The authors thank Chris Mortimer, Chris Rhodes (Department of Chemistry workshops) and Kari Niemi (York Plasma Institute) for their help with the equipment. The work was supported by the Leverhulme Trust (grant No. RPG-2013-079) and EPSRC (EP/H003797/1 &amp; EP/K018388/1).

1.屏蔽等离子设置<ol><li>放置在笼子里面的电环境的所有部分:电源，电压/电流仪，电源线，等离子电极，等离子体射流等 </li><li>确保轿厢内有足够的空间，使得活电极，接地电极和各电缆不与彼此或金属网接触。 </li><li>装备笼与连接到等离子体电源，以避免从高电压电极电击的等离子体操作期间的风险的联锁。 </li><li>放置保持器的外表面上的电压和频率控制，以允许参数的变化不中断等离子体操作。 </li><li>地面全金属支持的网笼，并通过他们向布线接地插头粘接笼自身内部。 </li></ol> 2.放电参数<ol><li>接地电极下方Ø现场电极位置n中的玻璃管（ 即 ，更接近于管喷嘴）。 </li><li>电压探头连接到等离子体电源来测量的工作电压，并通过圆形电流探头通过接地电极来监测返回电流。 </li><li>两者的电压和电流探头连接到示波器，监测电流，电压和等离子体操作频率（通过电流或电压探针测定）。 </li><li>设置气体通过玻璃管2 SLM使用质量流量控制器（流量控制器）的流动。 </li><li>点燃等离子体中与进料气体氦穿过它通过打开的等离子体电源的玻璃管。从探针使用的读数，分别放电的电压和频率设置为18千伏和25千赫。 注意:参数变化被进行，以确定的最小电压和频率在该放电与所有实验中的最高分子含量存在。钍e增分子内容需要更高的电压为等离子体被点燃。注意，升高的电压可导致等离子体的显著气体温度增加，从而导致增加的液体试样的蒸发。 </li><li>保持电压在所有实验不变。 </li></ol> 3.引入外加剂原料气<ol><li>第二MFC连接到使用一个T形连接器的主要进料气体管线。 </li><li>添加的水蒸汽的原料气体，通过网笼的Drechsel烧瓶充满水和位于外侧（上顶或上侧）指示氦气的MFC调节流动。 </li><li>通过分割进料气体的流动获得饱和的期望水平。气流（200sccm的）通过Drechsel烧瓶用水（H 2 16 O）的直接的10％，实现了进料气体的10％的饱和度。 </li><li>使用T形连接器，结合这充分水蒸气饱和气体与的90％（1800 sccm）的干气流。 </li></ol> 4.反应堆<ol><li>制备由两部分组成，上和下的玻璃反应器中。装备的与排气管的下部。 </li><li>该玻璃反应器在等离子体射流的喷嘴的位置。 </li><li>插入等离子体喷嘴入在反应器的上部的开口内的橡胶索环。 </li><li>准备在支架上的顶部由一般的良好贮存器的容器中。使两个支架和由电介质材料（ 例如 ，玻璃，石英玻璃）的井。 </li><li>放置样品容器的反应器内，以便它暴露于从喷射的喷嘴的等离子体产生的废水。 </li><li>把液体H 2 17 O样品的样品容器内。用于检测羟基自由基，使用5,5-二甲基-1- pyrroline- N-氧化物（DMPO）自旋阱中的溶液（见5.1）。 注:自旋阱的选择以及液体样品的选择玉米ponents取决于研究的具体种类。例如，•OH自由基的源使用H 2 16 O / H 2 17 O和DMPO自旋陷阱的研究。 •H基的源需要使用的H 2 O / D 2 O中（气体和液体）。1.叔丁基-α苯基硝酮（PBN）的应用于检测的•H基的。在他的情况下，用H 2 O蒸气等离子体，它被证明主要捕集氢基，而DMPO形成大多DMPO-OH的加合物15。 </li><li>通过毛玻璃表面接触连接两个反应器部分。 </li></ol> 5.自旋自由基捕获的<ol><li>用所需浓度制备所选择的自旋捕集器的解决方案。对于水溶液，使用去离子水。对于硝酮自旋陷阱（如DMPO），使用100毫米的浓度。 </li><li>预冲洗与原料气（2 SLM）的反应器中持续30秒。 </li><li> IGN伊特等离子体（见2.5）和暴露的液体试样向等离子体流出物的时间设定的时间（ 例如 ，60秒）。 </li><li>所需的曝光时间后，关闭等离子体电源并打开反应器。从反应器中取出样品容器。 </li><li>收集样品，并使用电子顺磁共振光谱法（EPR）15进行分析。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Boxhammer, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bactericidal+action+of+cold+atmospheric+plasma+in+solution.">Bactericidal action of cold atmospheric plasma in solution.</a> New J. Phys. 14, 113042 (2012).</li><li>Graves, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emerging+role+of+reactive+oxygen+and+nitrogen+species+in+redox+biology+and+some+implications+for+plasma+applications+to+medicine+and+biology.">The emerging role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and some implications for plasma applications to medicine and biology.</a> J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45, 263001 (2012).</li><li>von Woedtke, T., Reuter, S., Masur, K., Weltmann, K. -. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmas+for+medicine.">Plasmas for medicine.</a> Phys. Rep. 530, 291-320 (2013).</li><li>Machala, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+ROS+and+RNS+in+Water+Electro-Sprayed+through+Transient+Spark+Discharge+in+Air+and+their+Bactericidal+Effects.">Formation of ROS and RNS in Water Electro-Sprayed through Transient Spark Discharge in Air and their Bactericidal Effects.</a> Plasma Proc. Polym. 10, 649-659 (2013).</li><li>Lu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+species+in+non-equilibrium+atmospheric-pressure+plasmas:+Generation,+transport,+and+biological+effects.">Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Generation, transport, and biological effects.</a> Phys. Rep. 630, 1-84 (2016).