Name: morphology control for fully printable organic–inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on a ti-alkoxide and semiconducting polymer
Uploaded: 2017-01-10T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organicâ€“Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer at JoVE.com

这项工作是部分由日本学术振兴会KAKENHI批准号25871029中，日本板硝子基金会材料科学与工程，以及枥木产业促进中心的支持。国家技术研究所，大山书院，还协助这篇文章的出版费用。

1.铟锡氧化物（ITO）玻璃的制备太阳能电池制造<ol><li>切ITO /玻璃基板。 <ol><li>使用玻璃切割器，切割的ITO /玻璃基底（10厘米×10厘米）成片测量约2厘米* 2厘米。 </li></ol></li><li>化学蚀刻的ITO导电层。 <ol><li>使用数字万用表，检查ITO /玻璃片的顶部具有导电性的一面。 </li><li>放置在ITO /玻璃片的两面胶带，留下2毫米×2厘米的中间的中心区域。用遮蔽胶带，防止腐蚀ITO导电层的其余部分。 </li><li>倒入盐酸（1 M）几滴到ITO导电层从ITO /玻璃片的表面去除ITO导电层。经过大约3分钟，用棉签擦去盐酸，然后取下胶带。 </li></ol></li><li>预处理ITO /玻璃件。 <ol><li>放置在一个在ITO /玻璃碎片玻璃柜和装满水的情况。 </li><li>将在水浴是三分之二满水的玻璃外壳和一个附加超声波清洗机。然后，打开超声波清洗大约15分钟，以除去残留在ITO /玻璃片的化学腐蚀剂的少数痕迹。在超声浴中用水，丙酮和异丙醇分别洗这些片，对每个15分钟，然后晾干在干燥空气流中。在42千赫振荡频率进行超声波处理。 </li><li>放置的紫外线臭氧（UV-O 3）的清洁器内的ITO /玻璃碎片和运行机器30分钟。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.制备前体溶液的对光敏层<ol><li>溶解0.5毫克聚[2,7-（9,9-二辛基）-alt-4,7-双（噻吩-2-基）苯并-2,1,3-噻二唑]（PFO-DBT）作为电子供体和在1mL氯苯中1.0毫克钛醇盐。选择以下钛醇盐作为电子受体:钛（IV）异丙醇，乙醇，丁醇，和叔丁醇钾聚合物。然后，溶解0.5毫克PFO-DBT的和在1mL氯苯1.0毫克[60] PCBM的作为参考。 注:在这里，HOMO-LUMO级别如下21。 PFO-DBT:5.4-3.53电子伏特，钛（IV）异丙醇:7.49-3.86伏特，乙醇:7.55-3.90伏特，丁醇:7.53-3.76伏特，和丁醇聚合物:7.57-3.83伏特。 </li><li>上的磁热搅拌器，加热该前体溶液至70℃，同时用在700rpm的旋转速度搅拌棒搅拌它。执行此操作在没有光的20分钟，直到解决的办法是在视觉上清晰的肉眼。在没有光的冷却溶液至室温，再次，以供将来使用。 </li></ol> 3.光活性层的制造<ol><li>通过旋涂沉积膜。 <ol><li>加热光活性层和ITO /玻璃件至70℃的前体溶液。 10分钟后，加热上的磁热搅拌的前体溶液RER加热到70℃，并在700rpm的转速用搅拌棒。加热在陶瓷加热板上加热至70℃5分钟，在ITO /玻璃片。 </li><li>放置在ITO /玻璃件在旋涂机的真空阶段的中心，用加热枪到约70℃下加热，并开启真空。 注:真空是通过使用以30升/分钟的泵送速度的真空泵产生。真空泵的最终压力为26.6×10 3帕。 </li><li>倾光活性层的到ITO /玻璃片的前体溶液的几滴并在2000-6000转开始旋涂机，在空气中60秒。 注意:前体溶液的体积是0.5毫升，用1毫升spuit测定。 </li><li>干燥在常温下进行10分钟的光活性层的表面在空气气氛中在不存在光的，得到50纳米厚的膜作为光活性层。 </li></ol></li><li>删除多余的薄膜。 <ol><li>擦拭多余辐透从ITO /玻璃片用氯苯润湿的棉签的表面oactive层。 </li><li>在室温下在不存在光的10分钟在空气气氛再次干燥光敏层。 注意:我们的实验室的温度保持在25℃。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.制备的电极的<ol><li>打印有机电极。 <ol><li>使用的网板印刷机，由光活性层22上放置的聚（3,4-亚乙基） -聚（苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PEDOT-PSS）打印的有机电极。金属掩模是50微米厚，并且在打印区域为5mm×20毫米。 </li><li>干燥30分钟，在室温下将有机电极在没有光的空气气氛。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.层压的太阳能电池<ol><li>切割玻璃基板与为1.5cm尺寸片×使用金刚石切割器2.5厘米。传播使用塑料抹刀环氧树脂到玻璃基板上。放置在光活性层上用环氧树脂的玻璃基板，以保护它。 </li></ol> 6.准备测量太阳能电池性能<ol><li>通过用丙酮润湿的棉签擦拭清洁电极。附加使用的超声波焊接系统的辅助电极到ITO。操作烙铁在一个42千赫的频率和在230℃。 </li></ol> 7.太阳能电池性能的测量<ol><li>通过利用直流电压电流源/监视器集成系统测量太阳能电池的电流-电压（JV）的特点，与太阳模拟器校准由硅光电二极管，以提供100毫瓦/厘米2的模拟AM1.5G。 注:有关合资曲线的测量更详细的信息可以在其他地方发现有23，24。 </li></ol> 8. ANALY的相分离结构的sis <ol><li>准备与钛醇盐和PFO-DBT，采用相同的方法对太阳能电池制造构成光敏层的单个膜，没有有机电极和没有层压过程。 </li><li>使用光学显微镜或扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以高倍率（50,000×）观察该光活性层的形态，以分析的相分离结构。 注:有关SEM的更详细的信息，可以在别处找到25，26。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

