Name: preparation and delivery of protein microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial femtosecond crystallography
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at JoVE.com

这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院授予R01 GM108635和U54 GM094618，梅奥诊所-ASU协同种子格兰特奖和NSF STC奖1231306.我们感谢A.沃克与稿件准备援助的支持。

1.过滤解决方案及血脂注意:在这个协议中使用的所有试剂和工具应该是尽可能干净，以避免引入的样品中的微粒污染物，这可能会阻塞在LCP喷射器。 <ol><li>通过过滤5微米降速过滤沉淀所有的解决方案和熔融脂质。干净注射器彻底和应用压缩空气干燥。或者，使用便携式洁净室罩，以防止在样品制备程序捕集粉尘的颗粒或纤维。 </li></ol>在LCP MP 2.重建注意:最好LCP宿主脂质结晶的选择取决于目标的MP，并且在宿主脂质筛分结晶试验14通常识别。单酰基甘油（MAG的）代表了最常见的类用于LCP结晶15脂质。所述协议是基于使用9.9 MAG（油酸单甘油酯）作为主机脂，因为这是用于消旋结晶迄今16最成功的脂质。 9.9 MAG可以通过其他的LCP宿主脂质或脂质混合物考虑到在它们的相位行为的差异之后被取代。例如，在GPCR的情况下，油酸酯通常掺杂有胆固醇受体稳定化。这里，用9:1（重量/重量）9.9 MAG:胆固醇混合物作为宿主脂质。 <ol><li>混合靶的MP，其在洗涤剂胶束溶液纯化，用使用两个注射器（＃1和＃2）和一个耦合器中的合适的LCP宿主脂质，如前面13所描述。 </li><li>简单地说，负载注射器＃1与熔融脂质和注射器＃2与MP解决方案。使用对应于这仅仅是对应的LCP宿主脂质的最大水合能力水平以下， 例如 3的脂质和水的MP溶液之间的比例:2 V 9.9 MAG / v的脂质/ MP溶液，1:1体积/体积对于大多数其他短链的MAG脂质/ MP溶液（7.9 MAG，9.7 MAG 等 ）。 </li><li>通过注射器耦合器连接的注射器，并开始通过按压柱塞向混合物来回移动针筒之间，直到样品变得均匀和透明的物质混合。制备约50微升的LCP样品用于通过LCP-SFX的完整数据集的集合。最终的样品体积通常由两（去〜100微升）约一个因素样品整合和脂质滴定（第5节）后增加。 </li></ol> 3.在注射器设置结晶<ol><li>形成透明和均一的LCP之后，移动至整个样品进入注射器＃2。取下注射器＃1，同时保持连接到注射器＃2耦合器。 </li><li>一个可移动的针（表26S）连接到另一台100微升干净的注射器（注射器＃3），吸约70微升的沉淀剂溶液进去的。沉淀剂溶液的触发f显示组合物高密度微晶的ormation为每个目标的MP唯一的，应进行到这些协议之前确定。在这里，使用收益率A 2A受体英寸（40毫米硫氰酸钠，100毫米柠檬酸钠pH值为5，26-28％PEG400）的微晶阵雨优化沉淀剂溶液组成。 </li><li>断开注射器＃3针，同时保持注射器内聚四氟乙烯密封垫圈。 </li><li>通过耦合器连接的注射器＃2和＃3，确保聚四氟乙烯套圈是正确地在两个注射器的地方。仔细拧紧耦合到位。 </li><li>东方的耦合注射器垂直注射器＃2在底部，直到LCP串触及针筒＃3柱塞从注入针筒＃2的蛋白质载货LCP样品放入注射器＃3缓慢而平稳。注入的LCP体积将达到初始沉淀体积的约1/10的注射器＃3（〜7微升）。由两个syri规模读取验证卷nges（均柱塞应约7微升移动）。 </li><li>断开注射器＃2。耦合器现在仅连接到注射器＃3包含浸在沉淀剂溶液的样品。 </li><li>用封口膜以完全密封注射器＃3，包括柱塞注射器接口，耦合器的开口端和针螺母。在该步骤中不完全密封可导致沉淀条件改变和脱水的样品。 </li><li>重复步骤3.3-3.7设立结晶6个附加注射器（＃9 4-＃）利用共有的〜LCP样品的50微升（约7微升每每个注射器的LCP）。 </li><li>储存密封注射器在一个塑料密封的袋子被一个或两个无纤维的清洁组织浸泡预用水，以防止样品脱水。晶体生长过程中密封在20℃培养箱袋和存储注射器。 </li></ol> 4.晶体检测<ol><li>从培养箱到图像在LC移除注射器P样品直接在注射器内（＃3-＃9）交叉偏振光在立体显微镜下每12-24小时。识别晶体作为紧密包装光泽粒子，或者在更小的晶体大小的情况下，作为来自LCP长丝的均匀发光。 </li><li>返回密封注射器到袋，并在20℃下储存以供将来使用。 </li></ol> 5.样品合并和滴定法7.9 MAG 注意:此处描述的脂质滴定步骤有两个目的:一个）以吸收多余的沉淀物溶液和b），以防止脂质在注射冷冻到XFEL光束。当9.9 MAG组成的LCP样品注入一个真空室，用于收集数据，集约蒸发可将样品冷却到温度低于平衡相变温度（〜18℃），将所述样品的一部分结合到一个层状结晶相（LC）。液晶相的这些修补程序，由光束击中时，产生强烈的粉DIFFR动作环，可以破坏敏感检测器6中 ，诸如康奈尔-SLAC像素阵列检测器（CSPAD）。具有较短链脂质（9.7 MAG或7.9 MAG）9.9 MAG样品的滴定缓解这个问题，因为这样的混合物具有较低的相变温度。在这里，我们描述了一个7.9 MAG美格9.9组成LCP滴定。当较短链的MAG（9.7 MAG，7.9 MAG 等 ）被用于结晶或当串行晶体数据在环境压力收集仍然需要在步骤5.11滴定，但它可以使用所采用的原LCP宿主脂质进行结晶。 <ol><li>数据集合的开始之前约1小时，取出注射器与来自20℃培养箱样品。 </li><li>选择2-4注射器基于对结晶条件类似晶体的外观和相似样品合并。 </li><li>小心取出封口膜从选定的密封注射器。 </li><li>去掉注射器耦合器和附加一个干净的可移动针（表26S）的第一选定注射器。轻缓地推动柱塞前进通过针来挤压沉淀出到一个离心管中。在此步骤练习小心，因为在此步骤中施加于柱塞的高压可以喷射一些晶体载货LCP与沉淀剂溶液一起，导致试样的部分或完全丧失。 </li><li>当大部分沉淀已被除去而LCP积累了在针入口处停止柱塞。 </li><li>重复步骤5.4-5.5与其他选定的注射器。 </li><li>为了巩固所得到的LCP样品，通过清洁耦合器两个注射器连接在一起。 </li><li>按下上一个针筒柱塞到整个样品从注射器到另一个之一转移。 </li><li>断开空的注射器。 </li><li>重复步骤5.7-5.9巩固所有晶体载货LCP材料从两个到四个预定-selected注射器到一个注射器。除去尽可能多沉淀越好。 </li><li>添加〜5微升7.9 MAG还是原来的短链MAG主机脂质到一个空的注射器。该注射器连接到通过注射器耦合器合并样品注射器和交替按压注射器活塞混合。重复，直到所有的剩余溶液被吸收并形成均匀且透明的LCP。 LCP的滴定后的最终量可以根据过量沉淀和其组合物的体积上变化，从20至35微升。 </li><li>移动整个混合样品LCP到一个注射器，并断开空的注射器。 </li></ol> 6.表征微晶<ol><li>附加一个LCP注射器针头装（点样式3，计22，长一英寸）与统一采样注射器。 </li><li>仔细喷射〜1微升在载玻片上在LCP样品，用玻璃盖玻片覆盖。轻轻按压盖玻片夹住样本。 </li><li>取的LCP样品的图像的立体显微镜下，在用亮视野照明和交叉偏振器可能的最高放大率（典型100X）。如果可能的话，使用UV-荧光显微镜和SONICC（二阶非线性成像手性晶体）17成像，以确认在样品中蛋白质微晶的存在需要额外的图像。 </li><li>估计晶体大小和密度10。用于数据收集的实验提供了理想晶体密度将取决于晶体尺寸，X射线束的直径而LCP流的直径，并应导致约10-40％的结晶的命中率。 </li></ol> 7.晶体密度调整注意:如果在步骤中找到的晶体密度6.4过高，导致多个晶体匹配的大百分比，晶体应以下来优化如下所述的步骤进行稀释样品收集数据。如果晶体密度太低对所有制备的样品在有效的数据集合，然后在晶体生长的条件，应重新优化，因为存在用于在LCP浓缩MP晶体没有可靠的方法。 <ol><li>准备所需整齐的LCP量通过模拟原始样品在LCP组合物（相同的脂质和沉淀剂）与需要进行稀释的晶体可用于稀释。 </li><li>将所有整齐LCP到一个注射器。拆下空的注射器，但留下连接耦合器。 </li><li>从包含与微晶LCP的样品取出注射器针头。样品注射器连接到通过耦合器包含整齐LCP注射器。 </li><li>通过推来回通过耦合器直到均匀性达到混合注射器的内容。 </li><li>重复第6节来重新评估调整的样品中的微晶密度。 </li></ol> 8. LCP喷油器加载第二LCP-SFX数据收集<ol><li>断开与样品注射器中的耦合器和附加一个1"加载针注射器。 </li><li>传送20-40微升样品放入一个LCP喷射器的贮存器。 </li><li>插入在LCP喷射到样品室18，启动注射器，调整流量，并收集LCP-SFX数据。 </li></ol>在LCP 9可溶性掺入蛋白质晶体注意:使用高度粘稠的介质，诸如LCP，用于递送可溶性蛋白的晶体允许一个显着减少蛋白质消耗以串行结晶实验。在这些步骤中，我们描述了如何将可溶性蛋白的晶体LCP。晶体可以通过任何技术来获得，在晶体悬浮液的形式合并在一起，并在必要时进行过滤。 <ol><li>调整晶体密度悬浮以保证约10-40％结晶命中率。 </li><li> ŧEST使用LCP使用7.9 MAG，9.7 MAG或1的沉淀剂溶液的相容性:7.9 MAG的1:1混合物和9.9 MAG作为宿主脂质。 </li><li>混合〜25微升晶体悬浮液的〜25微升用注射器混频器，直至均匀LCP形式主机脂质。 </li><li>如第6装入样品在LCP注射器描述并收集数据，如第8描述评估晶体大小和密度。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