</li><li>Takamatsu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+Inactivation+in+the+Liquid+Phase+Induced+by+Multigas+Plasma+Jet.">Microbial Inactivation in the Liquid Phase Induced by Multigas Plasma Jet.</a> PLoS One. 10, 0132381 (2015).</li><li>Ahlfeld, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+a+Foodborne+Norovirus+Outbreak+Strain+with+Nonthermal+Atmospheric+Pressure+Plasma.">Inactivation of a Foodborne Norovirus Outbreak Strain with Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma.</a> mBio. 6, 02300 (2015).</li><li>Hirst, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+plasma+treatment+induces+DNA+damage+leading+to+necrotic+cell+death+in+primary+prostate+epithelial+cells.">Low-temperature plasma treatment induces DNA damage leading to necrotic cell death in primary prostate epithelial cells.</a> Brit. J. Cancer. 112, 1536-1545 (2015).</li><li>Norberg, S. A., Tian, W., Johnsen, E., Kushner, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atmospheric+pressure+plasma+jets+interacting+with+liquid+covered+tissue:+touching+and+not-touching+the+liquid.">Atmospheric pressure plasma jets interacting with liquid covered tissue: touching and not-touching the liquid.</a> J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47, 475203 (2014).</li><li>Greb, A., Niemi, K., O'Connell, D., Gans, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+resolved+actinometry+for+simultaneous+measurement+of+atomic+oxygen+densities+and+local+mean+electron+energies+in+radio-frequency+driven+plasmas.">Energy resolved actinometry for simultaneous measurement of atomic oxygen densities and local mean electron energies in radio-frequency driven plasmas.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 234105 (2014).</li><li>Wagenaars, E., Gans, T., O'Connell, D., Niemi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+absorption+laser-induced+fluorescence+measurements+of+atomic+nitrogen+in+a+radio-frequency+atmospheric-pressure+plasma+jet.">Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence measurements of atomic nitrogen in a radio-frequency atmospheric-pressure plasma jet.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21, 042002 (2012).</li><li>Abd-Allah, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometric+observations+of+the+ionic+species+in+a+double+dielectric+barrier+discharge+operating+in+nitrogen.">Mass spectrometric observations of the ionic species in a double dielectric barrier discharge operating in nitrogen.</a> J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48, 085202 (2015).</li><li>Takamatsu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+reactive+species+using+various+gas+plasmas.">Investigation of reactive species using various gas plasmas.</a> RSC Adv. 4, 39901-39905 (2014).</li><li>Uchiyama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EPR-Spin+Trapping+and+Flow+Cytometric+Studies+of+Free+Radicals+Generated+Using+Cold+Atmospheric+Argon+Plasma+and+X-Ray+Irradiation+in+Aqueous+Solutions+and+Intracellular+Milieu.">EPR-Spin Trapping and Flow Cytometric Studies of Free Radicals Generated Using Cold Atmospheric Argon Plasma and X-Ray Irradiation in Aqueous Solutions and Intracellular Milieu.</a> PloS One. 10, e0136956 (2015).</li><li>Gorbanev, Y., O'Connell, D., Chechik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-thermal+plasma+in+contact+with+water:+The+origin+of+species.">Non-thermal plasma in contact with water: The origin of species.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 22, 3496-3505 (2016).