这项工作是部分由日本学术振兴会KAKENHI批准号25871029中，日本板硝子基金会材料科学与工程，以及枥木产业促进中心的支持。国家技术研究所，大山书院，还协助这篇文章的出版费用。

1.铟锡氧化物（ITO）玻璃的制备太阳能电池制造<ol><li>切ITO /玻璃基板。 <ol><li>使用玻璃切割器，切割的ITO /玻璃基底（10厘米×10厘米）成片测量约2厘米* 2厘米。 </li></ol></li><li>化学蚀刻的ITO导电层。 <ol><li>使用数字万用表，检查ITO /玻璃片的顶部具有导电性的一面。 </li><li>放置在ITO /玻璃片的两面胶带，留下2毫米×2厘米的中间的中心区域。用遮蔽胶带，防止腐蚀ITO导电层的其余部分。 </li><li>倒入盐酸（1 M）几滴到ITO导电层从ITO /玻璃片的表面去除ITO导电层。经过大约3分钟，用棉签擦去盐酸，然后取下胶带。 </li></ol></li><li>预处理ITO /玻璃件。 <ol><li>放置在一个在ITO /玻璃碎片玻璃柜和装满水的情况。 </li><li>将在水浴是三分之二满水的玻璃外壳和一个附加超声波清洗机。然后，打开超声波清洗大约15分钟，以除去残留在ITO /玻璃片的化学腐蚀剂的少数痕迹。在超声浴中用水，丙酮和异丙醇分别洗这些片，对每个15分钟，然后晾干在干燥空气流中。在42千赫振荡频率进行超声波处理。 </li><li>放置的紫外线臭氧（UV-O 3）的清洁器内的ITO /玻璃碎片和运行机器30分钟。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.制备前体溶液的对光敏层<ol><li>溶解0.5毫克聚[2,7-（9,9-二辛基）-alt-4,7-双（噻吩-2-基）苯并-2,1,3-噻二唑]（PFO-DBT）作为电子供体和在1mL氯苯中1.0毫克钛醇盐。选择以下钛醇盐作为电子受体:钛（IV）异丙醇，乙醇，丁醇，和叔丁醇钾聚合物。然后，溶解0.5毫克PFO-DBT的和在1mL氯苯1.0毫克[60] PCBM的作为参考。 注:在这里，HOMO-LUMO级别如下21。 PFO-DBT:5.4-3.53电子伏特，钛（IV）异丙醇:7.49-3.86伏特，乙醇:7.55-3.90伏特，丁醇:7.53-3.76伏特，和丁醇聚合物:7.57-3.83伏特。 </li><li>上的磁热搅拌器，加热该前体溶液至70℃，同时用在700rpm的旋转速度搅拌棒搅拌它。执行此操作在没有光的20分钟，直到解决的办法是在视觉上清晰的肉眼。在没有光的冷却溶液至室温，再次，以供将来使用。 </li></ol> 3.光活性层的制造<ol><li>通过旋涂沉积膜。 <ol><li>加热光活性层和ITO /玻璃件至70℃的前体溶液。 10分钟后，加热上的磁热搅拌的前体溶液RER加热到70℃，并在700rpm的转速用搅拌棒。加热在陶瓷加热板上加热至70℃5分钟，在ITO /玻璃片。 </li><li>放置在ITO /玻璃件在旋涂机的真空阶段的中心，用加热枪到约70℃下加热，并开启真空。 注:真空是通过使用以30升/分钟的泵送速度的真空泵产生。真空泵的最终压力为26.6×10 3帕。 </li><li>倾光活性层的到ITO /玻璃片的前体溶液的几滴并在2000-6000转开始旋涂机，在空气中60秒。 注意:前体溶液的体积是0.5毫升，用1毫升spuit测定。 </li><li>干燥在常温下进行10分钟的光活性层的表面在空气气氛中在不存在光的，得到50纳米厚的膜作为光活性层。 </li></ol></li><li>删除多余的薄膜。 <ol><li>擦拭多余辐透从ITO /玻璃片用氯苯润湿的棉签的表面oactive层。 </li><li>在室温下在不存在光的10分钟在空气气氛再次干燥光敏层。 注意:我们的实验室的温度保持在25℃。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.制备的电极的<ol><li>打印有机电极。 <ol><li>使用的网板印刷机，由光活性层22上放置的聚（3,4-亚乙基） -聚（苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PEDOT-PSS）打印的有机电极。金属掩模是50微米厚，并且在打印区域为5mm×20毫米。 </li><li>干燥30分钟，在室温下将有机电极在没有光的空气气氛。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.层压的太阳能电池<ol><li>切割玻璃基板与为1.5cm尺寸片×使用金刚石切割器2.5厘米。传播使用塑料抹刀环氧树脂到玻璃基板上。放置在光活性层上用环氧树脂的玻璃基板，以保护它。 </li></ol> 6.准备测量太阳能电池性能<ol><li>通过用丙酮润湿的棉签擦拭清洁电极。附加使用的超声波焊接系统的辅助电极到ITO。操作烙铁在一个42千赫的频率和在230℃。 </li></ol> 7.太阳能电池性能的测量<ol><li>通过利用直流电压电流源/监视器集成系统测量太阳能电池的电流-电压（JV）的特点，与太阳模拟器校准由硅光电二极管，以提供100毫瓦/厘米2的模拟AM1.5G。 注:有关合资曲线的测量更详细的信息可以在其他地方发现有23，24。 </li></ol> 8. ANALY的相分离结构的sis <ol><li>准备与钛醇盐和PFO-DBT，采用相同的方法对太阳能电池制造构成光敏层的单个膜，没有有机电极和没有层压过程。 </li><li>使用光学显微镜或扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以高倍率（50,000×）观察该光活性层的形态，以分析的相分离结构。 注:有关SEM的更详细的信息，可以在别处找到25，26。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