这里所描述的协议提供了一个标准的LCP-SFX实验用的LCP注射器的样品制备过程的概要。根据我们的经验，用于收集完整数据集所需的最终微晶载货的LCP样品的总量典型地是50-100微升（ 表1; 25-50微升初始蛋白质载货的LCP样品的），这取决于微晶大小，质量和密度。由于每个100μl的气密玻璃注射器可容纳约7微升的LCP处于完全扩展字符串的形式，以确保适当甚至沉淀剂溶液进LCP的扩散，在注射器至少四个到七个样品应来制备每个LCP-SFX实验。 由于样品通过窄20-50微米的直径的毛细管中挤出，这是至关重要的，以避免在样品中的任何外来微粒材料。可能在LCP不定期地推出了粉尘和纤维样品或沉淀剂溶液可能堵塞注射器毛细管和在实验过程中增加了停机时间。因此，制备样品之前过滤通过5μm微孔过滤脂质和所有的解决方案是非常重要的。任选地，清洁室或便携式洁净室罩可用于样品制备。 这些协议是基于使用9.9 MAG（油酸单甘油酯）作为宿主脂质为MP的结晶。然而，它们不限于9.9 MAG，并且可以考虑到在脂质相行为的差异之后很容易地适应于任何其他的LCP主机脂质或脂质混合物。大多数在LCP中结晶国会议员的结构制得使用的MAG之一，以9.9的MAG是最成功的代表迄今15。使用9.9 MAG为SFX的主要缺点是在冷却低于18℃时，当在真空中进行数据采集时经常发生其向层状结晶相变。该titrati与7.9 MAG在本协议中的第5节提供了一个很好的解决这个问题。根据我们的经验，水晶承受无任何不良影响这样的剂量调整。然而，如果添加7.9 MAG或另一个短链MAG的是不可取的，滴定可以用9.9的MAG来执行。在这种情况下，稳定的LCP注射期间流入真空气体应从氦被切换成氮气，它可以防止结晶脂质相的大多数样品中的形成，在具有较不稳定的试样流的费用。 LCP的凝胶状稠度具有很大的优势，其用作晶载体介质，因为其允许在宽范围的晶体流量，适用于串行晶体的数据收集在现代XFEL和同步加速器源的调整。数量级的C订单匹配与XFEL脉冲重复率导致急剧减少晶体消费晶体流量ompared液体注入。 LCP是用于递送不仅在它生长的MP晶体合适的载体介质，也为可溶性蛋白21的晶体。几种可供选择的粘稠晶系媒体最近引入了22 - 24，延长工具和试剂的阿森纳进行连续结晶实验。此外，使用LCP作为晶体递送介质串行晶体已被证明在常规同步加速器源中，至少井衍射晶体24,25。该升压的X射线数量级的强度，以及改善在检测器技术的同步加速器源未来的升级，将使串行晶体更加方便和有吸引力的结构测定方法。 LCP-SFX已经证明其对MP结构测定效力。对于具有挑战性的生物系统（如GPCR的或大分子复合物），其中lARGE，衍射品质晶体是难以生长，LCP-SFX可提供一个有吸引力的，如果不是唯一的，可行的选择来解决的原子分辨率结构。其所有的优点， 即使用LCP作为基质为MP的结晶和晶体递送，低蛋白消耗，不存在辐射损伤，室温收集数据，时间分辨研究26,27的可能性，没有晶体收获要求，LCP- SFX应在结构生物学的未来产生重要的作用。

