eq1.jpg" />tp_upload / 54323 / 54323eq2.jpg"/&gt; <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54323/54323eq3.jpg" /> （1） 其中M和部队代表分别约为力平台轴和定向GRF时刻。下标表示轴。原点是所述接触表面和所述力平台的原点之间的垂直距离，并且被认为是零。 推导BCOM位置的运动方法包括跟踪标记段的位移。身体分割运动的忠实代表可以通过使用群集从骨性标志置于远离刚性板标志，尽量减少软组织神器（CAST工艺18）来实现。为了确定BCOM位置，从个人身体段群众估计的基础上，尸体的工作19。三维（3D）运动系统的专有软件采用坐标近端和d的位置istal段的位置，以便:1）确定节段性长度，2）算术估计节段性群众，和3）计算节段性COM位置。这些模型然后能够根据节段间位置的净求和（ 图1）在时间上在给定的点提供的3D BCOM位置估计。 因此，本文的目的是首先提出一个标准化STSW协议，该协议是有效的生态，包括从高座高度上升。先前已表明，STSW从120％的KH为100％的KH限制代低级BCOM垂直速度和GRF的的生物力学恍上升20，这意味着从120％提高KH为受损的个体容易（和更安全的）中。其次，要得到COP-BCOM的水平距离，以评估期间使用3D动作捕捉关键里程碑和过渡的动态姿势控制。这种做法，这在STSW在健康人是独立的肢体乐的广告20，提供功能恢复评价的前景。最后，初步数据STSW代表年轻健康个体的集合呈现，并且组中的内和跨学科的变化是为了与病理个人通知比较确定。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54323/54323fig1.jpg" /> 图1. 2D BCOM计算。为了简单起见，这个例子是基于在2个维度，从3-联质量计算全腿的COM，其中各自的COM的位置（X，Y），和节段性质量（M 1的坐标， M 2，M 3）是已知的。段群众和节段性COM位置的位置，相对于所述实验室坐标系（LCS;产地:0，0），通过使用受试者体重和公布人体测量数据的运动分析系统的专用软件估计（见正文）。在x一第二ÿ腿COM位置，在3连质这个例子中，然后使用显示的公式的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54323/54323fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>Oqus 300+</td><td>n= 8</td></tr><tr><td>Qualysis Track Manager (QTM)</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>QTM 2.9 Build No: 1697</td><td>Proprietary tracking software&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Force Platform&amp;nbsp; Amplifier</td><td>Kistler Instruments, Hook, UK</td><td>5233A</td><td>n= 4</td></tr><tr><td>Force Platform</td><td>Kistler Instruments, Hook, UK</td><td>9281E</td><td>n= 4</td></tr><tr><td>AD Converter</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>230599</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light-Weight Wooden Walkway Section</td><td>Kistler Instruments, Hook, UK</td><td>Type 9401B01&amp;nbsp;</td><td>n= 2</td></tr><tr><td>Light-Weight Wooden Walkway Section</td><td>Kistler Instruments, Hook, UK</td><td>Type 9401B02&amp;nbsp;</td><td>n= 4</td></tr><tr><td>4 Point &quot;L-Shaped&quot; Calibration Frame</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&quot;T-Shaped&quot; Wand</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 mm Diameter Passive Retro reflective Marker</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>Cat No: 160181</td><td>Flat Base</td></tr><tr><td>Double Adhesive Tape</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>Cat No: 160188</td><td>For fixing markers to skin</td></tr><tr><td>Height-Adjustable Stool</td><td>Ikea, Sweden</td><td>Svenerik</td><td>Height 43 - 58 cm with ~ 10cm customized height extension option at each leg</td></tr><tr><td>Circular (Disc) Pressure Floor Pad</td><td>Arun Electronics Ltd, Sussex, UK</td><td>PM10</td><td>305 mm Diameter, 3 mm thickness, 2 wire</td></tr><tr><td>Lower Limb Tracking Marker Clusters</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>Cat No: 160145</td><td>2 Marker clusters, lower body with 8 markers (n= 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Upper Limb Tracking Marker Clusters</td><td>Qualysis&amp;nbsp; (Qualysis AB Gothenburg, Sweden)</td><td>Cat No: 160146</td><td>2 Marker clusters, lower body with 6 markers (n= 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-Securing Bandage</td><td>Fabrifoam, PA, USA</td><td></td><td>3&#039;&#039; x 5&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Cycling Skull Cap</td><td>Dhb</td><td>Windslam</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital Column Scale</td><td>Seca</td><td>763 Digital Medical Scale w/ Stadiometer</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Measuring Caliper</td><td>Grip-On</td><td>Grip Jumbo Aluminum Caliper - Model no. 59070</td><td>24 in. Jaw</td></tr><tr><td>Extendable Arm Goniometer</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>Model 01135</td><td>Gollehon</td></tr><tr><td>Light Switch</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Visual3D Biomechanics Analysis Software</td><td>C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD, USA</td><td>Version 4.87</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% knee height: a novel approach to assess dynamic postural control independent of lead-limb

