作者要感谢罗斯麦克劳德，空间DavidTörök，Wonsang Kim和吴嘉龙对他们的技术支持。 MJ罗伊要感谢苛刻环境中心博士培训和力拓加铝为通过研究奖学金奖励资金支持EPSRC（EP / L01680X / 1）通过材料的支持。

1.工件准备成型试验<ol><li>获得加工心轴尺寸，使得内径跳动为0.2mm铸态的工件，而外径保持尽可能多的铸态表面越好。 注意:如果坯料从全尺寸轮铸件拉伸，加工操作是必需的以除去所有毂和辐条部，同时提供可使用的夹紧工件心轴的功能。这包括去除在板法兰。 </li><li>预加热能够接收整个工件至135℃，清洗，在炉脱脂和地点工件为一小时，以热障涂层的应用程序编写一个棺材炉。 </li><li>迅速除去从炉工件，并放置在涂层夹具。使用汽车型喷涂机，应用热障模涂一薄层的内径。 注:该涂料将提供润滑，减少热传递到成形操作过程中的心轴上。 </li></ol> 2.工装准备<ol><li>擦拭芯棒表面用湿布。确保该芯棒具有利用沿成形长度千分表指示器&lt;0.5mm的总的旋转的跳动。与从事尾座板现场加工中心评估这一点。使用扭矩扳手，确保那些对合模组件抛开所有紧固件是否拧紧到规定的扭矩值12.9级螺栓（单位Nm:M8 - 40，M12 - 135，M16 - 340）。 </li><li>由第一供电的气体供给螺线管，然后点燃用火石火炬点火器启动预加热系统。运行10分钟，以排出在火炬/软管收集的任何冷凝物预热系统。通过停用供气电磁熄灭。 </li><li>与干600 / P1200粒度的金刚砂纸芯轴删除任何松动/氧化涂层，同时以每分钟20转转动芯棒（RPM）。 </li><li>功率板载数据采集模块，并运行该预加热系统，直到嵌入在芯棒表面上的热电偶读取200℃与活顶尖啮合。 </li><li>使用汽车型喷涂机，轻轻涂上一种水基锻造润滑剂芯棒表面，并允许该旋转模具冷却至环境温度与即时工具中心接合。 </li><li>松开滚轮架（ 图3）用扳手锁紧螺母装配。设置使用工具制造者的量角器辊组件的方法或攻角，并拧紧内部和外部螺母（M35 - 750牛米）。 </li><li>首先接合M12肩螺栓元件2连接到安装支架组装3钳总成（ 图4）。检查任何热变形，这将阻止元件2 图4从对夹紧托架平稳运行。确保他们自由移动，轻轻ş安定干320 / P400粒度碳化硅纸接触表面。根据需要，用布应用高温基于钼的润滑剂的薄层。 </li></ol> 3.成型操作<ol><li>移动辊工具站在离朝主轴心轴完全离开，将尾座和中心明确芯棒。工件手动滑到芯轴确保即使参与。 注:由于毛坯名义上对称，没有首选方向。 </li><li>通过接合锥形模销和手拧紧穿过心轴插入夹块运行M16螺栓装配夹具到心轴上。确保有通过旋转和手动收紧施加均匀的压力，随后是气动冲击扳手设置为50牛顿米。 </li><li>启动加热系统并立即开始心轴以20rpm旋转。保持施加热，直到夹子松动。所考虑的过程，这是AP近因3分钟。 注:这一次将是每个工件略有不同，由于在工件/芯棒装修细微的差别。 </li><li>熄灭加热系统并停止心轴这样的旋转，该第一夹持是用冲击扳手访问。在30秒内，拧紧用冲击或手动扳手所有夹钳并记录工件的表面温度在沿所述成形区域的长度与簧片型热电偶探头3的位置。 </li><li>重复步骤3.4至工件在适当的成形温度;在最低限度，350℃为A356。用扳手设置为200 Nm的执行夹子的最终拧紧。 </li><li>轴向和径向移动至辊子（约从工件表面2-5毫米）到用于形成位置，并执行最后一个夹具紧固（ 即步骤3.4）。 </li><li>与上，增加了车床到预期的形成速度的旋转速度加热系统，接合辊预先设定的深度进入工件，并激活螺纹切削进给沿工件的长度轴向移动辊。 注:对于目前的几何形状，合理的结果达到281转0.21毫米/转的轴向运动。 </li><li>重复步骤3.7根据需要，增加变形的水平。各自形成通后，确保温度不通过停止心轴和如在步骤3.4采用使用相同的簧片型热电偶探头下降的最优形成温度以下。如果最佳成形温度有所下降，重复步骤3.4和3.5重新加热。 注:加热炉可以采用，但在可能达到的夹紧系统的抑制工件能力的程度为代价。 </li></ol> 4.后成型操作<ol><li>一旦获得变形的所需的水平时，停止加热系统，和撤消所有夹具，和脱离尾座以获得第一百arance工件删除。 </li><li>轻轻拍打工件用一块黄铜从芯棒分离。如果这被证明是无效的，重新接合所述加热系统和以20rpm旋转心轴轻轻拍打，直到坯件分离出来。 </li><li>使用适当的操纵工具如夹钳或重绝缘手套，或者在60℃下骤冷于水中，工件以防止进一步的老化，或离开空气冷却，以减少残余应力/变形。