X射线晶体是最成功的技术，迄今为解决膜蛋白（MPS）的原子分辨率的结构。从脂质中间相，也被称为脂质立方相（LCP），或在消旋结晶，结晶表示在MP晶体已启用的具有挑战性的目标的高分辨率结构确定诸如G蛋白偶联受体的主要发展酮（GPCR的）1。在LCP工具和技术的最新发展，使这一技术提供给大型社区在世界各地的2结构生物学家的。然而，在许多情况下，在LCP形成MP的结晶太小，可以使用即使在最先进的微聚焦同步加速器束线，其中所述样品从严重辐射损伤和劣化遭受之前可以得到3在高分辨率足够的信号。 一种新的方法，以晶体数据收集是与第一X射线自由电子激光（XFEL）的调试启用。该方法是基于"毁灭前的衍射"的原则，首先介绍了理论上4，然后通过实验证实了在直线加速器相干光源（LCLS）3，全球硬XFELs先驱生物样品。一个XFEL几十飞秒的持续时间，从一个原始晶体前蛋白原子可以响应​​于辐射损伤移动衍射内产生高亮度的X射线脉冲。在最初的实验中，微晶连续在通过液体喷射器5产生的含水的流供给到与XFEL波束的交叉点。该实验装置被称为飞秒系列晶体（SFX）。使用液体喷射器的SFX的主要缺点是它们的流动速率高，这因而需要几十到几百的完整数据集的收集纯化蛋白的毫克。通过EMPloying一个特殊注射器，可以处理凝胶状的LCP样品（LCP microextrusion喷油器）6，我们成功地传递在一个LCP基质生长的几种不同的人的GPCR的微晶并获得它们的高分辨率结构6 - 9，具有显著减少蛋白质消费每数据集下0.3毫克。喷射器由可以容纳晶体载货LCP高达20,40或100微升并通过该样品通过高压应用挤出（高达10,000窄毛细管（10-50微米直径）的贮存器的PSI）从液压柱塞与压力扩增阶段，通过从HPLC（高效液相色谱法）泵的液体驱动。 LCP的离开毛细管喷嘴的流由非反应性气体（一般为氦或氮）的平行流稳定化。 在这里，我们提供了所需的步骤视觉演示准备和表征样本对于LCP-SFX实验。其他详细信息可以在公布的协议10被发现。作为一个例子，我们将使用腺苷A 2A受体11，准备这种蛋白质的晶体LCP使用SFX方法X射线数据收集。而我们的协议是与能够由在XFEL和同步加速器源串行晶体流用于数据收集的LCP的任何注射器兼容，为了说明的目的，我们将使用在文献中描述的LCP喷射器。 6.产生LCP高密度微晶优化沉淀条件应通过高通量的结晶在进行此协议之前筛选12,13确定。此协议的典型流程图如图1所示。