</li><li>Schmidt-Bleker, A., Winter, J., Iseni, S., Rueter, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+species+output+of+a+plasma+jet+with+a+shielding+gas+device+-+Combination+of+FTIR+absorption+spectroscopy+and+gas+phase+modelling.">Reactive species output of a plasma jet with a shielding gas device - Combination of FTIR absorption spectroscopy and gas phase modelling.</a> J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47, 145201 (2014).</li><li>Schmidt-Bleker, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+plasma+chemistry+of+a+cold+atmospheric+argon+plasma+jet+with+shielding+gas+device.">On the plasma chemistry of a cold atmospheric argon plasma jet with shielding gas device.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25, 015005 (2015).</li><li>Lide, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. , (1992).</li><li>Tsuchiya, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide-forming+reactions+of+the+water-soluble+nitric+oxide+spin-trapping+agent,+MGD.">Nitric oxide-forming reactions of the water-soluble nitric oxide spin-trapping agent, MGD.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 347-355 (1999).</li><li>Robert, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rare+gas+flow+structuration+in+plasma+jet+experiments.">Rare gas flow structuration in plasma jet experiments.</a> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23, 012003 (2014).</li><li>Allen, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen+inhibition+of+the+polymerization+of+styrene.">Oxygen inhibition of the polymerization of styrene.</a> J. Appl. Chem. 4, 289-290 (1954).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这里，我们演示了如何使用一个内部的内置常压等离子体设置的。金属网笼有助于实现与从外场最小化干扰通过任何等离子体诱导字段保护附近的敏感设备从可能的干扰和/或损坏可再现等离子体的条件下，在同一时间。设置的屏蔽（隔离罩）取决于操作等离子体和其电气特性的类型。这样做的目的是为了确保不存在在等离子体操作外部干扰，避免等离子体字段与周围设备的干扰。在这种情况下，网目尺寸为22毫米，然而，可能需要使用不同的等离子体减小目尺寸。使用电压和连接到示波器电流探测器的等离子体操作参数进行控制。引入高压探头的显著改变电环境，因此探针必须成为电气系统的一部分，并且被断定ioned贯穿所有实验中以同样的方式。 利用玻璃反应器中包封样品和等离子流的允许从反应体系经常未知组合物的环境气氛的排斥。于所呈现的结果（见上文），它被用来确定等离子体诱导的活性氧的暴露于等离子体流出物中的水样中的源。这种调查是可能的，如果液体水的分子，并在进料气体（蒸气）的水可以区别。以确定是否形成在气相或从液体水分子的羟基自由基，同位素标记的水被引入:H 2 17 O作为液体介质中，进料气体中的 H 2 16 O蒸汽。如果假设实验在一个开放的气氛中进行，这两个阶段之间进行区分会受到阻碍水蒸汽在周围空气中存在。一个减少周围大气的影响的替代方法被证明在文献中，在其使用的保护气体17防止从大气到等离子体流出物中的物质的扩散。保护气体（N 2 O 2）创建与已知成分18气帘。在这个手稿提出的反应器是一个简单的方法，以消除环境空气组分（如水蒸气）的影响，并且可以与不同的等离子体射流而不引入附加的气体流被使用。类似于•OH自由基的•水平的根本源可以通过使用D 2 O / H 2 O系统来确定。如上所述的廉价的D 2 O中，也可引入到进料气作为蒸气。 的气体用H 2 O蒸气饱和是由前称量Drechsel烧瓶中并鼓泡气流THROU之后确定GH它。的气体的相对湿度（ 即 ，饱和度）被蒸发的水的量和气体通过通过量计算出来。 需要注意的是在延长的试验中，在Drechsel烧瓶中的液体的温度可能会降低由于蒸发。相对湿度被计算为一个特定的温度。计算出的值与文献19进一步比较，以确定进料气体的相对湿度。我们已经凭经验发现通过一个充满水的Drechsel高达2 SLM氦的流烧瓶中完全用水蒸气饱和的气体。然而，升高的流速可能不允许气体的足够的停留时间在液体为完全饱和。其它饱和技术可能需要。 另一个挑战性的任务是确保没有周围的空气中存在的系统。与进料气体的反应器中的预冲洗以除去残留的空气。预冲洗所需的时间将取决于反应器的体积和进料气体的流动上。诸如氦进料气体等离子体系统没有外部环境空气的扩散和夹带到系统的可使用•NO自由基捕获反应进行测试。由选自N 2等离子体和O的空气的2分子生成的一氧化氮可通过EPR作为（MGD）2 Fe的自由基加合物2+络合物20（MGD = N-甲基-D-葡糖胺二硫代氨基甲酸）来检测。在完全不存在空气的情况下，加合物的EPR信号没有观察到。由于没有在反应器外部的水分子可以通过以下实验证明。 D 2 O中的液体样品暴露于干燥的进料气体等离子体。曝光后样品的NMR分析揭示了在曝光期间带入液体中氧化氢量。这允许估计在tubin残留的 H 2 O含量克用于在实验中的进料气体15。 样本容器的设计是在实验工作的关键。最初，我们用塑料和玻璃离心管未遂。具有相对高的等离子体的进料气体流一起，开口的小直径不让周围空气穿透离心管中。然而，这有许多缺点。等离子体显示拱和微量离心管的边缘附近大的温度上升。从气相到液体的种类的输送也显著效率较低由于不同的气相动力学和液体试样的低表面积（和体积大）。因此，液体样品的表面积是为反应性物质的递送从气相到液体样品是至关重要的。这是短命的基团特别重要。液体试样容器，因此必须设计成允许暴露液体具有用于高效的扩散的高表面积。样品也应具有低的深度，以减少液体试样的对流相关的限制。它必须考虑到该高架气体流量，特别是与点燃的等离子体在液体样品21的表面创建显著扰动帐户。因此，该样本容器具有直径和深度的具体实验所需要的井状形状。在其上以及位于支架的高度可以进行调整，以实验的需要。通过该等离子体射流插入反应器中的橡胶索环使得有可能改变与液体流出物的接触角。 所提出的方法允许反应性物质（•OH，•H 等 ）由一千赫频率并行字段等离子体喷射在液体诱导的源的调查。采用周围射流的玻璃反应器中的方法并不限定于图示ribed条件，也可以与其他大气压等离子体一起使用。该方法允许引入任何外加剂到进料气:水蒸气，O 2，N 2 等。在它的另一优点是导电里面光学测量的可能性，虽然在这种情况下，光学质量石英玻璃，必须使用作为反应器材料。在反应器的下部的排气管允许使用几乎任何实验室的等离子流:排气可通过塑料管被连接到一个远程抽油烟机。在反应器的概念是通用的，并且可以在需要控制的气氛不同等离子体的研究中使用。例如苯乙烯的聚合是由氧22抑制，但所用的反应器中可以观察到，当液体苯乙烯暴露于氦进料气体等离子体。