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wong, C., Dean, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+spinning,+shear+forming+and+flow+forming+processes.">A review of spinning, shear forming and flow forming processes.</a> Int. J Mach Tool Manu. 43 (14), 1419-1435 (2003).</li><li>Music, O., Allwood, J. M., Kawai, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+mechanics+of+metal+spinning.">A review of the mechanics of metal spinning.</a> J Mater Process Tech. 210 (1), 3-23 (2010).</li><li>Razani, N. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+A356+to+warm+rotary+forming+and+subsequent+T6+heat+treatment.">Response of A356 to warm rotary forming and subsequent T6 heat treatment.</a> Mat Sci Eng A-Struct. 611, 223-233 (2014).</li><li>Roy, M. J., Maijer, D. M., Dancoine, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constitutive+behavior+of+as-cast+A356.">Constitutive behavior of as-cast A356.</a> Mat Sci Eng A-Struct. 548, 195-205 (2012).</li><li>Molladavoudi, H. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-process+measurement+of+friction+coefficient+in+orthogonal+cutting.">In-process measurement of friction coefficient in orthogonal cutting.</a> CIRP Ann-Manuf Techn. 63 (1), 97-100 (2014).</li><li>Xu, W., Zhao, X., Ma, H., Shan, D., Lin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+roller+distribution+modes+on+spinning+force+during+tube+spinning.">Influence of roller distribution modes on spinning force during tube spinning.</a> Int J Mech Sci. 113, 10-25 (2016).</li><li>Roy, M. J., Maijer, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+and+modelling+of+a+rotary+forming+process+for+cast+aluminium+alloy+A356.">Analysis and modelling of a rotary forming process for cast aluminium alloy A356.</a> J Mater Process Tech. 226, 188-204 (2015).</li><li>Lu, P., Zhang, Y. K., Ma, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finite+element+analysis+on+multi-step+rolling+process+and+controlling+quality+defect+for+steel+wheel+rim.">Finite element analysis on multi-step rolling process and controlling quality defect for steel wheel rim.</a> Adv Mech Eng. 7 (7), 1-11 (2015).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

