This work was supported by NIH grant 1R21EB021590-01A1 to Arun Gosain and Ellen Kuhl.

该协议涉及动物的实验。该方案经安和芝加哥研究中心动物护理和使用委员会的罗伯特·H·卢瑞尔儿童医院的IRB，以保证动物的人道待遇。使用该协议两个扩展研究的结果已在别处公布的16，31。 该协议的执行需要一个团队专长互补。该协议的第一部分介绍的动物模型的手术过程，需要与适当的医疗人员培训。随后的分析，特别是第4和5所示，涉及用C基本计算机编程技巧++和Python和使用命令行外壳。 1.手术程序扩展器放置注:参与操作人员必须经过洗涤后，再在无菌时尚穿长衫。与不孕Ë毛巾和窗帘都是围绕外科领域的应用保持无菌。所有仪器，缝合线和组织扩张器在无菌包装接受，只有通过无菌人员处理。手术部位的无菌不应受到侵犯，直到程序完成。 <ol><li>适应一个月龄的雄性尤卡坦小型猪标准的住房为一个星期， 随意取食 。 </li><li>在手术当天，用麻醉诱导氯胺酮/乙酰丙嗪的动物（4 - 6毫克/公斤），然后异氟烷进行维护。通过监控眼睑反射评估麻醉深度。此外，监测生命体征（心脏率，体温，呼吸频率，和/或通过响应组织钳捏）。应用眼药膏的眼睛，以防止角膜擦伤。 </li><li>管理流程前抗生素和清洁基于洗必泰外科肥皂背部皮肤。传输4个10×10 cm 2个的网格，二对的每一侧动物，使用纹身转印介质1厘米标线到猪皮。该网格对应于以下四个区域:左侧喙，喙右，左尾，右尾。使用模板与中线参考，以确保网格图案的对称位置。 <ol><li>通过跟踪网格创建纸面上的网格用圆珠笔严重轮廓。洗对动物其中网格要被放置异丙基外用酒精的区域。 </li><li>应用网格（笔墨水面朝下）直接在皮肤上。酒精供应水蛭一些油墨的断纸，电网转移到动物的皮肤。 </li></ol></li><li>注射局部麻醉（1％利多卡因1:100000肾上腺素）皮下在每个计划切口部位。 </li><li>使两个网格之间的中点对动物的两侧切口。 注:切口被放置在动物的左侧和右侧的2个栅格上之间那一边。有存在左侧切口和右片面的切口</li><li>用止血钳来开发感兴趣的网格下方的皮下隧道。开发一个隧道后，插入格栅下面的扩展。 注:隧道放置，将有一个组织扩张器的任何电网下。 </li><li>放置的端口扩展器膨胀远程通过沿着动物的背中线以类似的方式开发了皮下隧道。通过缝合修复伤口。 </li><li>通过肌内注射 - （0.1毫克/千克丁丙诺啡0.05）每12小时为4个剂量，与可用于动物窘迫的证据附加剂量术后治疗与预防性抗生素的动物（呋5mg / kg的IM一次）以及镇痛药。 </li><li>连续观察动物2个小时手术后，包括生命体征，直到他们恢复行走并能维持正常体温常规测量。房子在一个单独的笼子里的动物和监控，直到我t是能够转移回其正常的住房面积和无人操作前，对所有4条腿独立行走。 </li><li>继后立即麻醉恢复期，每天检查的动物来评价伤口愈合。拆去缝线14天术后。这些切口无需包扎。离开切口愈合3 - 开始扩大4个星期前</li></ol> 2.通货膨胀协议注意:在各膨胀机所使用的通货膨胀和的溶液量的时间取决于所研究的具体问题。为了表征不同膨胀器的几何形状的作用，合适的协议是执行5个膨胀步骤中的0,2，7，10，和15天时分别达到50％，75 105，165，和225毫升填充体积。 <ol><li>每个膨胀步骤之前，镇静动物施用氯胺酮（4 - 6毫克/千克）和右旋美托咪在20 - 80微克/千克。 注:右美托咪是n个阿尔法肾上腺素能受体激动剂可以与阿替美唑逆转（1:1体积:体积），以促进更快的恢复;然而，这个级别的镇静可能是不够的动物容忍扩张无伤害的不当风险的动物或处理程序。如果是这样的情况下，通过面罩通气以下氯胺酮/乙酰丙嗪诱导异氟醚交付管理全身麻醉。 </li><li>连接两个塑料软带的措施，使用手术胶带动物的皮肤。放置在左侧和右侧的网格之间的卷尺。 </li><li>放置在一侧的动物和从尽可能多的不同角度尽可能获取场景30张的照片。 注:我们的目标是捕获两个网格可见的几何形状，当动物是放下一侧。 <ol><li>首先，定位摄像头上面的动物和朝方尾倾斜，拍摄一个镜头，其中纹身网格是完全可见，并填补了框架。 </li><li>中号OVE在从尾到延髓方向的拱形的动物周围的圆形图案，拍照沿途，确保，对于每一个照片中，纹身网格是可见的完全在帧出现。 <ol><li>同时，尽量让该网格在框架所占据的空间。一个理想的拍摄将捕获的动物与纹身网格和背景的仅小区域后面。 </li></ol></li><li>接着，照相机位置朝向腹侧捕获镜头角度大致平行于地面并拍照在从腹侧向背侧区域的拱形。 注:照片中的量是不是一个固定值。对于良好的重建，在纹网格中的每个点应该在至少3张照片;在总共30张照片为几何重建成功的足够量。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在相反侧的动物，并采取两个30张照片其余电网上文所示相同的步骤。 </li><li>执行通过寻找远程填充口和注入的盐溶液对应于感兴趣的扩展协议所需量的膨胀步骤。用0.9％的无菌注射用盐。 <ol><li>找到了用异丙基酒精擦拭动物的皮肤上的端口和准备。与连接到填充有无菌注射盐水的注射器的无菌25号蝴蝶针访问端口。 注:如上所述，端口被皮下地隧道传送到膨胀机放置期间的前正中线背部的位置。 </li><li>注入的盐溶液的期望的量。