低温常压等离子体（LTPS）已经吸引了近几年越来越多的关注，由于其生物医学应用1-3的巨大潜力。当与周围大气接触，LTP与空气的分子含量反应（N 2，O 2，H 2 O蒸汽），产生各种活性氧和氮物种（RONS）2,4。在这些是相对稳定的物质（例如过氧化氢，臭氧，亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐阴离子）和高度反应性的自由基（•OH，•OOH / O 2• - ，•H，•NO 等 ）。这些物种中，在气相中最初生成，进一步通过等离子体递送至生物基板5。 RONS与底物相互作用，从而定义了抗菌，抗癌和LTP 6-8的抗病毒效果。 LTP疗法的发展要求的反应复杂的造型RONS 9。水是生物环境的一个重要组成部分，并在水相中的反应增加了系统的复杂性显着。通过使用各种分析技术，包括光学发射光谱学，激光诱导的荧光，红外光谱，质谱（MS）， 等等 10-12被广泛进行气相等离子体的调查。同时，在液相检测的物种的详细调查仍然很少。可用的报告描述了使用的各种分析方法，如紫外线和电子顺磁共振（EPR）波谱法，流式细胞仪等 ，为在水溶液13,14的检测RONS的。 EPR是用于在液体中自由基检测的最直接的方法之一。然而，许多自由基种不能由EPR由于其寿命短的时间进行检测。在这些情况下，自旋捕获经常被使用。自旋捕捉涉及化合物（旋转陷阱）的技术WHICH迅速且有选择地与自由基反应以产生更持久自由基的加合物（ 例如 ，DMPO与羟基自由基反应，形成DMPO-OH的加合物）。 在等离子液体相互作用研究的共同挑战是不能控制围绕等离子体流出物周围气氛及其它干扰因素（外场，环境敏感性电源部件等 ）。在这里，我们演示了如何使用由含有血浆工作和周围的等离子体射流喷嘴的内部建反应堆的金属网状的容器的安装程序。金属网作为法拉第笼，使显著改善再现性和等离子体喷射的一般的可操作性。在玻璃反应器中同时封装的等离子流和液体试样，不包括从系统周围大气中。 可用于与液体溶液接触的任何大气压等离子体喷射此方法。例如，我们最近提出暴露于等离子体的水溶液样品中检测到的活性氧源的调查。同位素被用来标记水形成在液体和在等离子体喷射液体溶液系统15的气相物种之间进行区分。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="783">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:255px;">Plasma Resonant and Dielectric Barrier Corona Driver power supply&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Information Unlimited</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PVM500&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Mass flow controller (MFC)</td>
			<td>Brooks Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>2 slm (He calib.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">MFC</td>
			<td>Brooks Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>5 slm (He calib.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Microcomputer controller for MFCs</td>
			<td>Brooks Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0254</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">H217O</td>
			<td>Icon Isotopes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IO 6245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D048-10</td>
			<td>&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:255px;">2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214000</td>
			<td>98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Helium</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">BOC UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">110745-V</td>
			<td>99.996%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">High voltage probe</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Tektronix&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>P6015A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Current probe</td>
			<td>Ion Physics Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>CM-100-L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Teledyne LeCroy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>WaveJet 354A&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an atmospheric pressure plasma setup to investigate the reactive species formation