上述突出所采用的协议和设备能够形成在高温下铸铝所示的代表性结果，并提供了一个平台，以确定流形成模具轮的加工窗口。表现出的技术可以用来探索形成信封，包括如何都形成和未成形材料响应热处理8的各方面。但是，有改进的余地与该装置的当前处理的协议。 关于进一步的仪器，这将加速过程模型开发，列入机床测力计和摩擦测试仪11，12来测量形成在辊上负荷和摩擦系数将提供关于工艺条件的重要信息。这是为正交加工研究一个广泛采用的仪器技术，并且可以在当前机器上容易实现。这另外的仪器将提供有用的数据，以正确地验证建模工作13,14和支持在此过程中，不断增加的工业利益。为了有效地捕获处理期间的坯料的温度的演变，非接触测量技术是期望的。然而，常见的基于红外的技术由铝的低发射率和如何处理期间表面的变化而受到阻碍。这是主要的原因，一个仪表，调试被采用以捕获与所描述的协议来实现的典型的热响应空白，并担任填充基线传热分析以涉及芯棒表面温度到工件上。 因为它在很大程度上是一种材料的手动成形方法，该方法是敏感的时间在温度，运行之间的一些不一致运行是可以预料的。铝合金有那些对温度高于100℃，由于老化机制高度敏感的微观结构。因此，在协议中最重要的步骤是1.2和3.3-3.7，其中所述坯件是在高温下。拧紧并重新座位夹具必须尽快进行，以形成操作之间保持重复性。 在预加热步骤中使用的原位工件加热是相当低效的，并可能通过辐射加热来提高。在的心轴和刀具运动方面的总体处理速度，可以实现被稍微所采用的车床的能力的限制。更高形成速度需要具有更高的负载能力更刚性的框架，尤其是当一个更强的材料的成形是要尝试。工件夹紧和松开可以与除液压或气动驱动的改进。如从血乳酸传热nk的心轴在很大程度上是由工件上芯棒施加的压力的函数，这另外还可以提高一个基于模型的方法与现有的系统中形成期间，以确定在工件的温度。 描述的装置和过程表明，在这些条件下该材料成形载荷接近那些标准车削操作，并且仍然是一个非常符合成本效益的过程，其中以执行制造试验。研究了不同的制造路线和成形性可以从商业形成设备，这是操作非常昂贵执行程。随着设备和协议说明，加工参数可以建造更大的规模，更高的吞吐量设备之前进行调查，并以作者的知识，是一种独特的方法。 随着开发的协议只被应用于铸造铝合金的一个特定变型，再是它可以用于各种超越汽车车轮的应用程序进行调查，其他铝铸造合金的多种。由于这些合金具有来自温度透视大致类似的处理窗口，开发的协议可以容易地适应。