请参阅笔记本节在扩张过程中的每个步骤中注入的通货膨胀卷的开头。 </li></ol></li><li>重复照片采集步骤通货膨胀后。 </li><li>一旦充气协议完成后，安乐死的动物。 <ol><li>一般管理通过经面罩通气以下氯胺酮/乙酰丙嗪感应传递异氟烷麻醉。通过监控眼睑反射评估麻醉深度。此外，监测生命体征（心脏率，体温，呼吸频率，和/或响应用组织钳捏）。 </li><li> 100毫克/公斤 - 通过戊巴比妥90静脉注射过量安乐死的动物。继安乐死过量戊巴比妥，通过使用脉搏血氧仪和脉搏触诊以及没有自主呼吸的情况下检测心跳的确认死亡。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.多视点立体重构<ol><li>用市售的软件上传的图片文件和重建几何模型。 <ol><li>启动浏览器上的MVS软件并登录。 </li><li>选择照片以3D的左上角。 </li><li>点击添加照片 ，浏览到IM的位置年龄和手动选择对应于单个模型30张的照片。 </li><li>命名模型，然后点击创建 </li><li>等待要创建的模型。这可能需要几分钟的时间。点击返回到该软件的原始目标网页右边仪表盘 。 注:仪表显示已经由用户创建的几何模型的代表图像。 </li><li>将光标放在刚刚创建的模型。将光标放在模型图像的右下角。点击下载 ，并选择OBJ。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.样条曲面拟合<ol><li>使用开源软件来处理几何模型。 </li><li>点击文件- &gt;导入- &gt; OBJ导入从MVS软件生成的文件。在3D视图底部点击视窗阴影和塞莱克拉纹理 。寻找对3D视图与子菜单右侧的标签: 转换 ， 蜡笔 ， 视图 ，3D铅笔 等点击底纹 ，并选择没有阴影 。 </li><li>右键单击几何形状，将其选中。在3D视图底部选择编辑模式以可视化的三角形网格。 </li><li>选择逐个对卷尺的1厘米标记的节点。 <ol><li>要选择一个点，右键点击它，并强调这一点。坐标点出现在3D视图的右侧的标签上。选择与所选择的点的坐标复制到一个文本文件中。 </li><li>重复此操作的卷尺的1厘米标记的所有点。 </li><li>这样做两个磁带措施。协调文本文件的例子是提供D:tape1.txt，tape2.txt。 注意:如果没有上的兴趣点的网格节点，细分网格，直到有感兴趣的点的一个节点。细分网格通过按顶点Shift键，右键单击选择三角形的三个顶点。然后点击按钮细分出现在三维视图的左侧的选项卡。此操作将所选择的三角形内部的三个更多的节点。 </li></ol></li><li>选择网格的11×11点和121点的坐标保存到在图1所示的图案的文本文件。 <ol><li>类似于做了什么磁带措施，选择网格点，右击它，点会高亮显示。坐标点会出现在3D视图的右侧的标签上。选择与所选择的点的坐标复制到一个文本文件 注:网格点的编号是ALWAYS尾鳍延髓和向腹侧部的背中线。这种排序保证了参数空间为任何两个补丁是一致的。作为一个例子，提供了一种其中含有的皮肤贴片的121点的坐标文件gridReference.txt。 </li></ol></li><li>下载，编译和安装C ++花库。该文件包含splineLibraryInstallation.txt链接到花键库和说明安装的源代码。 </li><li>编译源代码generateCurve.cpp生成可执行generateCurve 注:该方案generateCurve只需要编译一次。编译该C ++源代码，并生成一个可执行按照指示在源代码文件generateCurve.cpp的顶部。 </li><li>使用程序generateCurve以适应样条磁带措施，并在网格点。要在B运行可执行文件灰壳，类型 目录$ ./generateCurve <ol><li>在运行程序时，会要求用户键入路径中含有卷尺的坐标文件。然后程序会询问输出文件的名称。终止.g2添加到文件名。 注:.g2代表去的工具 ，并关联到花键库终止。的对应于带花键的措施文件的两个例子是可用于此协议（tape1.g2，tape2.g2）。 </li></ol></li><li>使用Python脚本scalePoints.py缩放网格点。有三个参数运行在Bash shell提示符下输入程序:网格点的文件名和花键对应的卷尺的文件名 目录$蟒蛇scalePoints.py gridReference.txt tape1.g2 tape2.g2 注:脚本scalePoints.py导入脚本B_spline.py和NURBS_Curv<html> e.py，因此所有的三个脚本必须在同一个文件夹。 </li><li>编译源代码generateSurface.cpp生成可执行generateSurface。 注:此步骤只需要进行一次。更详细的说明可在源代码文件generateSurface.cpp的开始。 </li><li>使用程序generateSurface以适应样条曲面的网格点。上运行的Bash shell可执行generateSurface 目录$ ./generateSurface <ol><li>在shell中运行该程序会要求包含规模点的文件名。然后，它会询问输出文件的名称。终止.g2添加到输出文件名。 注:终止.g2通过花键库建议，主张走的工具 。该文件gridReference.g2和gridDeformed.g2作为例子提供。 </li></ol></li></ol>书名"&gt; 5。扩充引起的变形的定量<ol><li>在Bash shell提示下启动的Python 目录$蟒蛇 注:初始化的Python 解释器，这是类似的，将显示一个新的命令行环境的外壳接口&gt;&gt;&gt; </li><li>导入脚本expansionIGA.py其中包含一个名为evaluateMembraneIGA功能 &gt;&gt;&gt;从expansionIGA进口evaluateMembraneIGA </li><li>调用函数evaluateMembraneIGA计算变形图。 注:此功能需要作为参数: 基准表面的文件名 变形面的文件名 评价的分辨率（多少分在每个方向进行评估） 面积拉伸的最小值用于缩放等高线图 面积拉伸的最大值用于缩放等高线图 在纵向方向上拉伸的最小值我们ED缩放的轮廓 在纵向方向上拉伸的最大值用于缩放的轮廓 在横向方向上拉伸的最小值用于缩放的轮廓 在横向方向上拉伸的最大值用于缩放的轮廓 在等值线图网格线之间的间距 输出文件名<ol><li>例如，运行 &gt;&gt;&gt; evaluateMembraneIGA（ &#39;gridReference.g2&#39;， &#39;gridDeformed.g2&#39;，250，3，0.5％，2％，0.5％2，0.5％，25， &#39;变形&#39;） 注:此命令将生成并保存六个输出文件。注意，在上面的例子中的最后一个参数是输出文件名变形 ，因此，将要生成的文件是: deformation_theta.png:区域伸展的轮廓图 deformation_theta.txt:相应于面积拉伸的等高线图的值表 deformation_G1.png:拉伸ALON的等高线图克动物的纵向轴线 deformation_G1.txt:对应于伸展部沿着动物的纵向轴线的等高线图的值表 deformation_G2.png:在动物的横向轴线的拉伸部件的轮廓图 deformation_G2.txt:对应于拉伸的组件的轮廓图中的动物的横向轴线值的表 注意:不要混淆样的文件，.g2的终止，与向量G2。花键文件已结束.g2以下的花键库的命名约定。在另一方面，所述载体G1和G2分别表示纵向和横向方向相对于所述动物。 注:黑像素:轮廓文件与在四个棱角分明的特点，以方便参数空间的演绎产生的最尾，最背点;红色像素角:MOS吨喙，最背点;绿色像素角:最尾，最腹点;蓝像素角:最喙，最腹点。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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K., Kuhl, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Incompatibility+of+Living+Systems:+Characterizing+Growth-Induced+Incompatibilities+in+Expanded+Skin.">The Incompatibility of Living Systems: Characterizing Growth-Induced Incompatibilities in Expanded Skin.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 44, 1734-1752 (2016).</li><li>Buganza Tepole, A., Gart, M., Gosain, A. K., Kuhl, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+living+skin+using+multi-view+stereo+and+isogeometric+analysis.">Characterization of living skin using multi-view stereo and isogeometric analysis.</a> Acta Biomater. 10, 4822-4831 (2014).</li><li>Rose, E. H., Ksander, G. A., Vistnes, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+tension+lines+in+the+domestic+pig.">Skin tension lines in the domestic pig.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 57, 729-732 (1976).</li><li>Rausch, M. K., Kuhl, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanics+of+growing+thin+biological+membranes.">On the mechanics of growing thin biological membranes.</a> J Mech Phys Solids. 63, 128-140 (2014).</li><li>Argenta, L. 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二世作者什么都没有透露。