非热大气压力（"冷"）等离子体已收到近几年越来越多的关注，由于其显著生物医学的潜力。冷等离子体与周围气氛的反应产生各种反应性物质，其可以定义其有效性。虽然冷等离子体疗法的高效发展要求的动力学模型，模型的基准需要的经验数据。在暴露于等离子体的水溶液检测反应性物质源的实验研究仍然很少。生物医学等离子体经常与他或Ar原料气操作，并且一个特定的兴趣在于通过与各种气体外加剂等离子体产生的反应性物种的调查（O 2，N 2，空气，H 2 O蒸气等 ）这样的调查是非常复杂的，由于在与等离子体流出物接触控制环境气氛的困难。在这项工作中，我们讨论&#39;高&#39;电压的共同问题kHz的频率驱动的等离子体射流实验研究。反应器被开发从而允许环境气氛的从等离子体 - 液系统的排除。因此，系统包括与外加剂和液体试样的组分的进料气体。这种受控气氛允许通过氦 - 水蒸气等离子体在水溶液中引起的活性氧源的调查。使用同位素标记水的允许起源于气相和物种的那些形成在液体之间进行区分。等离子体设备载法拉第笼子里，以消除任何外场的可能影响。安装程序是通用的，可以进一步了解冷等离子体液体相互作用的化学帮助。