为了利用该分子在这一方法膨松，重要的是要知道用于通过旋涂成膜的条件。首先，在p型和n型半导体必须能溶解在溶剂中。当一些物质仍然存在，这将成为光活性层大核心域。建议使用个别的溶剂的适当的商业过滤以除去剩余的材料。接着，在其中分子溶解该前体溶液必须被均匀地和均质打印为在大约60秒在ITO /玻璃基板上的光敏层。这个过程是用以下三个步骤执行。首先，将前体溶液和ITO /玻?...

有机光电器件被认为是有前途的可再生能源，由于其制造成本低，重量轻1-7。因为这些优点，有大量的科学家一直沉浸在此希望的领域。在过去十年中，染料敏化型，有机薄膜，和钙钛矿敏化太阳能电池已在这方面取得了8中的功率转换效率显著进展。 具体而言，有机薄膜太阳能电池和BHJ有机薄膜太阳能电池技术是用于太阳能的利用效率和成本效益的解决方案。另外，能量转换效率达到10％以上与使用低带隙聚合物作为电子给体和富勒烯衍生物作为电子受体（苯基-C 61 -丁-酸甲基酯:[60] PCBM或苯基-C 71 -丁酸甲酯:[70] PCBM）9-11。此外，一些研究人员ħAVE已经报道，在光活性层，其具有低带隙的聚合物和富勒烯衍生物的构造获得高总体效率的BHJ结构的重要性。然而，富勒烯衍生物是空气敏感。因此，空气稳定的电子接受材料是必需的作为替代。一些报道曾建议新类型使用n型半导体聚合物或金属氧化物作为电子受体的有机光伏电池。这些报告的支持空气稳定，自由富勒烯，有机薄膜太阳能电池12-15的发展。 然而，与此相反富勒烯系统或n型高分子半导体的系统，从而获得的BHJ结构的光活性层，其具有电荷分离和电荷传输能力的一个令人满意的性能，是在金属氧化物系统16-17困难。此外，富勒烯衍生物和n型半导体聚合物具有高的溶解度在许多溶剂。因此，很容易通过选择油墨溶液作为溶剂，它是光活性层18-20的前体，以控制所述光活性层的形态。与此相反，在与供电子聚合物组合使用金属醇盐体系的情况下，两个半导体是在几乎所有的溶剂不溶。这是因为金属醇盐不具有在溶剂中的高溶解度。因此，溶剂的形态控制的选择性非常低。 在这篇文章中，我们报道了利用分子蓬松制作打印和高空气稳定BHJ太阳能电池控制光活性层的形态的方法。我们描述了自由富勒烯BHJ太阳能电池的进展形态学控制的重要性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="625">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ti(IV) isopropoxide, 97%</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">205273</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ti(IV) ethoxide</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244759</td>
			<td>Technical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ti(IV) butoxide, 97%</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244112</td>
			<td>Reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ti(IV) butoxide polymer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">510718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Poly[2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PFO-DBT)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">754013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">[6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">684449</td>
			<td>Research grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Clevios S V3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1N Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">083-01095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chlorobenzene 99.0%</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">032-07986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acetone 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">016-00346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Geomatec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0002</td>
			<td>100&#215;100&#215;1.1t (mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass substrate</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7213</td>
			<td>76&#215;26&#215;1.2t (mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cotton tail&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">As one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-8584-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Epoxy resin</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Nichiban</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AR-R30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Plastic spatula</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">As one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2-3956-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">As one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AS482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnetic hot&#160; stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">As one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RHS-1DN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ceramic hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">As one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CHP-17DN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spin coater</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Kyowariken</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K-359 S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">ULVAC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DA-30S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">UV-O3 cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Filgen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UV253E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Screen printer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Mitani Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MEC-2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ultrasonic Soldering system</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Kuroda Techno</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SUNBONDER USM-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Direct-current voltage and current source/monitor integrated system</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">San-Ei Electric</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">XES-40S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">JEOL Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JSM-7800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

morphology control for fully printable organic&#8211;inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on a ti-alkoxide and semiconducting polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