与感觉病理学如个人，行程必须在执行从坐到并开始步态（坐姿到步行:STW）上涨的共同任务难度。因此，在临床康复分离坐姿到站姿和步态开始 - 称为坐姿到站姿和步行（STSW） - 是平常。然而，适用于病理性评估一个明确的分析方法的标准化STSW协议还有待确定。 因此，一个目标为导向的协议定义是适合健康受损的个体通过要求上升阶段是从120％的膝盖高度发起了支持独立铅肢体的广泛基础。力的三维（3D）的光学捕获节段性移动轨蹄，和平台，以产生二维（2D）中心的压力（COP）轨迹COP和全身中心-OF-之间的水平距离的许​​可证跟踪质量（BCOM），减少其中的增加S在稳定性，但建议将代表穷人的动态姿势控制。 BCOM-COP距离表示有和没有正常化受试者的腿的长度。虽然COP-BCOM距离通过STSW各不相同，在座位起飞和初始脚尖离地（TO1）的主要运动事件中的步骤1和2规范化数据有由10位年轻的健康人进行5次重复试验低内和跨学科的变异。因此，患者上运动神经元损伤，或其他损害的患者群体，和规范数据在年轻健康个体之间的STSW范例的执行期间比较在键事件COP-BCOM距离为动态姿势稳定性的评价一种新颖的方法。

所有受试者上涨用脚置于双动力平台，用自己的非主导肢体领导的指示。与在5次重复的目标为导向的STSW任务从120％上升KH干净科目踏上了其他平台和3D基于光学的运动分析成功跟踪全身运动观察步态正常。同时COP和BCOM中侧（ML）和前后（AP）的座断和IC2（100％STSW周期），包括之间的位移:上升，暂停，步态起始（GI），步骤1和步骤2在图5A中分别示和图5B</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb at JoVE.com

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

sit-to-stand-walk-from-120-knee-height-novel-approach-to-assess

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K 次观看.  King's College London. Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

视频: Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

科研

行为学

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

的运动再培训采用实时反馈的性能

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

医学

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, clinicians typically employ the pull test to grade corrective responses to a backward perturbation at the shoulders. However, the pull test is prone to issues with reliability and scaling (score/4). Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to more precisely quantify postural responses. Akin to the clinical test, pulls are manually administered except pull force is also recorded. Displacements of the trunk and feet are captured by a semi-portable motion tracking system. Raw data represent distance traveled (in millimeter units), making subsequent interpretation and analysis intuitive. The instrumented pull test also detects variabilities influencing pull test administration, such as pull force, thereby identifying and quantifying potential confounds that can be accounted for by statistical techniques. The instrumented pull test could have application in studies seeking to capture early abnormalities in postural responses, track postural instability over time, and detect responses to therapy.

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is difficult to quantify. Clinical assessments such as the pull test suffer issues with reliability and scaling. Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to objectively characterize postural responses.

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.

Here we offer a protocol that allows the user to selectively change affordances and/or constraints on movements that are relevant for recovering balance after postural perturbation.

改进的精益和释放技术，强调反应抑制和反应平衡中的动作选择

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant ...