<table><tbody><tr><td>LCP host lipid monoolein (9.9 MAG)</td><td>Nu Chek Prep</td><td>M239</td><td>Hosting lipid for the protein to be crystallized</td></tr><tr><td>LCP host lipid monoolein (9.9 MAG)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M7765&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hosting lipid for the protein to be crystallized</td></tr><tr><td>LCP host lipid monopalmitolein (9.7 MAG)</td><td>Nu Chek Prep</td><td>M219</td><td>Hosting lipid for the protein to be crystallized</td></tr><tr><td>LCP host lipid 7.9 MAG</td><td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td><td>850534</td><td>Hosting lipid for tiration to avoid lamellar crystal phase (Lc) formation during sample injection</td></tr><tr><td>Purified protein solution concentrated to 20-50 mg/ml</td><td></td><td></td><td>Target protein</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C606-1</td><td>Used to dissolve lipids</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>179337-500ML</td><td>Used to wash syringes</td></tr><tr><td>Eleven 100 &amp;#956;l Hamilton gas-tight syringes without needles</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7656-01</td><td>For LCP preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Eight syringe couplers</td><td>Formulatrix</td><td>SKU 209526</td><td>For LCP preparation</td></tr><tr><td>LCP-injector loading needle</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7804-01 point style 3, length 1 inch</td><td>For LCP dispensing and injector loading</td></tr><tr><td>Removable needle</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7768-01</td><td>For removing precipitant solution</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm M</td><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM992</td><td>Used for syringe sealing</td></tr><tr><td>Lint free lens cleaning tissues</td><td>Fisher</td><td>NC9592151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifugal filter tubes, Ultrafree-MC, 0.5 ml, Durapore 5 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Millipore</td><td>UFC3 0SV 00</td><td>Used for filtering of precipitant solutions and lipids</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope slides, 1 inch x 3 inch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GoldSeal</td><td>3010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Two wash bottles with fine tips. One filled with milli-Q or distilled water, the other with methanol</td><td>VWR</td><td>89094-640</td><td>These are used to clean the syringes, needles and coupler.&amp;nbsp; Methanol is used first, then water.</td></tr><tr><td>Gloves</td><td>Microflex</td><td>XC-310-L</td><td>For blow drying syringes, needles, ferrules, and couplers</td></tr><tr><td>Safety glasses</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressurized air cans</td><td>Office Depot (Dust-Off)</td><td>527494</td><td>For syringe cleaning</td></tr><tr><td>Dry block heater with a digital temperature controller</td><td>Fisher</td><td>11-720-10BQ&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Used for thawing lipids</td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop Centrifuge</td><td>Fisher</td><td>05-413-340</td><td>Spinning down solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Clean Room Mini - 12 inch Portable Positive Pressure Hood with HEPA filter</td><td>Sentry Air Systems, Inc.</td><td>SS-112-PCR</td><td>Cleaning sample preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo zoom microscope equipped with a linear polarizer and rotating analyzer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ1500</td><td>Crystal density check</td></tr><tr><td>UV microscope</td><td>JAN Scientific</td><td>UVEX-P</td><td>Optional, for crystal imaging purposes</td></tr><tr><td>SHG imager</td><td>Formulatrix</td><td>SONICC</td><td>Optional, for crystal imaging purposes</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and delivery of protein microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial femtosecond crystallography

膜蛋白（MPS）是细胞膜和初级药物靶的基本成分。合理的药物设计依赖于精确的结构的信息，典型地通过结晶得到的;然而，国会议员都难以结晶。在MP结构测定的最新进展已经从脂质立方相（LCP）的结晶方法，通常产生良好的衍射，但往往小的晶体是从同步加速器源的传统晶体数据收集过程中辐射损伤遭受的发展中受益匪浅。新一代的X射线自由电子激光（XFEL）产生极其明亮的飞秒脉冲源的发展，使室内温度数据采集从没有或可忽略不计的辐射损伤微晶。我们最近在LCP技术与串行飞秒晶体（LCP-SFX）相结合的努力已导致数人G蛋白偶联受体的高分辨率结构，WHICH代表结构测定一个非常困难的目标。在LCP-SFX技术，LCP被招募为经济增长和交付MP微晶到喷射流的交汇与XFEL梁晶体数据收集的矩阵。它已被证实LCP-SFX可以大幅度提高衍射分辨率时仅子10微米的晶体是可用的，或当在室温下使用较小的晶体可以克服与较大制冷机冷却的结晶相关的各种问题，如缺陷积聚，高mosaicity和cryocooling文物。在X射线源和检测器技术的未来进步应使串行晶体不仅在XFELs，而且在更方便同步加速器束线高度吸引力和可行的实施。在这里，我们提出详细的视觉协议串行结晶实验制备，表征和微晶交付LCP。这些协议包括用于注射器进行结晶实验，检测和表征的晶体样品，优化晶体密度，装载微晶载货LCP到注射器装置和样品递送至光束收集数据的方法。

