Support for this work was provided by DOE STTR grant DE-SC0003664 on Parallel Tandem Organic Solar Cells with Carbon Nanotube Sheet Interlayers and Welch Foundation grant AT-1617. The authors thank J. Bykova for providing CNT forests and A. R. Howard, K. Meilczarek, and J. Velten for technical assistance and useful discussions.

1.铟锡氧化物（ITO）的图案化和清洗注:使用15Ω/□的ITO玻璃，以及购买或削减ITO玻璃为适合旋涂和光刻尺寸。它是最有效的执行步骤1.1-1.7上的一块玻璃尽可能大的，然后把它切成更小的设备。还注意的是，步骤1.1-1.7所需要的ITO玻璃被导向与ITO的一面朝上。这可以很容易地用万用表的电阻设置进行检查。 <ol><li>旋涂将1ml S1813阳性光致抗蚀剂到ITO玻璃的ITO侧在1分钟的速率为3000转。使用更多的抵御较大的玻璃碎片，确保整个玻璃涂层，并开始旋转涂布机之前删除任何气泡。 </li><li>退火的抗蚀剂涂布的玻璃，在热板上，在115℃下1分钟。 </li><li>加载样品和掩模上的接触对准。 </li><li>揭露光刻胶涂布ITO玻璃的Appro公司priate时间。曝光时间大约是10秒，但改变该时间基于所述UV灯的强度，光致抗蚀剂的类型和厚度。 </li><li>开发UV暴露在基板MF311开发。自旋处理器的自动化过程中产生的最好的和最可重复的结果，但发展可以手工完成的遵循。 <ol><li>淹没的紫外线曝光的衬底为在显影剂1分钟，随后漂洗在去离子（DI）水中，并用氮气枪干燥。因为开发人员很快失去强度，更换样品之间的开发者，或者重复使用开发时交替增加开发时间。 </li></ol></li><li>蚀刻在浓盐酸（HCl）在ITO基材上。这需要5-10分钟之间依赖于盐酸的浓度。冲洗的去离子水，干燥，并测试蚀刻部分的电阻率用万用表。如果任何导电性依然存在，蚀刻的时间较长。 </li><li>一旦蚀刻完成后，除去p-hotoresist用丙酮。注意，迅速清除该光致抗蚀剂可以防止残余的HCl从过蚀刻所述图案化的ITO。 </li><li>如果需要的话，切蚀刻ITO玻璃基板成设备的尺寸。 </li><li>干净的浴中超声发生器的ITO基材中溶剂的顺序 - 去离子水，丙酮，甲苯，甲醇，最后异丙醇。 </li></ol> 2. OPV子细胞的制备<ol><li>准备P3HT:PC 61 BM的解决方案。 注:对于最一致的结果，在氮气环境中制备的溶液。因此能够按照此过程中的环境条件。 <ol><li>找到并记下了两个干净的，〜4个毫升的玻璃小瓶和他们的帽子的质量，并与记号笔标注从另一个区别开来。 </li><li>在氮气或氩气的手套箱中，转移大约10毫克的聚（3-己基噻吩-2,5-二基）（P3HT）的一个小瓶中，大约10毫克的苯基-C 61 -丁酸甲酯（PÇ61 BM）到另一个。 </li><li>再次称重小瓶找到P3HT与PC 61 BM的质量。 </li><li>传输与P3HT和PC 61 BM小瓶到手套箱的解决方案制定过程的其余部分。 </li><li>加入磁力搅拌棒放入每个小瓶中，然后够氯苯添加到每个创建45毫克/毫升的溶液。 </li><li>放置在磁力搅拌下加热板的解决方案，在55℃下为约2小时或直到溶质已完全溶解。 </li><li>混合的P3HT和个人电脑61等体积的BM溶液一起，并让该混合溶液搅拌为在使用前1小时。 </li></ol></li><li>准备PTB7:PC 71 BM的解决方案。 <ol><li>重复步骤2.1.1至2.1.4与poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) （PTB7）和苯基- 7,1 -丁酸甲酯（PC 71 BM）代替P3HT和PC61 BM。 </li><li>使3％的混合物（体积）1,8- diiodooctane（DIO）的氯苯。这种混合物称为DIO-CB。 </li><li>加入磁力搅拌棒放入每个小瓶中，然后加入足量的DIO-CB的PTB7小瓶有12毫克/毫升的溶液和足够的DIO-CB到PC 71 BM小瓶有40毫克/毫升的溶液。 </li><li>让这些溶液搅拌的加热板上，在70℃下搅拌2天。 </li><li>混合溶液中PTB7的PC机71 1 BM〜1.5的重量比。 </li><li>让使用在70℃下将混合溶液搅拌一小时之前。 </li></ol></li><li>通过0.45μm孔径的尼龙过滤器过滤聚（3,4-亚乙二氧基）:聚（苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PSS的PEDOT）。注意:此过程使用P VP AI4083。 </li><li>旋转涂覆活性层。 <ol><li>置于清洁的ITO基板，ITO-朝上，变成紫外线臭氧清洁器5分钟。 </li><li>旋涂层120微升过滤的PEDOT:PSS到紫外线臭氧处理，图案化的ITO-玻璃基板s的转数3000rpm，1分钟。这应该产生一个30纳米厚的层。 </li><li>退火的PEDOT:PSS涂覆的ITO基材5分钟，在180℃下。 </li><li>旋涂层70微升混合的P3HT:PC 61 BM溶液涂布PEDOT:PSS涂覆的ITO基板在大约1,000rpm的转速1分钟。变化的速率根据需要以沉积200nm厚的有源层。 </li><li>退火的P3HT:PC 61 BM涂覆的基材在170℃下5分钟。结果可能会在最佳的退火温度而变化。 </li><li>旋涂层70微升混合PTB7的:PC 71 BM溶液涂布PEDOT:PSS涂覆的ITO基板在大约700rpm的转速1分钟。变化的速率根据需要以沉积100nm厚的有源层。 </li><li>加载PTB7:PC 71 BM涂覆的基材成高真空（&lt;2×10 -6 Torr）的腔室，以除去残留的DIO。通常情况下，保留样品室O / N。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.编造汇接设备 &lt;OL&gt; <li>层压CNT电极。 <ol><li>切PTB7和P3HT基板的一半，使串联设备。一个专门ITO图案并不需要这一步。在ITO图案应具有至少两个平行的ITO电极从一个边缘延伸到1毫米远离另一个。 </li><li>首先通过从玻璃的边缘聚合物和PEDOT擦去制备PTB7和P3HT的涂覆的基材，和露出的ITO条如在图1的第一面板看到哪个将用作公共电极。 </li><li>层叠的PTB7和P3HT电极上边所述CNT公共电极。通过将滤纸在CNT侧的设备上，轻轻按压，然后剥离该滤纸远离施加的SWCNT膜。这示于图1中的第二面板。 </li><li>通过将甲氧基-九氟丁烷致密化的CNT电极上的表面（C 4 F 9 OCH 3）（HFE）和通过涂布该CNT具有小amou液体新台币，然后让它干枯脱落。 </li><li>擦去在ITO上的顶部和玻璃将具有栅电极， 如图1中的第三面板的聚合物和CNT，从玻璃中取出所有的聚合物，以防止用刀片栅极泄漏。 </li><li>层叠在CNT栅电极上PTB7和P3HT涂覆的基材的清洁区域。通过从多壁碳纳米管林用刀片的边缘拉层叠的多壁碳纳米管，并让片立自如一些毛细管之间。通过独立片传递设备层叠在CNT上的设备。栅极电极应具有层的2-3倍的数量为铺设到共用电极。 </li><li>压实与HFE栅电极。 </li></ol></li><li>放置离子液体的一小滴（≈10微升），N，N- -Diethyl- N-甲基-N - （2-甲氧基乙基）铵四氟硼酸盐，DEME-BF 4，在一个两CNT电极的顶的底物。 </li><li>小心地放置在衬底上，而不具有离子液体上的每个-其他顶部共用电极和栅电极的基板的顶部的离子型液体。这示于图1中的最后一个面板。 </li><li>放置有孔径大小比在有源区域中的电极尺寸较小的光掩模。使用小片段以保持光掩模的地方，以及在测试过程中保持在一起的装置。 </li></ol> 4.测量设备<ol><li>传送装置进入测量手套箱。 </li><li>进行电气连接。 <ol><li>连接的共用电极，并与共同作为接地的栅极电极之间的栅极供电。 </li><li>连接两个ITO阳极到它们被连接到一个开关，它允许用户选择任一阳极或两者的阳极导线。 </li><li>该开关的输出端连接到所述源测量单元的输入端。 </li><li>连接源MEAS的理由茜单元对共用电极。 </li></ol></li><li>通过反复的升V 闸以下步骤测量设备的IV特性。 <ol><li>设V 闸下一个值，从V 闸 0.25 V.增量开始= 0 V至V 闸 = 2 V </li><li>等待5分钟，或直至栅极电流是稳定的。理想的情况下，栅极电流应稳定在毫微安的10秒。 </li><li>将开关设置到两个子细胞中。 </li><li>打开电灯快门。 </li><li>运行电压扫描的源测量单元从-1伏到1伏在约100增量或更多。 </li><li>运行1伏电压扫描到-1伏。 </li><li>关闭灯快门。 </li><li>再次运行电压扫描。 </li><li>将开关设置到前面的子细胞。 </li><li>重复步骤4.3.4至4.3.8。 </li><li>将开关设置到后面的子细胞。 </li><li>重复步骤4.3.4至4.3.8。 </li></ol></li><li>计算装置的参数。 &lt;OL&gt; <li>发现每个子小区在每个V 栅的短路电流（J SC），通过确定当前由该装置时产生跨过子小区的电压为0V。 </li><li>发现每个子小区在每个V 闸的开路电压（V OC），通过找到由该装置所产生的电压，当电流通过子小区是0A。 </li><li>发现从太阳能电池的输出最大功率乘以各电压值与各电流值，选择最大（最负）值。这假定1测量光生电流作为负电流。 </li><li>发现功率转换效率（η）除以最大功率由输入光功率。 </li><li>找到的填充因子（FF）除以最大功率地被J SC和V OC的乘积。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