一位在航空和运输部门目前正在实行的更具挑战性的金属成型操作的是金属旋压，包括衍生产品如剪切成型和流动形成1，2。在此过程中，一个轴对称的工件被放置在代表最后的所需形状的心轴，并纺成与一个或多个冲击辊子接触。工件被辊芯棒和压缩之间再塑性变形，与包括联合弯曲，细化和轴向伸长多样反应。在具有有限的延展性或以其他方式难以形成的材料时，这有时在高温下进行，以减少流动应力和增加的延展性。 从处理的观点来看，也有广泛的可支配的形状和制造组件的性能的参数。许多研究都集中关于用于优化各种参数3，4，5的统计技术。变量包括模具的几何形状，如工具和心轴的形状;形成速度既包括芯棒旋转速度和模具的进给率;以及材料特性。当需要升高的温度，从业者需要评估，同时仍保持良好的产品所需的最低温度。 铸铝合金在各种汽车和航空航天应用中采用，以在汽车轮毂的合金A356。然而，这种合金是不适合于由于其有限的延展性室温6,7形成，并且必须在升高的温度下形成。这引入了处理的复杂性，主要是在控制温度的宿主。由于这种材料的性质改变标志意义ntly随温度8，以执行仪表化试验中，温度条件可以保持在合理的加工窗口内以及被监视它是特别重要的。上铸A356在宽范围的应变速率的范围从环境温度到500℃的热机械行为的详细数据可以在其他地方进行审查。 9 为了支持开发和流动形成车轮制造业务的优化，定制成型设备已经在材料工程在不列颠哥伦比亚大学（ 图1）部制定。该装置已被主要由22千瓦的总输出，用82千瓦（ 图2）的峰值输出丙烷喷灯加热系统手册，皮带驱动绞盘车床建造。用一个刚性辊组件沿嵌入式热电偶的芯棒（ 图3）已经装，其能够形成工件高达330毫米的直径。所述心轴具有一个手工激活夹紧系统，其能够以考虑在工件直径加工（ 图4）期间发生大的变化。一种电池操作的含有能形成过程中监测心轴的温度和用于表征加热坯料已安装在车床的主轴的一个微型无线计算机的数据采集系统（DAQ）。而其它流动形成工艺已被使用适于车床合成4,10，本装置是在第一原位加热和热的数据采集来体现。 对于工业上规模成形操作的处理协议已被开发以提供指示处理的条件。随后描述的，该协议包括模具和工件的准备，形成惯例，共同的与成形试运行结束ncluding。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig1.jpg" /> 图1: 实验仪器概述。其中已添加到修改的绞盘车床在高温下形成原理的组件。设备（顶部）和标记上的计算机辅助设计的描绘（底部）主要工作方向和元件的照片。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig2.jpg" /> 图2:供暖系统的细节。以丙烷加热系统从含有气体控制螺线管（顶部和底部左侧）一个中心歧管致动四个离散的燃烧器（顶部和底部右侧）。气体的压力和离散流量到每个燃烧器是可能的，与沿所述坯件放置沿着以符合不同的几何形状。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig3.jpg" /> 图3: 滚轮架装配细节。上的车床已适于保持在任意的辊原工具夹具角相对于心轴的通过锁紧螺母组件的转动轴线。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig4.jpg" /> 图4: <strong&gt;仪器化芯棒和夹具系统概述。旋转工具已被设计成直接螺栓固定在车床的主轴，而这又是通过在尾座（顶部和底部左侧）一活顶尖支撑。夹持组件/动作也描绘（顶部和底部右侧）。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="914">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">Reagent/Material</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td style="width:295px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">High temperature grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>Molycote M-77</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">High temperature lubricant</td>
			<td>Superior Graphite</td>
			<td>sureCOAT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">High temperature die coat</td>
			<td>Vesuvius/Foseco</td>
			<td>DYCOTE 32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Live center</td>
			<td>Riten Industries</td>
			<td align="right">17124</td>
			<td>Bell-head, spring loaded</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Live center adapter</td>
			<td>Riten Industries</td>
			<td align="right">431</td>
			<td>Adapter for lathe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Impact wrench</td>
			<td>Chicago Pneumatic</td>
			<td>CP7749-2</td>
			<td>1/2&#34; drive, 0-545 ft-lb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Torque wrench</td>
			<td>Westward Tools</td>
			<td>6PAG0</td>
			<td>1/2&#34; drive, 0-250 ft-lb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Air-powered paint sprayer</td>
			<td>Cambell Hausfeld</td>
			<td>DH4200</td>
			<td>For die coat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Air-powered paint sprayer</td>
			<td>Cambell Hausfeld</td>
			<td>DH5500</td>
			<td>For graphite-based lubricant, high volume low pressure (HVLP) type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Data acquisition unit</td>
			<td>Measurement Computing</td>
			<td>USB-2416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Reed thermocouple</td>
			<td>Omega Engineering</td>
			<td align="right">88108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Propane tank</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20/40 lb, POL fitted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Solenoid valve</td>
			<td>Aztec Heating</td>
			<td>SV-S121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gas regulator</td>
			<td>Aztec Heating</td>
			<td>67CH-743</td>
			<td>0-30 psi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Burner tips</td>
			<td>Exact</td>
			<td align="right">3119</td>
			<td>Qty: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Roller bearings</td>
			<td>SKF</td>
			<td>32005 X/Q</td>
			<td>Qty: 2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental procedure for warm spinning of cast aluminum components