下面我们描述了按照上述方案制备的样品，使我们能够收集SFX数据和解决五人GPCR的高分辨率结构得到代表性的结果:在复杂的血清素受体​​5-HT 2B与激动剂麦角胺8（PDB ID 4NC3 ），平滑受体（SMO）在复杂的拮抗剂环巴胺6（PDB ID 4O9R），在复合δ阿片受体在复杂的双功能肽配位体磷酰化-NH 2 7（PDB ID 4RWD），血管紧张素受体 ​​具有阻滞剂ZD7155 9（PDB ID 4YAY），和视紫红质和arrestin的19（PDB ID 4ZWJ）之间的复合物;和两个测试可溶性蛋白:溶菌酶（PDB ID 4ZIX）和藻蓝蛋白（PDB ID 4ZIZ）。 5-HT 2B介导的神经递质血清素的各中央和周边的生理功能。这种受体被用于建立和验证在LCP-SFX方法，通过比较在LCLS与先进光子源（APS）由传统microcrystallography解决的制冷机冷却的结构中得到的室温下的结构。总共用蛋白微晶100μl的LCP样品（平均粒径约5μm）的〜制备并用于SFX数据收集，以及5HT 2B的LCP-SFX结构在2.8埃（ 图2）8被成功地解决。在表1中被设置在样品制备和数据收集的其他有用的信息。 平滑化受体（SMO）是F级的GPCR的成员和致畸环巴胺的分子靶标，在胚胎发育和肿瘤生长良好的证明函数。最初，获得具有120×10×5微米的平均尺寸SMO /环巴胺的相对大的晶体，然后用于数据collecti就在同步辐射光源使用传统的基于测角仪，晶体。然而，这些大的晶体产生的在从大mosaicity患（上述2-3度），这可能是由于晶体生长缺陷的积累，或从与cryocooling效果的微焦点光束线（10微米直径）衍射差。 LCP-SFX，但是，使我们在LCLS从在室温下5微米大小的晶体，收集质量衍射数据。其结构通过分子置换在各向异性3.4，3.2和4.0埃分辨率沿着三个主轴解决，明确地识别所述结合口袋6（ 图3）的环巴胺的位置。 生物碱鸦片制剂，例如吗啡，靶向μ阿片样物质受体（μ-OR）被广泛地用于治疗严重疼痛管理。然而，他们的广泛使用导致收购耐受性和成瘾性。吗啡类药物的联合给药用δ阿片受体（δ-OR）拮抗剂已经显示出，以防止上述的副作用，从而促进了混合δ型或拮抗剂和μ或激动剂功能的化合物的搜索。我们得到在δ型或与双官能四肽磷酰化的NH 2的复合使用衍射到3.3埃在使用常规基于测角数据收集策略同步加速器X射线源制冷机冷却的晶体的初始衍射数据。这些数据揭示了肽配体的局部模糊的电子密度。随后，获得在室温下XFEL衍射数据，并以2.7埃的分辨率表示为配体和受体7清晰密度测定的结构。这种结构提供了进一步了解阿片受体功能和选择性的机会和新的镇痛药的发展提供了宝贵的见解。 1 R）是一个GPCR作为血压的主要调节剂。我们结晶AT 1 R在复杂与LCP拮抗剂ZD7155。优化晶体达到了40×4×4微米3的最大尺寸最好的衍射在同步辐射光源只达到〜4。通过改变结晶条件，我们获得了更小的晶体阵雨（10×2×2微米3），它被用来在使用XFEL辐射2.9的决议获得室温结构。共有2764739探测器图像采集，使从对应于约0.29毫克蛋白9的65微升水晶载货LCP的完整数据集。帧的总数目，457275被鉴定为晶体匹配，对应于17％的命中率，其中73130帧（命中的16％）进行了成功地索引和集成。 GPCR的信号通过任何的G蛋白或抑制蛋白介导的两个主要途径。结合于异克S-蛋白的β2 -肾上腺素能受体的结构，几年前20解决了，而一个GPCR的与休止复杂结构已仍然难以捉摸。我们获得了一个LCP视紫红质抑制蛋白融合蛋白达到25-30微米最长尺寸小晶体，但尽管进行了广泛的优化，只衍射在同步加速器光源〜7的分辨率。通过使用LCP-SFX方法，12小时XFEL beamtime内，我们收集了22262水晶命中，其中有18874模式被成功收录并整合到各向异性3.8 / 3.8 / 3.3 19的分辨率极限。视紫红质抑制蛋白是一个非常具有挑战性的蛋白复合物，使用传统的方法抵制结构的决心。这种结构的成功判定已经证明的巨大潜力在LCP-SFX方法解决难题，并提供检查休止偏置信号在G蛋白偶联受体机制的独特机会。 最后，除了在膜中的脂类相生长的蛋白质晶体，我们的样品制备和递送方法成功适于可溶性蛋白质晶体，其中LCP用作晶体的递送的载体介质，使我们能够显着地降低了蛋白质消费所需的结构测定。两型蛋白，溶菌酶和藻蓝蛋白的结构，分别在1.89埃与1.75埃分辨率分别用这种方法解决，使用低于0.1毫克每蛋白21的。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 五羟色胺受体2B </td><td> 磨平受体 </td><td><strong&gt;δ阿片受体</td><td> 血管紧张素II受体1型 </td><td> 视紫红质抑制蛋白 </td><td> 溶菌酶 </td><td> 藻蓝蛋白 </td></tr><tr><td> PDB ID </td><td> 4NC3 </td><td> 4O9R </td><td> 4RWD </td><td> 4YAY </td><td> 4ZWJ </td><td> 4ZIX </td><td> 4ZIZ </td></tr><tr><td>共抽查使用*，微升</td><td> 100 </td><td> 83 </td><td> 50 </td><td> 65 </td><td> 75 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td>用总蛋白，微克</td><td> 300 </td><td> 500 </td><td> 300 </td><td> 290 </td><td> 340 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td>平均晶体尺寸，微米</td><td> 5×5×5 </td><td> &lt;5 </td><td> 5×2×2 </td><td> 10×2×2 </td><td> 5-10 </td><td> 5×2×2 </td><td> 10×10×5 </td></tr><tr><td>命中率， ％ </td><td>3.6 </td><td> 7.8 </td><td> 5.9 </td><td> 17 </td><td> 0.45 </td><td> 40 </td><td> 6.5 </td></tr><tr><td>总的数据采集时间，小时</td><td> 10 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> 6.4 </td><td> 12 </td><td> 0.75 </td><td> 0.67 </td></tr><tr><td>索引模式数</td><td> 32819 </td><td> 61964 </td><td> 36083 </td><td> 73130 </td><td> 18874 </td><td> 54,544 </td><td> 6629 </td></tr><tr><td>空间群</td><td> C 2 2 2 1 </td><td> P 2 1 </td><td> C 2 </td><td> C 2 </td><td> P 2 1 2 1 2 1 </td><td> P 4 3 2 1 2 </td><td> H 3 2 </td></tr><tr><td>分辨率， </td><td> 2.8 </td><td> 3.2 / 3.4 / 4.0 </td><td> 2.7 </td><td> 2.9 </td><td> 3.3 / 3.8 / 3.8 </td><td> 1.89 </td><td> 1.75 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1为代表的结构的样品制备和数据收集统计汇总使用LCP-SFX方法来解决。 样品为一个LCP-SFX实验所需的量取决于晶体衍射质量，结晶密度，喷射器喷嘴的直径，以及所述XFEL光束尺寸，强度和脉冲重复率。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig1.jpg" /> 图1 为LCP-SFX。样品制备的典型的样品制备过程的流程图开始于在气密玻璃注射器靶蛋白的LCP结晶。得到的结晶后，将结晶载货LCP固结在一个注射器中，并用另外的脂质滴定，至absorb将多余的沉淀剂溶液。水晶XFEL使用数据采集之前，各种显微镜方法，然后表征。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig2.jpg" /> 图 2. 代表性的结果，结构5-HT 2B 与麦角胺复杂。（ 一 ）5-HT 2B /麦角胺微晶使用亮场显微镜模式8成像。该图已被从参考8与来自科学版权许可重复使用。（B）微晶5-HT 2B /麦角胺的使用交叉偏光显微镜模式8成像。这个数字已经从参考8版权重用许可科学（C）由LCP-SFX方法获得的5-HT 2B /麦角胺结构的卡通代表。建在模型中的脂质显示在棒表示。该配体麦角胺示于球体表示。实线表示近似膜的界限。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig3.jpg" /> 图3 的代表性结果，SMO在复杂的结构与环巴胺，左面板，SMO /环巴胺的微晶使用交叉偏光显微镜模式6成像。这个数字已经从与大自然沟通版权许可参考6重用。右侧面板上，一个卡通representati由LCP-SFX方法获得的SMO /环杷结构。配体环杷示于球体表示。实线表示近似膜的界限。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54463/54463fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at JoVE.com