<html>在这里，我们提出了一个协议来表征在使用多视点立体（MVS）和isogeometric运动学（IGA运动学）猪模型的组织膨胀过程期间引起的变形。期间的组织扩张，皮肤经受大的变形从光滑和相对平坦的表面要圆顶状3D形状。皮肤，像其他生物膜34，响应通过产生新的材料伸展，在区域可随后用于重建目的35增加。因此，通过膨胀机所产生的拉伸的精确测定是至关重要?...

组织扩张是在整形外科的常用技术，生长皮肤在体内的皮肤大缺陷1的校正。纽曼于1957年，是记录这个过程的第一个外科医生。他植入患者的皮肤下面的气囊和充气逐渐它在数周长出新的组织及铺设耳2。皮肤，像大多数生物组织，以适应所施加的力和变形，以达到机械平衡。当拉伸超过生理机制，皮肤长3，4。一个的组织扩张的中央优点是生产皮肤用适当的血管化和相同的头发轴承，机械性能，颜色和质地的周围组织5。 其推出的六十年前，皮肤expansio后n具有由塑料和重建外科医生被广泛采用，并且目前用于校正烧伤，大先天性缺陷，和乳房再造术6,7之后。然而，尽管它的广泛使用，皮肤扩张过程可以导致并发症8。这部分是由于缺乏必要了解程序的基本力学生物学，并在术前计划9，10来引导外科医生足够的定量证据。在该技术中的关键参数是填充率，填充每体积膨胀，膨胀的形状和尺寸的选择，并且该装置11，12的位置。目前术前计划主要依靠医生的经验，产生了各种各样的任意的协议，往往不同greatlÿ13，14，15。 为了解决目前的知识缺口，我们提出了一个实验方案来量化在组织扩张的猪动物模型膨胀而引起的变形。该协议依靠使用多视点立体（MVS）来重建三维（3D）几何形状不与未知摄像机位置的二维（2D）图像的序列。使用样条曲线，光滑的表面的表示由isogeometric（IGA）描述的方法导致了相应的变形地图的计算。几何形状的分析是基于在具有明确的参数16的膜的连续介质力学的理论框架。 表征生活过很长一段时间的材料有关生理变形仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。为共同战略生物组织的成像包括立体数字图像相关，具有反射标记的商业动作捕捉系统，和双平面视频透视17，18，19。然而，这些技术要求限制性的实验设置，一般是昂贵的，并已被主要用于离体或在体内设置尖锐。皮肤具有作为薄的结构的优点。即使它由若干层组成，真皮是用于组织的机械性质并在很大程度上负责因此表面变形是最重要的20;合理的运动学假设可以对于出平面变形21,22制成。此外，皮肤已经暴露在外部环境，使其能够使用传统的成像工具来捕捉它的几何形状。 HERE我们建议使用MVS的作为负担得起的和灵活的方法来监测皮肤在数周内体内变形而没有与组织扩张协议majorly干扰。 MVS是提取对象或场景的三维表示从二维图像的具有未知相机集合角23的技术。仅在过去的三年里，一些商业代码已经出现（见的实例，材料清单）。模型重建MVS的精度高，但有错误低至2％24，使得这种方法适用于体内在长时间皮肤的运动表征。 到组织膨胀期间获得皮肤的相应的变形地图，任意两个几何构型之间的点匹配。以往，研究人员在计算生物力学已经使用有限元网格和逆分析来检索变形图25，26。此处使用的IGA方法使用，其对于薄的膜27，28的分析提供若干优点样条基函数。即，高次多项式的可用性有助于平滑地几何形状的表示，即使具有非常粗网格29,30。另外，也能够配合在相同的基础参数的所有表面补丁，规避该需要一种逆问题考虑到不匹配的离散化。 这里介绍的方法开辟了新的途径，在很长一段时间来研究有关皮肤力学体内设置。此外，我们希望，我们的方法是在开发针对在临床上的个性化治疗计划的计算工具的最终目标关键的一步。&lt;/ P&gt;

