我们非常感谢Martina Lienert和Fabienne Schaufelberger在运动测试期间的帮助，以及PD Claudio Perret博士的科学建议。

该研究得到当地伦理委员会（Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz，Basel，Switzerland）的批准，并在开始研究之前获得了与会者的书面知情同意书。 测试准备和参与者指导<ol><li> 手臂曲柄测力计 <ol><li>在打开软件之前，打开旋转速度相关的手臂曲柄测力计的电源。 </li><li>选择测试方案3分钟，全能测力计测试。 <ol><li>插入一个新的协议，120秒的预热，180秒的测试时间和720秒的冷却时间。选择此测试协议并打开一个新的参与表。 </li></ol></li><li>对于每次新的测试，事先确定参与者的身体质量。 </li><li>对于身体健康和截瘫个体，将相对扭矩因子设为0.2（ 例如，对于100 kg参与者，相对扭矩因子为0.2，扭矩为20 Nm结果） 12 。 <ol><li>根据脊髓损伤的病变级别对四肢参与者应用较低的扭矩因子;需要两个或更多的熟悉试验来确定相关参与者的最佳相对扭矩因子。 </li><li>以与第2部分所述相同的方式进行熟悉试验。如果在熟悉试验中打印数据后没有出现峰值，或者如果参与者在整个3分钟内无法起动，则进行第二次熟悉试验扭矩因数。每次试验之间至少两天内给予参加者休息。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 运动测试设置 <ol><li>调整手臂曲柄的高度并记录下来在下一个测试会话中复制相同的测试设置。调整并记录手臂曲柄测力计与参与者之间的距离。 <ol><li>要确定高度，测量距离在地板和曲柄的固定之间。记录曲柄和参与者之间的距离，测量和记录墙壁和椅子固定之间的距离。将手臂曲柄轴调整到与肩关节水平的高度。 </li></ol></li><li>记录墙壁固定件和椅子之间的距离或者测力计与椅子固定件之间的距离。根据参加者是否健康，b）截瘫或c）四肢麻醉调整椅子设置。 <ol><li>如果参与者身体健壮，请让参与者坐在经销商提供的椅子上。 </li><li>如果参与者截瘫，需要坐在自己的轮椅上，使用固定装置将轮椅固定在手臂曲柄测力计上。如果参与者不需要自己的轮椅，请让参与者坐在经销商提供的椅子上。 </li><li>如果参与者是四肢的，将其上身固定在身上由经销商或自己轮椅提供的椅子，并可能将手固定在踏板上。要固定上身，请使用带有钩环紧固件的皮带。手腕固定时，请在四肢手术患者中使用腕带。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 附加测量 <ol><li>在使用乳酸盐分析仪之前，确保乳酸盐系统溶液被重新填充。每六个月插一个新的芯片传感器。每天使用质量控制溶液（12 mM），每两周使用3 mM质控对照溶液。 <ol><li>每天早上将12 mM质量控制解决方案放入"STD 1"插槽。 </li><li>为了进一步提高质量，将3 mM质量控制解决方案添加到间隙"1"和"2"中，并通过每两周按一次"开始"进行测量。测量值应该在2.96和3.10 mM之间。 </li></ol></li><li>确定之前和之前的全血乳酸浓度3分钟，全功能臂曲柄测力计测试，获得基线乳酸浓度。在使用10μL毛细管从耳垂抽取血液样品前，用消毒剂消毒耳垂。使用刺血针获得全血样本。 <ol><li>当毛细管充满血液时，将其放入溶血杯中。 注意:这些杯子是可商购的，并预先用溶血溶液。摇动溶液直到血液完全混合，然后将其放入乳酸盐分析仪的托盘中。 </li><li>在分析乳酸浓度前进行校准。将质量控制杯放入乳酸分析仪（参见步骤1.3.1.1。）。确保校准结果为12mM乳酸浓度;否则，更换芯片传感器。 </li><li>将样品放入编号的插槽中，首先从"1"开始。 注意:校准完成后，样品进行测量由芯片传感器系统自动完成。 </li></ol></li><li>要确定心率，请将心脏带放在参与者的胸部周围，并将心率监视器固定到手臂曲柄测力计上。按下显示器上的红色启动按钮开始测量。如果手表上没有显示心率，请用水润湿心率腰带，以确保良好的心率记录。 </li><li>为了确定在加热期间和3分钟全过程测试期间的氧消耗，在测试前校准代谢车。