为了利用该分子在这一方法膨松，重要的是要知道用于通过旋涂成膜的条件。首先，在p型和n型半导体必须能溶解在溶剂中。当一些物质仍然存在，这将成为光活性层大核心域。建议使用个别的溶剂的适当的商业过滤以除去剩余的材料。接着，在其中分子溶解该前体溶液必须被均匀地和均质打印为在大约60秒在ITO /玻璃基板上的光敏层。这个过程是用以下三个步骤执行。首先，将前体溶液和ITO /玻璃基底被保持在约70℃的温度。第二，衬底被迅速在旋涂机的阶段设定。最后，将前体溶液几滴倾和散布在衬底的表面上，只要如可能的话，和旋涂器被迅速启动。在加热的基体防止了在ITO /玻璃基板上的前体溶液的温度迅速下降。该方法控制从通过快速热变化的前体溶液的离析物。加热的前体溶液的作用促进平滑扩频在基板上，由于在粘度的下降，并促进均匀的平坦的薄膜的形成。此外，旋涂工艺进行由盖覆盖。这促进了在〜60-S处理从衬底的溶剂蒸发。 如果使用上述方法由于实验和设备条件出现问题时，建议采用以下方法。如果加热的基体不能在旋涂机的阶段移动时，衬底可以是具有立即加热枪在使用前加热。此外，如果需要更多的时间来删除前体溶液，加热吨以建议约75〜80℃，他的前体溶液。 另外，相分离结构和相位域大小将取决于所选择的个别电子给体是不同的。当选择除PFO-DBT电子给体，在p / n比的变化和两个钛的醇盐具有不同的膨松度作为电子受体的混合物是用于获得合适的相分离结构非常有用的方法。我们的控制相分离结构的方法是从常规的溶剂方法18-20，33个不同的 。因此，我们的方法可以进行修改，以电子给体和具有在只有几个有限的溶剂溶解度受体。 最后，我们已经证明为充分可打印，自由富勒烯，本体异质结太阳能电池基于使用钛的醇盐的作为电子受体和一个半导电聚合物作为电子给体的细胞的制造方法。此外，T他的协议表明，它是有效的，通过使用分子膨松以控制相分离结构，在不使用常规的溶剂法。这个方法可以适用于使用多个n型和p型半导体的系统，其中只有在少数溶剂。我们也提到这种方法的局限性。我们认为，这种方法只有在双成分体系是有用的。这是因为该方法可以控制阻碍使用一个分子的体积了两次种芳胺的自组织的相分离。因此，我们不能说一个三配料系统将适用。我们将研究的适用性在将来这些系统。我们预计，除完全有机太阳能电池，混合太阳能电池也将在不久的将来成为流行。