Quantitative Static and Dynamic Assessment of Balance Control in Stroke Patients

In patients with stroke, damage to the central nervous system (CNS) can affect the postural stability and increase the risk of falling. Therefore, accurately assessing the balance is important to understand the type, extent, and causes of balance deficit, and to identify individualized interventions. Clinical assessment methods for balance function can be broadly divided into observation, scale assessment, and balance instrument testing. Here, a clinical protocol is presented for static and dynamic balance assessment in stroke patients, which includes three semiquantitative balance function scale assessments (i.e., Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment) and three quantitative instrumental balance evaluation (i.e., Stability Assessment Module, Proprioceptive Assessment Module, and Limit of Stability Module). It is recommended that clinicians consider the use of both classic clinical balance scales and instrumental balance measurements when assessing stroke patients to improve the accuracy of assessments, leading to a better individualized treatment plan.

Presented here is a quantitative, clinical balance assessment method suitable for stroke patients with balance disorders.

In patients with stroke, damage to the central nervous system (CNS) can affect the postural stability and increase the risk of falling. Therefore, ...

实施前庭疾病筛查测试

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking

The goal of this protocol is to inform readers about the exact procedures to use to perform two screening tests for vestibular disorders: tandem walking (TW) with eyes closed, also known as heel-toe walking, and the Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance (CTSIB), which is also known as the modified Romberg. The study describes the steps for performing each test and each of the three CTSIB subtests so that the reader will be able to replicate the test conditions for use in the clinic, in the clinical laboratory, or in any other situation needing valid and reliable screening for balance skill which might be affected by changes in vestibular system function. The procedures detailed here can be easily administered and take less than 1 min per trial. References to published papers with normative data are provided. The representative results section includes examples of data collected with these screening tests.

作者聚焦:为广泛的医疗保健应用开发低技术平衡评估方法 

This article describes procedures for screening people for standing and walking balance impairments using two normed, rapid, low-tech balance tests.

通过 Romberg 测试筛查站立平衡的人，并通过串联步行筛查步行平衡

The goal of this protocol is to inform readers about the exact procedures to use to perform two screening tests for vestibular disorders: tandem walking ...

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

Execution of Sit-to-Stand (SitTS) in incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) patients involves motor function in both upper and lower extremities. The use of arm support, in particular, is a significant assistive factor while executing SitTS movement in SCI population. In addition, the application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) onto quadriceps and gluteus maximus muscles is one of the prescribed management for incomplete SCI to improve muscle action for simple lower limb movements. However, the relative contribution of upper and lower extremities during SitTS has not been thoroughly investigated. Two motor incomplete SCI paraplegics performed repetitive SitTS to fatigue exercise challenge. Their performance was investigated as a mixed-method case-control study comparing SitTS with and without the assistance of FES. Three sets of SitTS tests were completed with 5-min resting period allocated in between sets, with mechanomyography (MMG) sensors attached over the rectus femoris muscles bilaterally. The exercise was separated into 2 sessions; Day 1 for voluntary SitTS and Day 2 for FES-assisted SitTS. Questionnaires were conducted after every session to gather the participants&#39; input about their repetitive SitTS experience. The analysis confirmed that a SitTS cycle could be divided into three phases; Phase 1 (Preparation to stand), Phase 2 (Seat-off), and Phase 3 (Initiation of hip extension), which contributed to 23% &#177; 7%, 16% &#177; 4% and 61% &#177; 6% of the SitTS cycle, respectively. The contribution of arms and legs during SitTS movement varied in different participants based on their legs&#39; Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle grade. In particular, the applied arm forces start to increase clearly when the leg forces start to decline during standing. This finding is supported by the significantly reduced MMG signal indicating leg muscle fatigue and their reported feeling of tiredness.

Arms contribution in Sit-To-Stand (SitTS) is determined by the legs' muscle condition. Several compensating strategies were discovered in efforts to achieve complete SitTS cycles. These findings triangulate the spinal cord injury (SCI) persons' biomechanical measures with their subjective feeling of load borne by both their limbs throughout the SitTS approaches.

量化截瘫患者重复性电动辅助坐立锻炼期间手臂和腿部的贡献:一项试点研究

Execution of Sit-to-Stand (SitTS) in incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) patients involves motor function in both upper and lower extremities. The use of ...

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

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