使用上述的方法和设备，我们已经调查了LTP系统中的活性氧的原点在与水接触。等离子体工作频率和电压分别为25千赫和18千伏（峰-峰），分别为（ 图1）。 例如，使用同位素标记的水，测定羟基自由基的来源。这使得从那些液体试样中的进料气中的水分子之间进行区分。对于这一点，H 2 16 O原料气（如蒸汽）的引入。的H 2 17 O与溶解的自旋陷阱DMPO的液体样品置于样品容器。将反应器的预冲洗用于与进料气体30秒。重要的是，在这种情况下，较长的预冲水的时间，可能会导致输送到H液的H 2 16 O大量<sUB&gt; 2 17 O样本。然后，等离子体被点燃并将样品暴露于流出物60秒。曝光后的溶液通过EPR进行分析。两DMPO-OH自由基加合物（DMPO- 17 OH和DMPO- 16 OH）进行检测（ 图2）。所形成的加合物的比率通过EPR数据的进一步分析确定。液相组合物的质谱分析显示的H 2 16 O（扩散到从气相的液体）的比例的 H 2 17 O（ 表1）。两者的比较表明，在液体检测出的羟自由基，事实上，原产于气相中，而不是在液体中。 类似的研究可以使用其他系统，诸如D 2 O / H 2 O系统来检测•H（•D）的基15的源极来进行。 用于活性氧源的调查 图1 安装程序。在石英玻璃管（4-内径1毫米壁厚）与氦进料气体产生的等离子体。进料气流量为2的SLM。进料气体含H 2Ø蒸汽引入如上所述。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54765/54765fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54765/54765fig2.jpg" /> DMPO-H，DMPO- 16 OH和DMPO- 17 OH自由基加成物中的 H 2 17 DMPO的溶液引起 的混合物的图 2. EPR谱图 </SUP&gt; 0照射等离子体。使用光谱模拟软件使用文献16提供的超精细值进行分析。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54765/54765fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54765/54765tbl1.jpg" /> 使用EPR校正，得到表 1 DMPO- 16 OH 浓度 和DMPO- 17 OH自由基加成和H 2 16 O 2 17 O血浆曝光后样品 H液 量 。绝对数量加合物的浓度与稳定的自由基2，2,6,6-四甲基-1-氧基（TEMPO）。在不添加水蒸汽（条目1）的情况下，残留湿度为存在于原料气中使用的肉桂酰氯，得到的混合物在与等离子体曝光后溶液反应16 O-和17 O -肉桂酸的水解反应进行测定的H 2 17 O和H 2 16 O的液体样品中的相对量。如别处15中描述的所得混合物通过高分辨率质谱分析。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation at JoVE.com