高性能，铸铝汽车轮毂被越来越多地通过逐步形成流量/金属旋压在高温下形成，以提高材料的性能。用各种各样的工艺参数可影响这两个形状实现和得到的材料性质，这种类型的处理是非常困难的佣金。这个过程的简化，轻型版本已设计和全尺寸的汽车轮毂实施。该装置的目的是帮助理解变形机制和这种类型的处理的材料的反应。一个试验性协议已经发展到准备，并随后进行成型试验和铸A356轮毛坯描述。热分布达到，连同提供仪器的信息。相似满刻度形成能赋予以更快的速率显著更变形的操作进行讨论。

如铸铝A356工件是根据本文中所描述的方法形成。从铸轮采用低压压铸工艺获得来自北美轮制造的工件。一个工件与热电偶仪器不形成，但行预加热循环（协议第3节，步骤3.3-3.5）来捕获方法的这一方面中的温度在整个坯件的表面上的分布。这个响应示于图5。另外3个样品变形各级，其中包括获得两项形成通行证高水平的变形之一。前两个样本，对后者的样品进行第一遍有助于理顺与壁厚不大明显改变工件。后者样品峰的壁厚减少为约10％，其中大部分是在第二巴实现SS。截面和的铸态坯件和微观多遍样品中获得的那些示于图6。这里，示出了铸态组织到显著通过用树突特征勉强可辨别的方法来改进。枝晶间共晶是由所施加的变形打破，建立一个更均匀的微观组织比在铸态。这改善了整个延展性以及组件的疲劳和断裂性能。作者已经先前所述工件的几何形状，在壁厚特定横截面的变化，观察到的缺陷和尺寸变化的更多细节在微观结构上的全套样品8,13的。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig5.jpg" /> 图5: 芯棒和b的典型的温度分布<html>平直。与加热系统获得的空白，芯棒的一位代表瞬态热响应。垂直虚线指示，其中夹具预热步骤期间收紧，黑色箭头表示成形。最后垂直线示出了加热系统被关闭，而系统冷却。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/55061/55061fig6.jpg" /> 图6:铸态形成的结果。在作为接收的，铸态具有330毫米（顶部）的最小内径空白表面和几何两遍被变形以提供所示的结果（中间）。铸态枝晶组织（左下）明显被成形操作和随后的T6热处理（右下），为与光学显微镜8,13观察修改。ig6large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components at JoVE.com

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

对于仪表温暖回转成型采用定制的工业缩放设备铸铝合金的实验方案提出。实验的考虑包括热和机械作用进行了讨论，以及与汽车车轮的全面处理相似。

铸铝零部件的暖纺纱实验程序

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to ...

experimental-procedure-for-warm-spinning-of-cast-aluminum-components

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.4K 次观看.  University of Manchester. 对于仪表温暖回转成型采用定制的工业缩放设备铸铝合金的实验方案提出。实验的考虑包括热和机械作用进行了讨论，以及与汽车车轮的全面处理相似。 

视频: Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

科研

工程学

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many cases validated experimentally, for light weight or impact energy absorbing structures, as high surface area heat exchangers or electrodes, as implants to the body, and many more. Although great progress has been made in understanding their structure-properties relationships, the large number of different processing techniques, each producing material with different characteristics and structure, means that understanding of the individual effects of all aspects of structure is not complete. The replication process, where molten metal is infiltrated between grains of a removable preform material, allows a markedly high degree of control and has been used to good effect to elucidate some of these relationships. Nevertheless, the process has many steps that are dependent on individual &#8220;know-how&#8221;, and this paper aims to provide a detailed description of all stages of one embodiment of this processing method, using materials and equipment that would be relatively easy to set up in a research environment. The goal of this protocol and its variants is to produce metal foams in an effective and simple way, giving the possibility to tailor the outcome of the samples by modifying certain steps within the process. By following this, open cell aluminum foams with pore sizes of 1&#8211;2.36 mm diameter and 61% to 77% porosity can be obtained.