<table><tbody><tr><td>Yucatan miniature swine</td><td>Sinclair Bioresources, Windham, ME</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotics</td><td>Santa Cruz Animal Health, Paso Robles, CA</td><td>sc-362931Rx</td><td>Ceftiofur, dosage 5 mg/kg intramuscular</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorhexidine-based surgical soap</td><td>Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH</td><td>AS-4CHGL(4-32)</td><td>4% chlorhexidine gluconate surgical hand scrub</td></tr><tr><td>Tattoo transfer medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hildbrandt Tattoo Supply, Point Roberts, WA</td><td>TRANSF</td><td>Stencil thermal tattoo transfer paper</td></tr><tr><td>Lidocaine with epinephrine</td><td>ACE Surgical Supply Co, Brockton, MA</td><td>001-1423</td><td>Lidocaine Hcl 1% (Xylocaine) - Epinephrine 1:100,000, 20 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>ZooPharm, Windsor, CO</td><td></td><td>1 mg/mL sustained release, dosage 0.01 mg/kg intramuscular</td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Sony</td><td>Alpha33</td><td>Standard digital camera with 18 - 35&amp;nbsp;mm lens, 3.5 - 5.6 aperture. Used in automatic mode, no flash</td></tr><tr><td>Tape measure</td><td>Medline, Mundelein, Illinois</td><td>NON171330</td><td>Retractable tape measure, cloth, plastic case, 72 inches</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue expanders</td><td>PMT, Chanhassen, MN</td><td>03610-06-02</td><td>4 cm x 6 cm, rectangular, 120 cc, 3610 series 2 stage tissue expander with standard port</td></tr><tr><td>ReCap360</td><td>Autodesk</td><td>N/A</td><td>MVS Software, Web application: recap360.autodesk.com</td></tr><tr><td>Blender</td><td>Blender Foundation</td><td>N/A</td><td>Computer Graphics Software, open source: blender.org</td></tr><tr><td>SISL</td><td>SINTEF</td><td>N/A</td><td>C++ spline libraries, open source: https://www.sintef.no/projectweb/geometry-toolkits/sisl/</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of strain in a porcine model of skin expansion using multi-view stereo and isogeometric kinematics

Tissue expansion is a popular technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery that grows skin in vivo for correction of large defects such as burns and giant congenital nevi. Despite its widespread use, planning and executing an expansion protocol is challenging due to the difficulty in measuring the deformation imposed at each inflation step and over the length of the procedure. Quantifying the deformation fields is crucial, as the distribution of stretch over time determines the rate and amount of skin grown at the end of the treatment. In this manuscript, we present a method to study tissue expansion in order to gain quantitative knowledge of the deformations induced during an expansion process. This experimental protocol incorporates multi-view stereo and isogeometric kinematic analysis in a porcine model of tissue expansion. Multi-view stereo allows three-dimensional geometric reconstruction from uncalibrated sequences of images. The isogeometric kinematic analysis uses splines to describe the regional deformations between smooth surfaces with few mesh points. Our protocol has the potential to bridge the gap between basic scientific inquiry regarding the mechanics of skin expansion and the clinical setting. Eventually, we expect that the knowledge gained with our methodology will enable treatment planning using computational simulations of skin deformation in a personalized manner.