有机光电器件被认为是有前途的可再生能源，由于其制造成本低，重量轻1-7。因为这些优点，有大量的科学家一直沉浸在此希望的领域。在过去十年中，染料敏化型，有机薄膜，和钙钛矿敏化太阳能电池已在这方面取得了8中的功率转换效率显著进展。 具体而言，有机薄膜太阳能电池和BHJ有机薄膜太阳能电池技术是用于太阳能的利用效率和成本效益的解决方案。另外，能量转换效率达到10％以上与使用低带隙聚合物作为电子给体和富勒烯衍生物作为电子受体（苯基-C 61 -丁-酸甲基酯:[60] PCBM或苯基-C 71 -丁酸甲酯:[70] PCBM）9-11。此外，一些研究人员ħAVE已经报道，在光活性层，其具有低带隙的聚合物和富勒烯衍生物的构造获得高总体效率的BHJ结构的重要性。然而，富勒烯衍生物是空气敏感。因此，空气稳定的电子接受材料是必需的作为替代。一些报道曾建议新类型使用n型半导体聚合物或金属氧化物作为电子受体的有机光伏电池。这些报告的支持空气稳定，自由富勒烯，有机薄膜太阳能电池12-15的发展。 然而，与此相反富勒烯系统或n型高分子半导体的系统，从而获得的BHJ结构的光活性层，其具有电荷分离和电荷传输能力的一个令人满意的性能，是在金属氧化物系统16-17困难。此外，富勒烯衍生物和n型半导体聚合物具有高的溶解度在许多溶剂。因此，很容易通过选择油墨溶液作为溶剂，它是光活性层18-20的前体，以控制所述光活性层的形态。与此相反，在与供电子聚合物组合使用金属醇盐体系的情况下，两个半导体是在几乎所有的溶剂不溶。这是因为金属醇盐不具有在溶剂中的高溶解度。因此，溶剂的形态控制的选择性非常低。 在这篇文章中，我们报道了利用分子蓬松制作打印和高空气稳定BHJ太阳能电池控制光活性层的形态的方法。我们描述了自由富勒烯BHJ太阳能电池的进展形态学控制的重要性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ti(IV) isopropoxide, 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>205273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) ethoxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>244759</td><td>Technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) butoxide, 97%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>244112</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ti(IV) butoxide polymer</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>510718</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly[2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PFO-DBT)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>754013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>[6,6]-phenyl-C&lt;sub&gt;61&lt;/sub&gt;-butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>684449</td><td>Research grade</td></tr><tr><td>poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS)</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>Clevios S V3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 N Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Wako</td><td>083-01095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chlorobenzene 99.0%</td><td>Wako</td><td>032-07986</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone 99.5%</td><td>Wako</td><td>016-00346</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate</td><td>Geomatec</td><td>0002</td><td>100&amp;times;100&amp;times;1.1t (mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Glass substrate</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>S7213</td><td>76&amp;times;26&amp;times;1.2t (mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tail&amp;nbsp;</td><td>As one</td><td>1-8584-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epoxy resin</td><td>Nichiban</td><td>AR-R30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic spatula</td><td>As one</td><td>2-3956-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>As one</td><td>AS482</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic hot&amp;nbsp; stirrer</td><td>As one</td><td>RHS-1DN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic hotplate</td><td>As one</td><td>CHP-17DN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spin coater</td><td>Kyowariken</td><td>K-359 S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>ULVAC</td><td>DA-30S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; cleaner</td><td>Filgen</td><td>UV253E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screen printer</td><td>Mitani Electronics</td><td>MEC-2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic Soldering system</td><td>Kuroda Techno</td><td>SUNBONDER USM-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Direct-current voltage and current source/monitor integrated system</td><td>San-Ei Electric</td><td>XES-40S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL Ltd.</td><td>JSM-7800</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

morphology control for fully printable organic&#8211;inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on a ti-alkoxide and semiconducting polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