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film synthesis) for the purpose of exploratory materials research. Certain materials pose a challenge wherein the traditional bulk Hall bar device fabrication method is insufficient to produce a measureable device for sample transport measurement, principally because the single crystal size is too small to attach wire leads to the sample in a Hall bar configuration. This can be, for example, because the first batch of a new material synthesized yields very small single crystals or because flakes of samples of one to very few monolayers are desired. In order to enable rapid characterization of materials that may be carried out in parallel with improvements to their growth methodology, a method of device fabrication for very small samples has been devised to permit the characterization of novel materials as soon as a preliminary batch has been produced. A slight variation of this methodology is applicable to producing devices using exfoliated samples of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as well as multilayer heterostructures of such materials. Here we present detailed protocols for the experimental device fabrication of fragments and flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate and subsequent measurement in a commercial superconducting magnet, dry helium close-cycle cryostat magnetotransport system at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

SSVEP-based Experimental Procedure for Brain-Robot Interaction with Humanoid Robots

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in helping the disabled in their daily lives. The overall goal of our method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs, such as OpenViBE, Choregraph, and Central software as well as user developed programs written in C++ and MATLAB, to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots.
This is achieved by first placing EEG electrodes on a human subject to measure the brain responses through an EEG data acquisition system. A user interface is used to elicit SSVEP responses and to display video feedback in the closed-loop control experiments. The second step is to record the EEG signals of first-time subjects, to analyze their SSVEP features offline, and to train the classifier for each subject. Next, the Online Signal Processor and the Robot Controller are configured for the online control of a humanoid robot. As the final step, the subject completes three specific closed-loop control experiments within different environments to evaluate the brain-robot interaction performance.
The advantage of this approach is its reliability and flexibility because it is developed by integrating multiple software programs. The results show that using this approach, the subject is capable of interacting with the humanoid robot via brain signals. This allows the mind-controlled humanoid robot to perform typical tasks that are popular in robotic research and are helpful in assisting the disabled.

The overall goal of this method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots, which is prospective in assisting the sick and elderly as well as performing unsanitary or dangerous jobs.

SSVEP基础实验步骤与人形机器人脑机器人互动

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in ...

How to Build a Vacuum Spring-transport Package for Spinning Rotor Gauges

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to 1.0 Pa. In this application, the SRGs are frequently transported to laboratories for calibration. Events can occur during transportation that change the rotor surface conditions, thus changing the calibration factor. To assure calibration stability, a spring-transport mechanism is often used to immobilize the rotor and keep it under vacuum during transport. It is also important to transport the spring-transport mechanism using packaging designed to minimize the risk of damage during shipping. In this manuscript, a detailed description is given on how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism and shipping container. Together these form a spring-transport package. The spring-transport package design was tested using drop-tests and the performance was found to be excellent. The present spring-transport mechanism design keeps the rotor immobilized when experiencing shocks of several hundred g (g = 9.8 m/sec2 and is the acceleration due to gravity), while the shipping container assures that the mechanism will not experience shocks greater than about 100 g during common shipping mishaps (as defined by industry standards).

Here we describe how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism for a spinning rotor gauge. This device securely immobilizes the rotor and keeps it under vacuum during transportation. We also describe packaging that minimizes the risk of damage during transport. Tests show our design works for typical shocks during transport.

如何建立一个真空Spring的运输包装为纺转子规

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to ...

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated species. The synthesis approach inhibits the topochemical effect promoting rapid hydration when exposed to the relative humidity of ambient air. This stable, amorphous, nano-particle material was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and showed an exothermic energy release at low temperature (i.e., 180 &#176;C) for the transformation of I4O9 into I2O5. This additional exothermic energy release contributes to an increase in overall reactivity of I4O9 when dry mixed with nano-aluminum (Al) powder, resulting in a minimum of 150% increase in flame speed compared to Al + I2O5. This study shows that as an oxidizer, I4O9 has more reactive potential than other forms of iodine(V) oxide when combined with Al, especially if I4O9 can be passivated to inhibit absorption of water from its surrounding environment.