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

We describe procedures for the preparation and delivery of membrane protein microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers and synchrotron sources. These protocols can also be applied for incorporation and delivery of soluble protein microcrystals, leading to substantially reduced sample consumption compared to liquid injection.

制备及脂质立方相反应蛋白微晶交付串行飞秒晶体

Membrane proteins (MPs) are essential components of cellular membranes and primary drug targets. Rational drug design relies on precise structural ...

preparation-delivery-protein-microcrystals-lipidic-cubic-phase-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

11.4K 次观看.  University of Southern California. We describe procedures for the preparation and delivery of membrane protein microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers and synchrotron sources. These protocols can also be applied for incorporation and delivery of soluble protein microcrystals, leading to substantially reduced sample consumption compared to liquid injection.

视频: Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

The advent of high-quality microfocus beamlines at many synchrotron facilities has permitted the routine analysis of crystals smaller than 10 &#181;m in their largest dimension, which used to represent a challenge. We present two alternative workflows for the structure determination of protein microcrystals by X-ray crystallography with a particular focus on crystals grown in vivo. The microcrystals are either extracted from cells by sonication and purified by differential centrifugation, or analyzed in cellulo after cell sorting by flow cytometry of crystal-containing cells. Optionally, purified crystals or crystal-containing cells are soaked in heavy atom solutions for experimental phasing. These samples are then prepared for diffraction experiments in a similar way by application onto a micromesh support and flash cooling in liquid nitrogen. We briefly describe and compare serial diffraction experiments of isolated microcrystals and crystal-containing cells using a microfocus synchrotron beamline to produce datasets suitable for phasing, model building and refinement.
These workflows are exemplified with crystals of the Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 (BmCPV1) polyhedrin produced by infection of insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus. In this case study, in cellulo analysis is more efficient than analysis of purified crystals and yields a structure in ~8 days from expression to refinement.

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

A protocol is presented for X-ray crystallography using protein microcrystals. Two examples analyzing in vivo-grown microcrystals after purification or in cellulo are compared.

蛋白晶体的微结晶和<em&gt;在Cellulo</em&gt;衍射

The advent of high-quality microfocus beamlines at many synchrotron facilities has permitted the routine analysis of crystals smaller than 10 &#181;m in ...

科研

生物化学

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% percent of known structures. There are two types of membrane proteins, &#945;-helical and &#946;-barrel. While &#945;-helical membrane proteins can be found in nearly all cellular membranes, &#946;-barrel membrane proteins can only be found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. One common bottleneck in structural studies of membrane proteins in general is getting enough pure sample for analysis. In hopes of assisting those interested in solving the structure of their favorite &#946;-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP), general protocols are presented for the production of target &#946;-barrel OMPs at levels useful for structure determination by either X-ray crystallography and/or NMR spectroscopy. Here, we outline construct design for both native expression and for expression into inclusion bodies, purification using an affinity tag, and crystallization using detergent screening, bicelle, and lipidic cubic phase techniques. These protocols have been tested and found to work for most OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria; however, there are some targets, particularly for mitochondria and chloroplasts that may require other methods for expression and purification. As such, the methods here should be applicable for most projects that involve OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria, yet the expression levels and amount of purified sample will vary depending on the target OMP.

&#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of &#946;-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

从构造到晶体 - 迈向β桶外膜蛋白的结构解析

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

化学

Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering

The automated crystallization device is a patented technique1 especially developed for monitoring protein crystallization experiments with the aim to precisely maneuver the nucleation and crystal growth towards desired sizes of protein crystals. The controlled crystallization is based on sample investigation with in situ Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) while all visual changes in the droplet are monitored online with the help of a microscope coupled to a CCD camera, thus enabling a full investigation of the protein droplet during all stages of crystallization. The use of in situ DLS measurements throughout the entire experiment allows a precise identification of the highly supersaturated protein solution transitioning to a new phase &#8211; the formation of crystal nuclei. By identifying the protein nucleation stage, the crystallization can be optimized from large protein crystals to the production of protein microcrystals. The experimental protocol shows an interactive crystallization approach based on precise automated steps such as precipitant addition, water evaporation for inducing high supersaturation, and sample dilution for slowing induced homogeneous nucleation or reversing phase transitions.

Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering

Here we present a protocol for controlled production of protein microcrystals. The process uses an automated device allowing controlled manipulation of several crystallization parameters. The protein crystallization is carried-out by controlled and automated addition of crystallization solutions while monitoring and investigating the radius distribution of particles in the crystallization droplet.

采用自动结晶耦合原位动态光散射的不同尺寸生长蛋白晶体

The automated crystallization device is a patented technique1 especially developed for monitoring protein crystallization experiments with the aim to ...

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

This protocol describes fabricating microfluidic devices with low X-ray background optimized for goniometer based fixed target serial crystallography. The devices are patterned from epoxy glue using soft lithography and are suitable for in situ X-ray diffraction experiments at room temperature. The sample wells are lidded on both sides with polymeric polyimide foil windows that allow diffraction data collection with low X-ray background. This fabrication method is undemanding and inexpensive. After the sourcing of a SU-8 master wafer, all fabrication can be completed outside of a cleanroom in a typical research lab environment. The chip design and fabrication protocol utilize capillary valving to microfluidically split an aqueous reaction into defined nanoliter sized droplets. This loading mechanism avoids the sample loss from channel dead-volume and can easily be performed manually without using pumps or other equipment for fluid actuation. We describe how isolated nanoliter sized drops of protein solution can be monitored in situ by dynamic light scattering to control protein crystal nucleation and growth. After suitable crystals are grown, complete X-ray diffraction datasets can be collected using goniometer based in situ fixed target serial X-ray crystallography at room temperature. The protocol provides custom scripts to process diffraction datasets using a suite of software tools to solve and refine the protein crystal structure. This approach avoids the artefacts possibly induced during cryo-preservation or manual crystal handling in conventional crystallography experiments. We present and compare three protein structures that were solved using small crystals with dimensions of approximately 10-20 &#181;m grown in chip. By crystallizing and diffracting in situ, handling and hence mechanical disturbances of fragile crystals is minimized. The protocol details how to fabricate a custom X-ray transparent microfluidic chip suitable for in situ serial crystallography. As almost every crystal can be used for diffraction data collection, these microfluidic chips are a very efficient crystal delivery method.

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

This protocol describes in detail how to fabricate and operate microfluidic devices for X-ray diffraction data collection at room temperature. Additionally, it describes how to monitor protein crystallization by dynamic light scattering and how to process and analyze obtained diffraction data.

用于原位晶体 x 射线衍射和原位的微流控芯片系列晶体学的动态光散射

This protocol describes fabricating microfluidic devices with low X-ray background optimized for goniometer based fixed target serial crystallography. The ...

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

High-viscosity micro-extrusion injectors have dramatically reduced sample consumption in serial femtosecond crystallographic experiments (SFX) at X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). A series of experiments using the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin have further established these injectors as a preferred option to deliver crystals for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) to resolve structural changes of proteins after photoactivation. To obtain multiple structural snapshots of high quality, it is essential to collect large amounts of data and ensure clearance of crystals between every pump laser pulse. Here, we describe in detail how we optimized the extrusion of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals for our recent TR-SFX experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The goal of the method is to optimize extrusion for a stable and continuous flow while maintaining a high density of crystals to increase the rate at which data can be collected in a TR-SFX experiment. We achieve this goal by preparing lipidic cubic phase with a homogenous distribution of crystals using a novel three-way syringe coupling device followed by adjusting the sample composition based on measurements of the extrusion stability taken with a high-speed camera setup. The methodology can be adapted to optimize the flow of other microcrystals. The setup will be available for users of the new Swiss Free Electron Laser facility.

The success of a time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography experiment is dependent on efficient sample delivery. Here, we describe protocols to optimize the extrusion of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals from a high viscosity micro-extrusion injector. The methodology relies on sample homogenization with a novel three-way coupler and visualization with a high-speed camera.

改进 x 射线激光时分辨序列飞秒晶体学微晶的高粘度挤出

High-viscosity micro-extrusion injectors have dramatically reduced sample consumption in serial femtosecond crystallographic experiments (SFX) at X-ray ...

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Here, a protocol is presented to facilitate the creation of large volumes (&#62; 100 &#181;L) of micro-crystalline slurries suitable for serial crystallography experiments at both synchrotrons and XFELs. The method is based upon an understanding of the protein crystal phase diagram, and how that knowledge can be utilized. The method is divided into three stages: (1) optimizing crystal morphology, (2) transitioning to batch, and (3) scaling. Stage 1 involves finding well diffracting, single crystals, hopefully but not necessarily, presenting in a cube-like morphology. In Stage 2, the Stage 1 condition is optimized by crystal growth time. This strategy can transform crystals grown by vapor diffusion to batch. Once crystal growth can occur within approximately 24 h, a morphogram of the protein and precipitant mixture can be plotted and used as the basis for a scaling strategy (Stage 3). When crystals can be grown in batch, scaling can be attempted, and the crystal size and concentration optimized as the volume is increased. Endothiapepsin has been used as a demonstration protein for this protocol. Some of the decisions presented are specific to endothiapepsin. However, it is hoped that the way they have been applied will inspire a way of thinking about this procedure that others can adapt to their own projects.

The aim of this article is to give the viewer a solid understanding of how to transform their small-volume, vapor-diffusion protocol, for growing large, single protein crystals, into a large-volume batch micro-crystallization method for serial crystallography.