这种方法已被成功地用于研究由不同膨胀器的几何形状引起的变形:矩形，球形和新月形扩展器31，32。对应于球和月牙扩展结果接下来讨论。 图2示出的三个步骤MVS模型重构的。其出发点是从静态的现场照片的集合。与纹身网格和测量尺动物静卧的照片，从不同角度拍摄的。照片之间的MVS算法匹配的特征提取的三维?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics at JoVE.com

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

该协议使用多视点立体生成三维（3D）模型进行的照片未校准序列，使得它负担得起的和调节的，以在外科手术设置。的3D模型之间应变图与基于样条的isogeometric运动学，其有利于平滑表面过度粗网格共享相同的参数化表示定量。

在皮肤扩张使用多视点立体和Isogeometric运动学的猪模型应变的定量

Tissue expansion is a popular technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery that grows skin in vivo for correction of large defects such as burns and ...

quantification-strain-porcine-model-skin-expansion-using-multi-view

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JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.5K 次观看.  Purdue University. 该协议使用多视点立体生成三维（3D）模型进行的照片未校准序列，使得它负担得起的和调节的，以在外科手术设置。的3D模型之间应变图与基于样条的isogeometric运动学，其有利于平滑表面过度粗网格共享相同的参数化表示定量。 

视频: Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

Monitoring the Wall Mechanics During Stent Deployment in a Vessel

Clinical trials have reported different restenosis rates for various stent designs1. It is speculated that stent-induced strain concentrations on the arterial wall lead to tissue injury, which initiates restenosis2-7. This hypothesis needs further investigations including better quantifications of non-uniform strain distribution on the artery following stent implantation. A non-contact surface strain measurement method for the stented artery is presented in this work. ARAMIS stereo optical surface strain measurement system uses two optical high speed cameras to capture the motion of each reference point, and resolve three dimensional strains over the deforming surface8,9. As a mesh stent is deployed into a latex vessel with a random contrasting pattern sprayed or drawn on its outer surface, the surface strain is recorded at every instant of the deformation. The calculated strain distributions can then be used to understand the local lesion response, validate the computational models, and formulate hypotheses for further in vivo study.

Stent-induced arterial strain distributions are characterized using an optical surface strain measurement system. This visualization technique is used to gain insights into the impact of stent implantation on the host vessel.

在一个容器的支架部署在监测的墙力学

Clinical trials have reported different restenosis rates for various stent designs1. It is speculated that stent-induced strain concentrations on the ...

科研

生物工程

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to measure in vivo bone motion, but challenges arise when estimating the rotation and translation (pose) of each bone. The bone's pose is typically estimated with marker- or model-based methods. Marker-based methods are highly accurate but uncommon in vivo due to their invasiveness. Model-based methods are more common but are currently less accurate as they rely on user input and lab-specific algorithms. This work presents a rare in vivo dataset of the calcaneus, talus, and tibia poses, as measured with marker-based methods during running and hopping. A method is included to train users to improve their initial guesses into model-based pose estimation software, using marker-based visual feedback. New operators were able to estimate bone poses within 2&#176; of rotation and 1 mm of translation of the marker-based pose, similar to an expert user of the model-based software, and representing a substantial improvement over previously reported inter-operator variability. Further, this dataset can be used to validate other model-based pose estimation software. Ultimately, sharing this dataset will improve the speed and accuracy with which users can measure bone poses from biplanar videoradiography.

This work presents an in vivo dataset with bone poses estimated with marker-based methods. A method is included here to train operators in improving their initial estimates for model-based pose estimation and reducing inter-operator variability.

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to ...

工程学

Measuring Local Tissue Strains in Tendons via Open-Source Digital Image Correlation

There is considerable scientific interest in understanding the strains that tendon cells experience in situ and how these strains influence tissue remodeling. Based on this interest, several analytical techniques have been developed to measure local tissue strains within tendon explants during loading. However, in several cases, the accuracy and sensitivity of these techniques have not been reported, and none of the algorithms are publicly available. This has made it difficult for the more widespread measurement of local tissue strains in tendon explants. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to create a validated analysis tool for measuring local tissue strains in tendon explants that is readily available and easy to use. Specifically, a publicly available augmented-Lagrangian digital image correlation (ALDIC) algorithm was adapted for measuring 2D strains by tracking the displacements of cell nuclei within mouse Achilles tendons under uniaxial tension. Additionally, the accuracy of the calculated strains was validated by analyzing digitally transformed images, as well as by comparing the strains with values determined from an independent technique (i.e., photobleached lines). Finally, a technique was incorporated into the algorithm to reconstruct the reference image using the calculated displacement field, which can be used to assess the accuracy of the algorithm in the absence of known strain values or a secondary measurement technique. The algorithm is capable of measuring strains up to 0.1 with an accuracy of 0.00015. The technique for comparing a reconstructed reference image with the actual reference image successfully identified samples that had erroneous data and indicated that, in samples with good data, approximately 85% of the displacement field was accurate. Finally, the strains measured in mouse Achilles tendons were consistent with the prior literature. Therefore, this algorithm is a highly useful and adaptable tool for accurately measuring local tissue strains in tendons.