我们已经提出了一个协议，用于制造完全可打印的有机 - 无机BHJ太阳能电池，以及用于控制相分离结构的方法。太阳能电池性能已经广泛研究27-31在Ti（IV）的异丙醇和乙醇被用作电子接受材料（ 图1）。这些太阳能电池显示出的短路电流密度（Jsc），该比使用"的Ti（IV）的丁醇聚合物"（ 表1）的设备的较高的大约8倍。在光活性层中的所得形态是充分的用于光的产生和自由载流子的存在和其运输。换言之，有可能通过选择钛醇盐的膨松度，以控制载体的管理结构。一些以前的工作已经表明，在BHJ的光活性层的相分离结构为载波管理使用富勒烯衍生物的太阳能电池是一个重要的因素32-34。这也是在本工作研究了有机 - 无机系统很重要的。 我们可以解释JSC之间通过载体的管理和使用表2总结了三个模型相分离结构的关系。此外，我们通过SEM研究了相分离结构，并且SEM图像与相分离的模型（ 图2）进行了比较。当使用在Ti（Ⅳ）丁醇聚合物，电荷产生场是不够的。因此，这导致较低的JSC值。即，在Ti（Ⅳ）丁醇聚合物的自组织主要是由在分子的填料促进。当"钛（IV）丁醇"被用作n型半导体，所述相畴中分离，这是不充分的自由载流子的电荷转移，得到喜GH JSC值。钛（Ⅳ）丁醇的化学结构比为Ti（IV）的异丙醇和乙醇的笨重。因此，钛的化学膨松度（IV）的丁醇过度阻碍p型半导体聚合物的自组织。另一方面，当使用的Ti（IV）异丙醇或乙醇，这些形态从电荷产生，自由载流子的存在，和它们的运输性的观点出发提供的域大小和相位的连续性之间的良好平衡。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54923/54923fig1.jpg" /> 图1: 太阳能电池钛醇盐的不同化学膨松的JV特性。这个数字是从21参考JV特性修改的急剧通过选择钛醇盐分子改变。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54923/54923fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处到v</a>IEW这个数字的放大版本。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54923/54923fig2.jpg" /> 图2: 用于分析的相分离结构的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像。该图是从参考21.改性以高倍率（50,000倍）时所得到的光活性层的形态。钛的相分离结构（IV）的异丙醇或乙醇是可接受的并且具有足够的连续性。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54923/54923fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>钛（IV）异丙</td><td>钛（IV）乙醇</td><td>钛（IV）丁醇</td><td>钛（IV）丁醇聚合物</td></tr><tr><td> JSC [μA/厘米2] </td><td> 191 </td><td> 182 </td><td> 121 </td><td> 25 </td></tr><tr><td> VOC [V] </td><td> 0.53 </td><td> 0.61 </td><td> 0.61 </td><td> 0.16 </td></tr><tr><td> FF </td><td> 0.31 </td><td> 0.33 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.18 </td></tr><tr><td> PCE [％] </td><td> 0.031 </td><td> 0.036 </td><td> 0.017 </td><td> 0.0007 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:钛醇盐的不同的化学膨松太阳能电池的性能。此表是从BHJ太阳能电池的每个钛醇盐的参考21. JV特性改性在图1中示出，并且相应的性能参数在此表中列出。 <img alt="表2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54923/54923tbl2.jpg" /> 表2:代表性的相分离模型分析存在的自由载流子。此表由参考21.理想地，形貌，如B型的修改，从许多自由载流子的存在的观点出发，必需的。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organicâ€“Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer at JoVE.com

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

这里描述一种用于充分可印刷，自由富勒烯，高空气稳定，本体异质结太阳能电池基于钛的醇盐作为电子受体和电子供聚合物制造细胞的方法。此外，据报道，通过在Ti-醇单元的分子膨松控制光活性层的形态的方法。

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

morphology-control-for-fully-printable-organicinorganic-bulk

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K 次观看.  National Institute of Technology, Oyama College. 这里描述一种用于充分可印刷，自由富勒烯，高空气稳定，本体异质结太阳能电池基于钛的醇盐作为电子受体和电子供聚合物制造细胞的方法。此外，据报道，通过在Ti-醇单元的分子膨松控制光活性层的形态的方法。 

视频: Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

科研

工程学

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to achieve device efficiencies exceeding other thin film device technologies. Yet, large variations in device efficiency and basic physical properties are reported. This is due to unintentional variations during film processing, which have not been sufficiently investigated so far. We therefore conducted an extensive study of the morphology and electronic structure of a large number of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite where we show how the preparation method as well as the mixing ratio of educts methylammonium iodide and lead(II) iodide impact properties like film formation, crystal structure, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

We present an extensive study on the effects of different fabrication methods for organic/inorganic perovskite thin films by comparing crystal structures, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to ...