优化用于连续晶体学实验的内硫肽晶体的生长

Here, a protocol is presented to facilitate the creation of large volumes (&#62; 100 &#181;L) of micro-crystalline slurries suitable for serial ...

Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the lipidic cubic phase or in meso method. The method has been shown to be quite versatile in that it has been used to solve X-ray crystallographic structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, proteins that are monomeric, homo- and hetero-multimeric, chromophore-containing and chromophore-free, and alpha-helical and beta-barrel proteins. Recent successes using in meso crystallization are the human engineered beta2-adrenergic and adenosine A2a G protein-coupled receptors. Protocols are presented for reconstituting the membrane protein into the monoolein-based mesophase, and for setting up crystallizations in the manual mode. Additional steps in the overall process, such as crystal harvesting, are to be addressed in future video articles. The time required to prepare the protein-loaded mesophase and to set up a crystallization plate manually is about one hour.

Herein is described the procedure implemented in the Caffrey Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group to set up manually crystallization trials of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases.

使用油脂介孔结构的测定结晶膜蛋白

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the ...

生物学

High-Throughput Protein Crystallization via Microdialysis

Understanding the structure-function relationships of macromolecules, such as proteins, at the molecular level is vital for biomedicine and modern drug discovery. To date, X-ray crystallography remains the most successful method for solving three-dimensional protein structures at atomic resolution. With recent advances in serial crystallography, either using X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) or synchrotron light sources, protein crystallography has progressed to the next frontier, where the ability to acquire time-resolved data provides important mechanistic insights into the behavior of biological molecules at room temperature. This protocol describes a straightforward high-throughput (HTP) workflow for screening crystallization conditions through the use of a 96-well dialysis plate. These plates follow the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) standard and can be easily set up using any standard crystallization laboratory. Once optimal conditions are identified, large quantities of crystals (hundreds of microcrystals) can be produced using the dialyzer. To validate the robustness and versatility of this approach, four different proteins were crystallized, including two membrane proteins.

High-Throughput Protein Crystallization via Microdialysis

The presented protocol describes a straightforward approach for screening protein crystallization conditions and crystal growth using a 96-well high-throughput dialysis plate. The use of dialyzer tubes for the large-scale growth of microcrystals is also demonstrated for serial crystallography and MicroED applications.

通过微透析 实现 高通量蛋白质结晶

Understanding the structure-function relationships of macromolecules, such as proteins, at the molecular level is vital for biomedicine and modern drug ...

脂质双细胞中 ABC 转运蛋白膜蛋白的结晶

ABCG5/G8 Crystallization in a Lipidic Bicelle Environment for X-Ray Crystallography

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute lipid-embedded membrane proteins. Extracting these membrane proteins from the lipid bilayer to an aqueous environment is typically achieved by employing detergents. These detergents disintegrate the lipid bilayer and solubilize the proteins. The intrinsic habitat of membrane proteins within the lipid bilayer poses a challenge in maintaining their stability and uniformity in solution for structural characterization. Bicelles, which comprise a blend of long and short-chain phospholipids and detergents, replicate the natural lipid structure. The utilization of lipid bicelles and detergents serves as a suitable model system for obtaining high-quality diffraction crystals, specifically to determine the high-resolution structure of membrane proteins. Through these synthetic microenvironments, membrane proteins preserve their native conformation and functionality, facilitating the formation of three-dimensional crystals. In this approach, the detergent-solubilized heterodimeric ABCG5/G8 was reintegrated into DMPC/CHAPSO bicelles, supplemented with cholesterol. This setup was employed in the vapor diffusion experimental procedure for protein crystallization.

作者聚焦：用于 ABC 转运蛋白转运蛋白的 Bicelle 结晶设置以推进药物开发 

This protocol describes a setup for the crystallization of the sterol transporter ABCG5/G8. ABCG5/G8 is reconstituted into bicelles for hanging-drop crystallization. The protocol does not require specialized materials or substrates, making it accessible and easy to adapt in any laboratory for determining the protein structure through X-ray crystallography.

用于 X 射线晶体学的脂质双铈环境中的 ABCG5/G8 结晶

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute lipid-embedded membrane proteins. Extracting these membrane proteins from the lipid bilayer to an ...

制备及脂质立方相反应蛋白微晶交付串行飞秒晶体

摘要

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此视频中的章节

蛋白晶体的微结晶和

从构造到晶体 - 迈向β桶外膜蛋白的结构解析

采用自动结晶耦合原位动态光散射的不同尺寸生长蛋白晶体

用于原位晶体 x 射线衍射和原位的微流控芯片系列晶体学的动态光散射

改进 x 射线激光时分辨序列飞秒晶体学微晶的高粘度挤出

优化用于连续晶体学实验的内硫肽晶体的生长

使用油脂介孔结构的测定结晶膜蛋白

通过微透析实现高通量蛋白质结晶

用于 X 射线晶体学的脂质双铈环境中的 ABCG5/G8 结晶

用于 X 射线晶体学的脂质双铈环境中的 ABCG5/G8 结晶

制备及脂质立方相反应蛋白微晶交付串行飞秒晶体

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

蛋白晶体的微结晶和

从构造到晶体 - 迈向β桶外膜蛋白的结构解析

采用自动结晶耦合原位动态光散射的不同尺寸生长蛋白晶体

用于原位晶体 x 射线衍射和原位的微流控芯片系列晶体学的动态光散射

改进 x 射线激光时分辨序列飞秒晶体学微晶的高粘度挤出

优化用于连续晶体学实验的内硫肽晶体的生长

使用油脂介孔结构的测定结晶膜蛋白

通过微透析 实现 高通量蛋白质结晶

用于 X 射线晶体学的脂质双铈环境中的 ABCG5/G8 结晶

用于 X 射线晶体学的脂质双铈环境中的 ABCG5/G8 结晶

通过微透析实现高通量蛋白质结晶