Measuring Local Tissue Strains in Tendons via Open-Source Digital Image Correlation

This paper describes an open-source digital image correlation algorithm for measuring local 2D tissue strains within tendon explants. The accuracy of the technique has been validated using multiple techniques, and it is available for public use.

通过开源数字图像相关 测量 肌腱中的局部组织应变

There is considerable scientific interest in understanding the strains that tendon cells experience in situ and how these strains influence tissue ...

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized in vitro stretching methods. Various available systems use 2D substrate-based stretchers, while the accessibility of 3D techniques to strain soft hydrogels, is more restricted. Here, we describe a method that allows external stretching of soft hydrogels from their circumference, using an elastic silicone strip as the sample carrier. The stretching system utilized in this protocol is constructed from 3D-printed parts and low-cost electronics, making it simple and easy to replicate in other labs. The experimental process begins with polymerizing thick (&#62;100 &#956;m) soft fibrin hydrogels (Elastic Modulus of ~100 Pa) in a cut-out at the center of a silicone strip. Silicone-gel constructs are then attached to the printed-stretching device and placed on the confocal microscope stage. Under live microscopy the stretching device is activated, and the gels are imaged at various stretch magnitudes. Image processing is then used to quantify the resulting gel deformations, demonstrating relatively homogenous strains and fiber alignment throughout the gel&#8217;s 3D thickness (Z-axis). Advantages of this method include the ability to strain extremely soft hydrogels in 3D while executing in situ microscopy, and the freedom to manipulate the geometry and size of the sample according to the user&#8217;s needs. Additionally, with proper adaptation, this method can be used to stretch other types of hydrogels (e.g., collagen, polyacrylamide or polyethylene glycol) and can allow for analysis of cells and tissue response to external forces under more biomimetic 3D conditions.

The presented method involves uniaxial stretching of 3D soft hydrogels embedded in silicone rubber while allowing live confocal microscopy. Characterization of the external and internal hydrogel strains as well as fiber alignment are demonstrated. The device and protocol developed can assess the response of cells to various strain regimes.

实时显微镜成像下的 3D 水凝胶控制应变

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized ...

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, multiple ligaments, and approximately 20 muscles. Unfortunately, shoulder pathologies (e.g., rotator cuff tears, joint dislocations, arthritis) are common, resulting in substantial pain, disability, and decreased quality of life. The specific etiology for many of these pathologic conditions is not fully understood, but it is generally accepted that shoulder pathology is often associated with altered joint motion. Unfortunately, measuring shoulder motion with the necessary level of accuracy to investigate motion-based hypotheses is not trivial. However, radiographic-based motion measurement techniques have provided the advancement necessary to investigate motion-based hypotheses and provide a mechanistic understanding of shoulder function. Thus, the purpose of this article is to describe the approaches for measuring shoulder motion using a custom biplanar videoradiography system. The specific objectives of this article are to describe the protocols to acquire biplanar videoradiographic images of the shoulder complex, acquire CT scans, develop 3D bone models, locate anatomical landmarks, track the position and orientation of the humerus, scapula, and torso from the biplanar radiographic images, and calculate the kinematic outcome measures. In addition, the article will describe special considerations unique to the shoulder when measuring joint kinematics using this approach.

Biplane videoradiography can quantify shoulder kinematics with a high degree of accuracy. The protocol described herein was specifically designed to track the scapula, humerus, and the ribs during planar humeral elevation, and outlines the procedures for data collection, processing, and analysis. Unique considerations for data collection are also described.

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, ...

使用 DLT 校准立体成像对周围神经进行生物力学分析

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

Peripheral nerves undergo physiological and non-physiological stretch during development, normal joint movement, injury, and more recently while undergoing surgical repair. Understanding the biomechanical response of peripheral nerves to stretch is critical to the understanding of their response to different loading conditions and thus, to optimizing treatment strategies and surgical interventions. This protocol describes in detail the calibration process of the stereo-imaging camera system via direct linear transformation and the tracking of the three-dimensional in-situ tissue displacement of peripheral nerves during stretch, obtained from three-dimensional coordinates of the video files captured by the calibrated stereo-imaging camera system.
From the obtained three-dimensional coordinates, the nerve length, change in the nerve length, and percent strain with respect to time can be calculated for a stretched peripheral nerve. Using a stereo-imaging camera system provides a non-invasive method for capturing three-dimensional displacements of peripheral nerves when stretched. Direct linear transformation enables three-dimensional reconstructions of peripheral nerve length during stretch to measure strain. Currently, no methodology exists to study the in-situ strain of stretched peripheral nerves using a stereo-imaging camera system calibrated via direct linear transformation. Capturing the in-situ strain of peripheral nerves when stretched can not only aid clinicians in understanding underlying injury mechanisms of nerve damage when overstretched but also help optimize treatment strategies that rely on stretch-induced interventions. The methodology described in the paper has the potential to enhance our understanding of peripheral nerve biomechanics in response to stretch to improve patient outcomes in the field of nerve injury management and rehabilitation.