我们已经提出了一个协议，用于制造完全可打印的有机 - 无机BHJ太阳能电池，以及用于控制相分离结构的方法。太阳能电池性能已经广泛研究27-31在Ti（IV）的异丙醇和乙醇被用作电子接受材料（ 图1）。这些太阳能电池显示出的短路电流密度（Jsc），该比使用"的Ti（IV）的丁醇聚合物"（ 表1）的设备的较高的大约8倍。在光活性层中的所得?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organicâ€“Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer at JoVE.com

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

这里描述一种用于充分可印刷，自由富勒烯，高空气稳定，本体异质结太阳能电池基于钛的醇盐作为电子受体和电子供聚合物制造细胞的方法。此外，据报道，通过在Ti-醇单元的分子膨松控制光活性层的形态的方法。

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

morphology-control-for-fully-printable-organicinorganic-bulk

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K 次观看.  National Institute of Technology, Oyama College. 这里描述一种用于充分可印刷，自由富勒烯，高空气稳定，本体异质结太阳能电池基于钛的醇盐作为电子受体和电子供聚合物制造细胞的方法。此外，据报道，通过在Ti-醇单元的分子膨松控制光活性层的形态的方法。 

视频: Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of low weight, easy tailoring of properties and a wide spectrum of applications2,3. Due to sensitivity of conducting polymers to environmental conditions (e.g., air, oxygen, moisture, high temperature and chemical solutions), lithographic techniques present significant technical challenges when working with these materials4. For example, current photolithographic methods, such as ultra-violet (UV), are unsuitable for patterning the conducting polymers due to the involvement of wet and/or dry etching processes in these methods. In addition, current micro/nanosystems mainly have a planar form5,6. One layer of structures is built on the top surfaces of another layer of fabricated features. Multiple layers of these structures are stacked together to form numerous devices on a common substrate. The sidewall surfaces of the microstructures have not been used in constructing devices. On the other hand, sidewall patterns could be used, for example, to build 3-D circuits, modify fluidic channels and direct horizontal growth of nanowires and nanotubes.
A macropunching method has been applied in the manufacturing industry to create macropatterns in a sheet metal for over a hundred years. Motivated by this approach, we have developed a micropunching lithography method (MPL) to overcome the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. Like the macropunching method, the MPL also includes two operations (Fig. 1): (i) cutting; and (ii) drawing. The "cutting" operation was applied to pattern three conducting polymers4, polypyrrole (PPy), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(4-styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI). It was also employed to create Al microstructures7. The fabricated microstructures of conducting polymers have been used as humidity8, chemical8, and glucose sensors9. Combined microstructures of Al and conducting polymers have been employed to fabricate capacitors and various heterojunctions9,10,11. The "cutting" operation was also applied to generate submicron-patterns, such as 100- and 500-nm-wide PPy lines as well as 100-nm-wide Au wires. The "drawing" operation was employed for two applications: (i) produce Au sidewall patterns on high density polyethylene (HDPE) channels which could be used for building 3D microsystems12,13,14, and (ii) fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars on HDPE substrates to increase the contact angle of the channel15.

A micropunching lithography approach is developed to generate micro- and submicron-patterns on top, sidewall and bottom surfaces of polymer substrates. It overcomes the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. This method allows rapid fabrication of multiple features and is free of aggressive chemistry.

Micropunching为微型和亚微米模式聚合物基板上生成的光刻

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of ...

科研

工程学

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;碘化铅<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;对钙钛矿型高效太阳能电池

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

研究堆虹吸断路器试验与仿真研究

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.

玻璃 (ADG) 菲涅耳透镜对聚光光伏的效率和辐照点的室内实验评价

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is ...

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

Intelligent robots are part of a new generation of robots that are able to sense the surrounding environment, plan their own actions and eventually reach their targets. In recent years, reliance upon robots in both daily life and industry has increased. The protocol proposed in this paper describes the design and production of a handling robot with an intelligent search algorithm and an autonomous identification function.
First, the various working modules are mechanically assembled to complete the construction of the work platform and the installation of the robotic manipulator. Then, we design a closed-loop control system and a four-quadrant motor control strategy, with the aid of debugging software, as well as set steering gear identity (ID), baud rate and other working parameters to ensure that the robot achieves the desired dynamic performance and low energy consumption. Next, we debug the sensor to achieve multi-sensor fusion to accurately acquire environmental information. Finally, we implement the relevant algorithm, which can recognize the success of the robot&#39;s function for a given application.
The advantage of this approach is its reliability and flexibility, as the users can develop a variety of hardware construction programs and utilize the comprehensive debugger to implement an intelligent control strategy. This allows users to set personalized requirements based on their needs with high efficiency and robustness.

We present a protocol on modular design and production of intelligent robots to help scientific and technical workers design intelligent robots with special production tasks based on personal needs and individualized design.

基于闭环控制策略的智能机器人模块化设计与制作

Intelligent robots are part of a new generation of robots that are able to sense the surrounding environment, plan their own actions and eventually reach ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

提高纤维增强聚合物穗锚质量控制的安装方法

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

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