设计并行串联太阳能电池时，研究结果强调了几个方面的考虑。值得注意的是，如果该子单元的一个表现不佳，在串联的性能产生负面影响。结果表明，存在两个主要的效果。如果一个子单元被短路， 例如 ，示出的欧姆特性，在FF T将不会比坏子小区的FF更高。 Ĵ 牛逼 SC和V T，OC将受到类似的影响。是这种情况时，V 闸低，P3HT子小区还没有?...

聚合物半导体是领先的有机光伏（OPV）材料，由于高吸收率，良好的输送性，柔韧性，和兼容性与温度敏感的基材。 OPV器件的电源转换效率，η，有显著在过去几年里跳下来，单电池效率高达9.1％1，使他们日益可行的能源技术。 尽管η改进，薄最佳的活性层厚度的设备的限制光的吸收，阻碍可靠的制造。此外，各聚合物的光吸收频谱宽度是有限相比，无机材料。不同的光谱感光度的配对聚合物绕过这些困难，使得串联结构2的必要的创新。 串联的串联装置是最常见的串联结构。在本设计中，电子传输相关材料人，一个可选的金属结合层，和空穴传输层连接两个独立的光敏层被称为子单元。在串联配置连接子细胞增加了组合装置的开路电压。一些基团已与简并掺杂输运层3成功- 5，但更多组已使用的金或银颗粒以帮助空穴和电子的复合而在层间6,7。 与此相反，平行串联物需要高导电性的电极，无论是阳极或阴极，连接两个有源层。间必须是高度透明的，这限制了含有金属颗粒系列串联隔层，并且更是由于薄的，连续的金属电极构成的平行串列夹层。碳纳米管（CNT）的片材显示出比金属层更高的透明度。因此，纳米技术研究所，与岛根大学合作，具有INTroduced使用如单片，平行汇接设备8的层间电极的概念。 以前的努力功能单一，平行，串联OPV与碳纳米管片材用作中间层的阳极8,9的设备。这些方法需要特别的照顾，当沉积层后，以避免一个或两个细胞或损坏之前的层短路。在本文中描述的新方法，通过将所述CNT电极上的两个单电池的聚合物活性层的顶部简化制造，然后层叠在两个分离的设备一起，如图1中所示。此方法是显着的设备，包括一个空气-STABLE CNT阴极，可在环境条件下制造的完全只采用干和解决方案处理。 碳纳米管片材是不本质上良好的阴极，因为它们需要n型掺杂来降低功函数，以收集从光活性区中的电子一个太阳能电池10。双电层中的电解质的充电，如离子性液体，可用于移动CNT的功函数的电极11 - 14。 如在图2中，当栅电压（V 闸 ）是增大描述在前面的纸15和描绘的，该CNT公共电极的功函数被降低，造成电极的不对称性。这可以防止空穴收集从OPV的捐助有利于从OPV的受体收集电子和器件导通，从低效的光敏电阻转变为光电二极管15的行为。还应当指出的是，能用于装置和由于栅极漏电流损失的电力进行充电的琐碎相比由太阳能电池15产生的功率。的碳纳米管电极的离子门控对工作职能有很大的影响，由于国家的低密度和高表面积，以在CNT电极的体积比。类似的方法已被用于提高在碳纳米管与n型Si 16的界面的肖特基势垒。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrenesulfonate)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td colspan="2">Clevios PVP AI 4083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">poly(3- hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Rieke Metals&#160; Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3HT:&#160; P200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">phenyl-C61 -butyric&#160; acid methyl&#160; ester</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">1- Material</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PC61BM</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#8242;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl})&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">1- Material</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PTB7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl&#160; ester</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Solenne</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PC71BM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,8-Diiodooctane</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">250295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Chlorobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">284513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Indium Tin Oxide Coated Glass 15 Ohm/SQ</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Lumtec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">S1813</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MF311</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A18-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T323-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BDH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BDH1135-19L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A416-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">CEE Spincoater</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Brewer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/tools/CEESpinCoater.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Contact Printer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Quintel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q4000-6</td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/QuintelPrinter.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">CPK Spin Processor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/tools/CPKsolvent.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:312px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Laurell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WS-400-6NPP/LITE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Glove Box</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">M-Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Lab Master 130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Solar Simulator</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thermo Oriel/Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Keithley 2400 SMU</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Keithley/Techtronix</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Keithley 7002 Multiplexer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Keithley/Techtronix</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Kendal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HB-S-49HDT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200uL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ambient method for the production of an ionically gated carbon nanotube common cathode in tandem organic solar cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