立体成像系统 DLT 校准，用于捕获拉伸周围神经的 3D 原位位移

This protocol implements a stereo-imaging camera system calibrated using direct linear transformation to capture three-dimensional in-situ displacements of stretched peripheral nerves. By capturing these displacements, strain induced at varying degrees of stretch can be determined informing the stretch injury thresholds that can advance the science of stretch-dependent nerve repair.

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原 位 周围神经应变的测量

Peripheral nerves undergo physiological and non-physiological stretch during development, normal joint movement, injury, and more recently while ...

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function relationships at the joint level remain challenging to quantify due to difficulties in accurately measuring dynamic joint motion. The soft tissue artifact errors inherent in optical skin marker motion capture are exacerbated by the depth of the hip joint within the body and the large mass of soft tissue surrounding the joint. Thus, the complex relationship between bone shape and hip joint kinematics is more difficult to study accurately than in other joints. Herein, a protocol incorporating computed tomography (CT) arthrography, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of volumetric images, dual fluoroscopy, and optical motion capture to accurately measure the dynamic motion of the hip joint is presented. The technical and clinical studies that have applied dual fluoroscopy to study form-function relationships of the hip using this protocol are summarized, and the specific steps and future considerations for data acquisition, processing, and analysis are described.

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Dual fluoroscopy accurately captures in vivo dynamic motion of human joints, which can be visualized relative to reconstructed anatomy (e.g., arthrokinematics). Herein, a detailed protocol to quantify hip arthrokinematics during weight-bearing activities of daily living is presented, including the integration of dual fluoroscopy with traditional skin marker motion capture.

在维沃 使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function ...

医学

Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and product development. Stress-strain relationships are typically obtained from mechanical testing data to enable comparative assessment among samples and in some cases identification of constitutive mechanical properties. However, errors may be introduced through the use of average strain measures, as significant heterogeneity in the strain field may result from geometrical non-uniformity of the sample and stress concentrations induced by mounting/gripping of soft tissues within the test system. When strain field heterogeneity is significant, accurate assessment of the sample mechanical response requires measurement of local strains. This study demonstrates a novel biomechanical testing protocol for calculating local surface strains using a mechanical testing device coupled with a high resolution camera and a digital image correlation technique. A series of sample surface images are acquired and then analyzed to quantify the local surface strain of a vascular tissue specimen subjected to ramped uniaxial loading. This approach can improve accuracy in experimental vascular biomechanics and has potential for broader use among other native soft tissues, engineered soft tissues, and soft hydrogel/polymeric materials. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system components and perform a complete experiment on native vascular tissue.

We describe the use of digital image correlation to characterize the local surface strain field on vascular tissue samples subjected to uniaxial tensile testing. These measurements facilitate precise quantification of the sample mechanical response and the generation of constitutive stress-strain relations.

利用数字图像相关表征的血管组织标本本地菌株

Characterization of the mechanical behavior of biological and engineered soft tissues is a central component of fundamental biomedical research and ...

在皮肤扩张使用多视点立体和Isogeometric运动学的猪模型应变的定量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

在一个容器的支架部署在监测的墙力学

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

通过开源数字图像相关测量肌腱中的局部组织应变

实时显微镜成像下的 3D 水凝胶控制应变

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

在维沃使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

利用数字图像相关表征的血管组织标本本地菌株

在皮肤扩张使用多视点立体和Isogeometric运动学的猪模型应变的定量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

在一个容器的支架部署在监测的墙力学

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

通过开源数字图像相关 测量 肌腱中的局部组织应变

实时显微镜成像下的 3D 水凝胶控制应变

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原 位 周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原 位 周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原 位 周围神经应变的测量

在维沃 使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

利用数字图像相关表征的血管组织标本本地菌株

通过开源数字图像相关测量肌腱中的局部组织应变

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

直接线性变换，用于拉伸过程中原位周围神经应变的测量

在维沃使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化