化学

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;碘化铅<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;对钙钛矿型高效太阳能电池

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Organic&#8211;inorganic perovskites have an impressive potential for the design of next generation solar cells and are currently considered for upscaling and commercialization. Currently, perovskite solar cells rely on spin-coating which is neither practical for large areas nor environmentally friendly. Indeed, one of the conventional and most effective lab-scale methods to induce perovskite crystallization, the antisolvent method, requires an amount of toxic solvent that is difficult to apply on larger surfaces. To solve this problem, an antisolvent-free and rapid thermal annealing process called flash infrared annealing (FIRA) can be used to produce highly crystalline perovskite films. The FIRA oven is composed of an array of near-infrared halogen lamps with an illumination power of 3,000 kW/m2. A hollow aluminum body enables an effective water-cooling system. The FIRA method allows the synthesis of perovskite films in less than 2 s, achieving efficiencies &#62;20%. FIRA has a unique potential for the industry because it can be adapted to continuous processing, is antisolvent-free, and does not require lengthy, hour-long annealing steps.

We describe a flash infrared annealing method used for the synthesis of perovskite and mesoscopic-TiO2 films. Annealing parameters are varied and optimized for processing on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO PET), subsequently giving devices power conversion efficiencies &#62;20%.

用于佩罗夫斯基特太阳能电池处理的闪光红外退火

Organic&#8211;inorganic perovskites have an impressive potential for the design of next generation solar cells and are currently considered for upscaling ...

环境科学

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

Sb2S3 is considered as one of the emerging light absorbers that can be applied to next-generation solar cells because of its unique optical and electrical properties. Recently, we demonstrated its potential as next-generation solar cells by achieving a high photovoltaic efficiency of &#62; 6% in Sb2S3-sensitized solar cells using a simple thiourea (TU)-based complex solution method. Here, we describe the key experimental procedures for the deposition of Sb2S3 on a mesoporous TiO2 (mp-TiO2) layer using a SbCl3-TU complex solution in the fabrication of solar cells. First, the SbCl3-TU solution is synthesized by dissolving SbCl3 and TU in N,N-dimethylformamide at different molar ratios of SbCl3:TU. Then, the solution is deposited on as-prepared substrates consisting of mp-TiO2/TiO2-blocking layer/F-doped SnO2 glass by spin coating. Finally, to form crystalline Sb2S3, the samples are annealed in an N2-filled glove box at 300 &#176;C. The effects of the experimental parameters on the photovoltaic device performance are also discussed.

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

This work provides a detailed experimental procedure for the deposition of Sb2S3 on a mesoporous TiO2 layer using a SbCl3-thiourea complex solution for applications in Sb2S3-sensitized solar cells. This article also determines key factors governing the deposition process.

利用SbCl3-硫脲复合溶液处理锑23沉积物对锑2S3敏化太阳能电池性能影响的关键因素

Sb2S3 is considered as one of the emerging light absorbers that can be applied to next-generation solar cells because of its unique optical and electrical ...

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

光图案蛋白质和细胞中的水环境中使用二氧化钛<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光催化

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

生物工程

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll slot-die coating of the active layer in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), during deposition. For this demonstration, the focus is on the combination of P3HT:O-IDTBR and P3HT:EH-IDTBR, which have different drying kinetics and device performance, despite their chemical structure only varying slightly by the sidechain of the small molecule acceptor. This article provides a step-by-step guide to perform an in situ GISAXS experiment and demonstrates how to analyze and interpret the results. Usually, performing this type of in situ X-ray experiments to investigate the drying kinetics of the active layer in OPVs relies on access to synchrotrons. However, by using and further developing the method described in this paper, it is possible to perform experiments with a coarse temporal and spatial resolution, on a day-to-day basis to gain fundamental insight in the morphology of drying inks.

This paper is a demonstration and a guideline to perform and analyze in-house (with a laboratory X-ray instrument) in situ GISAXS experiments of drying inks on roll-to-roll slot-die coated, non-fullerene organic photovoltaics.

通过实验室X射线仪器对有机太阳能电池的滚滚涂层进行现场放牧小角度X射线散射

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll ...

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

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使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

用于佩罗夫斯基特太阳能电池处理的闪光红外退火

利用SbCl₃-硫脲复合溶液处理锑₂₃沉积物对锑₂S₃敏化太阳能电池性能影响的关键因素

光图案蛋白质和细胞中的水环境中使用二氧化钛

通过实验室X射线仪器对有机太阳能电池的滚滚涂层进行现场放牧小角度X射线散射