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

大气压等离子体设置调查活性物种形成

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

an-atmospheric-pressure-plasma-setup-to-investigate-reactive-species

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Organic Chemistry

Engineering

Unit 1

Radical Chemistry

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.8K 次观看.  University of York. An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere. 

视频: An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

等离子体聚合空心颗粒的封装和渗透特征

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

科研

工程学

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

在极端的压力和温度的合成和Microdiffraction

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

如何点燃常压微波等离子体炬没有任何额外的点火器

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

利用同步辐射微断层调查的多尺度三维微电子封装

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with one twist grain boundary. This apparatus utilizes high uniaxial pressure and a pulsed direct current for rapid consolidation of material. Diffusion bonding of strontium titanate bicrystals without fracture, in a spark plasma sintering apparatus, is possible at high pressures due to the unusual temperature dependent plasticity behavior of strontium titanate. We demonstrate a method for the successful formation of bicrystals at accelerated time scales and lower temperatures in a spark plasma sintering apparatus compared to bicrystals formed by conventional diffusion bonding parameters. Bond quality was verified by scanning electron microscopy. A clean and atomically abrupt interface containing no secondary phases was observed using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Local changes in bonding across the boundary was characterized by simultaneous scanning transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

A viable technique for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals at high pressure and fast heating rate via the spark plasma sintering apparatus is developed.

放电等离子烧结设备中使用的钛酸锶双晶体的形成

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

New Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet as a Neuro-protective Agent Against Glucose Deprivation-induced Injury of SH-SY5Y Cells

The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) has attracted the attention of many researchers from multiple disciplines in recent years because its emissions include multiple types of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our previous study has shown the cytoprotective effect of the APPJ against oxidative stress-induced injuries. The aim of the present study is to provide a detailed in vitro treatment protocol regarding the neuroprotective applications of helium APPJs on glucose deprivation-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma-derived cell line was maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum. The culture medium was then changed to RPMI 1640 without glucose before APPJ treatment. After a 1 h incubation in a cell incubator, cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit 8. The results showed that, compared to the glucose deprivation group, cells treated with APPJ exhibited significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with 8 s/well observed as an optimal dose. Meanwhile, helium flow had no effect on the glucose deprivation-induced cell impairment. Our results indicated that APPJ could be potentially used as a treatment method for the diseases in the central nervous system related to glucose deprivation. This protocol could also be used as a cytoprotective application for other cells with different impairments, but the cell culture and APPJ treatment conditions should be readjusted, and the treatment dose must be relatively low.

A protocol for the neuroprotective application of low-dose atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on glucose deprivation-induced SH-SY5Y injuries.

常压等离子体射流作为神经保护剂抗葡萄糖剥夺诱导 SH-SY5Y 细胞损伤的新应用

The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) has attracted the attention of many researchers from multiple disciplines in recent years because its emissions ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

大型单层矩形 SnSe 片的常压制备

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, wound healing, root canal treatment, etc., forming a new research field named plasma medicine. Being a mixture of electrical, chemical, and biological reactive species, CAPs have shown their abilities to enhance nerve stem cells differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and are becoming a promising way for neurological disease treatment in the future. The much more exciting news is that using CAPs may realize one-step, and safely directed, differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) for tissue transportation. We demonstrate here the detailed experimental protocol of using a self-made CAP jet device to enhance NSC differentiation in C17.2-NSCs and primary rat neural stem cells, as well as observing the cell fate by inverted and fluorescence microscopy. With the help of immunofluorescence staining technology, we found both the NSCs showed an accelerated differential rate than the untreated group, and ~75% of the NSCs selectively differentiated into neurons, which are mainly mature, cholinergic, and motor neurons.