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

A protocol for measuring flame speeds of a reactive mixture composed of tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) and aluminum (Al) is presented. A method for resolving reaction kinetics using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also presented. It was found that I4O9 is 150% more reactive than other iodine(V) oxides.

反应动力学和我燃烧动力学<sub&gt; 4</sub&gt; 0<sub&gt; 9</sub&gt;和铝的混合物

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated ...

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due to their long coherence time and their capability to manipulate and detect individual quantum bits (qubits). In more recent years, microfabricated surface ion traps have received more attention for large-scale integrated qubit platforms. This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for ion traps using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, including the fabrication method for a 14 &#181;m-thick dielectric layer and metal overhang structures atop the dielectric layer. In addition, an experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium (Yb) ions of isotope 174 (174Yb+) using 369.5 nm, 399 nm, and 935 nm diode lasers is described. These methodologies and procedures involve many scientific and engineering disciplines, and this paper first presents the detailed experimental procedures. The methods discussed in this paper can easily be extended to the trapping of Yb ions of isotope 171 (171Yb+) and to the manipulation of qubits.

This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for surface ion traps, as well as a detailed experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium ions in a room-temperature environment.

利用 Microfabricated 表面离子阱捕获离子的实验方法

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due ...

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. M2052 (Mn-20Cu-5Ni-2Fe, at%) is an important branch of Mn-Cu-based alloys, which possesses both excellent damping capacity and processability. In recent decades, lots of studies have been carried out on the performance optimization of M2052, improving the damping capacity, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and service temperature, etc. The major methods of performance optimization are alloying, heat treatment, pretreatment, and different ways of molding etc., among which alloying, as well as adopting a reasonable heat treatment, is the simplest and most effective method to obtain perfect and comprehensive performance. To obtain the M2052 alloy with excellent performance for casting molding, we propose to add Zn and Al to the MnCuNiFe alloy matrix and use a variety of heat treatment methods for a comparison in the microstructure, damping capacity, and service temperature. Thus, a new type of cast-aged Mn-22.68Cu-1.89Ni-1.99Fe-1.70Zn-6.16Al (at.%) alloy with&#160;superior damping capacity and high service temperature is obtained by an optimized heat treatment method. Compared with the forging technique, cast molding is simpler and more efficient, and the damping capacity of this as-cast alloy is excellent. Therefore, there is a suitable reason to think that it is a good choice for engineering applications.

Here we present a protocol to obtain a novel Mn-Cu-based alloy with excellent comprehensive performances by a high-quality smelting technology and reasonable heat treatment methods.

新型高性能 MnCuNiFeZnAl 合金的制备及高温性能研究

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation displays and solid-state lighting technologies. The brightness and efficiency of blue QDs-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain inferior to their red and green counterparts, due to the inherently unfavorable energy levels of different colors of light. To solve these problems, a device structure should be designed to balance the injection holes and electrons into the emissive QD layer. Herein, through a simple autoxidation strategy, pure blue QD-LEDs which are highly bright and efficient are demonstrated, with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Al:Al2O3. The autoxidized Al:Al2O3 cathode can effectively balance the injected charges and enhance radiative recombination without introducing an additional electron transport layer (ETL). As a result, high color-saturated blue QD-LEDs are achieved with a maximum luminance over 13,000 cd m-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. The easily controlled autoxidation procedure paves the way for achieving high-performance blue QD-LEDs.

A protocol is presented for fabricating high-performance, pure blue ZnCdS/ZnS-based quantum dots light-emitting diodes by employing an autoxidized aluminum cathode.

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...