从不同的聚合物，显著不同的带隙特别是聚合物，形成串联设备的实际利益，因为这些设备可以吸收光线的最大的光谱范围。在此器件结构中，PTB7子小区是背面细胞和P3HT是前面的子小区。这是为了吸收的光的量最大为P3HT子小区在很大程度上是透明的，由PTB7子细胞吸收的波长更长的光。为清楚起见，太阳能电池的参数，V OC，J SC，FF和η指的是串联，前面或分别回单元时将被装饰的标T?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

ambient-method-for-production-an-ionically-gated-carbon-nanotube

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.3K 次观看.  The University of Texas at Dallas. A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

视频: Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

控制的大小，形状和稳定性超分子聚合物在水

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

制备，致密，副本三维碳纳米管微结构成型

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

In this article, we describe a simple method to reversibly tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays. Here, CNT arrays are defined as densely packed multi-walled carbon nanotubes oriented perpendicular to the growth substrate as a result of a growth process by the standard thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique.1,2 These CNT arrays are then exposed to vacuum annealing treatment to make them more hydrophobic or to dry oxidation treatment to render them more hydrophilic. The hydrophobic CNT arrays can be turned hydrophilic by exposing them to dry oxidation treatment, while the hydrophilic CNT arrays can be turned hydrophobic by exposing them to vacuum annealing treatment. Using a combination of both treatments, CNT arrays can be repeatedly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.2 Therefore, such combination show a very high potential in many industrial and consumer applications, including drug delivery system and high power density supercapacitors.3-5
The key to vary the wettability of CNT arrays is to control the surface concentration of oxygen adsorbates. Basically oxygen adsorbates can be introduced by exposing the CNT arrays to any oxidation treatment. Here we use dry oxidation treatments, such as oxygen plasma and UV/ozone, to functionalize the surface of CNT with oxygenated functional groups. These oxygenated functional groups allow hydrogen bond between the surface of CNT and water molecules to form, rendering the CNT hydrophilic. To turn them hydrophobic, adsorbed oxygen must be removed from the surface of CNT. Here we employ vacuum annealing treatment to induce oxygen desorption process. CNT arrays with extremely low surface concentration of oxygen adsorbates exhibit a superhydrophobic behavior.

This article describes a simple method to fabricate vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays by CVD and to subsequently tune their wetting properties by exposing them to vacuum annealing or dry oxidation treatment.

干式氧化及真空退火处理调整的润湿性能的碳纳米管阵列

In this article, we describe a simple method to reversibly  tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays.  Here, CNT ...

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles as Cork Stoppers

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs). These as-synthesized graphitic nanocups from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were stacked in a head-to-tail fashion held only through noncovalent interactions. Individual NCNCs can be isolated out of their stacking structure through a series of chemical and physical separation processes. First, as-synthesized NCNCs were oxidized in a mixture of strong acids to introduce oxygen-containing defects on the graphitic walls. The oxidized NCNCs were then processed using high-intensity probe-tip sonication which effectively separated the stacked NCNCs into individual graphitic nanocups. Owing to their abundant oxygen and nitrogen surface functionalities, the resulted individual NCNCs are highly hydrophilic and can be effectively functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which preferentially fit in the opening of the cups as cork stoppers. These graphitic nanocups corked with GNPs may find promising applications as nanoscale containers and drug carriers.

We discussed the synthesis of individual graphitic nanocups using a series of techniques including chemical vapor deposition, acid oxidation and probe-tip sonication. By citrate reduction of HAuCl4, the graphitic nanocups were effectively corked with gold nanoparticles due to the chemically reactive edges of the cups.

黄金纳米粒子作为软木塞氮掺杂碳纳米管杯的合成与功能构造

Nitrogen-doped carbon  nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as  nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs).  These ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-&#954; dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.

A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.

低温碳纳米管垂直互连的制作兼容半导体技术

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

碳纳米管森林精密铣床使用低压扫描电子显微镜

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...