在测试前立即运行自动音量和气体校准，然后放置面罩。 <ol><li>在软件中打开自动音量校准，然后按开始按钮。存储结果如果错误在屏幕上低于3％。 </li><li>打开软件中的气体校准以及校准气体，并开始自动校准。 注意:校准气体由5％CO 2组成 ，16％O 2和79％N 2 。在校准结束时，屏幕上显示8个绿色按钮，校准成功并可以存储结果。关闭气瓶，确保气体不泄漏。 </li><li>确保参与者的实际身体质量插入到计算机程序中。在计算机上的搜索引擎选择参与者后，在软件中选择"自我测量"，然后按开始按钮开始测量室内空气浓度。 </li><li>要运行此校准，请将传感器从肺活量计中取出，然后按开始按钮。计算机上显示"ok"时，校准完成。 </li><li>同时，在校准期间，将氧气面罩放在参加者身上。 </li><li>当室内空气浓度的测量结束并且程序准备好测量时，将传感器放回肺活量计。然后，将整个肺活量计放入腔内面具;该设备现在可以测量氧气消耗。 </li><li>另外，在某处（ 例如，用胶带在肩膀上）固定肺活量计的软管，使其在手臂曲柄运动期间不会干扰。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2.执行运动协议<ol><li> 暖身 <ol><li>开始预热前1分钟，开始测量休息时的氧气消耗量，当参与者坐在手臂曲柄测力计上，无需移动或说话。按软件程序中的开始按钮。 </li><li>同时，按红色按钮开始测量心率。在预热期间以及测试期间和之后测量心率。 </li><li>在测试开始之前，在20 W下进行2分钟的标准化预热。在暖身的最后30秒，保持节奏恒定在60转/分。倒数30秒的暖身的最后10秒。 </li></OL&gt; </li><li> 3分钟全程运动测试 <ol><li>倒计时结束时，一定要通过喊"走"来给出明确的启动信号。给出启动信号后，允许参与者加速。 </li><li>指导参与者在测试开始时尽可能加快手臂曲柄测力计的最大速度。在整个测试过程中尽可能保持速度。为了标准化的原因，不要鼓励参与者在测试期间。 </li><li>每30秒提供一次持续时间的信息。在3分钟的时间内完成测试。 </li></ol></li><li> 冷却和后分析 <ol><li>完成3分钟全部测试后，如果需要，测量乳酸浓度，然后在接下来的10分钟内每2分钟测量一次。重复使用与测试前使用的血液采样相同的穿刺部位。 </li><li>完成这些3后，停止测量耗氧量<html>最后按停止按钮。取下氧气面罩。通过按退出按钮并在软件要求进行数据存储时点击"是"，可以节省计算机上的耗氧量。 注意:数据存储在软件程序中，可以很容易地转换成csv文件。 </li><li>要导出数据，请按"导出"按钮将文件转换为csv文件供以后分析。所有血液样本从耳垂中抽出后，按心率监视器左侧的停止按钮，停止心率测量。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.结果数据分析与解释<ol><li> 性能参数 <ol><li>完成此性能测试后分析几个不同的参数。 首先，保存测试并将其导出到电子表格。 </li><li>计算平均功率（P mean =_upload / 55485 / 55485eq1.jpg"/&gt; <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq2.jpg" />超过3分钟，峰值功率和最小功率在这3分钟之间12 。 注意:峰值功率（P 峰值 ）是整个3分钟内的最大功率。功率以0.2s的间隔测量。峰值功率最高，最小功率（P min ）是最低单功率测量。 </li><li>从峰值功率到最终功率（P 峰 [W] -Pmin [W]）/（t min [s] -t 峰 [s]）计算每秒功率衰减的疲劳指数。 </li><li>通过加入每秒完成的工作（工作[J] =电阻[kg] *每分钟转数*飞轮距离[m] *时间[min]）计算整个3分钟的总工作量。 </li><li>计算从开始到峰值功率（时间到峰值功率= t 峰值 [s]）的时间。此外，计算相对峰值（相对P peak = P 峰 / kg体重）和平均功率（相对P 平均值 = P 平均 / kg体重）除以参与者的身体质量的绝对值。 </li><li>将3分钟全出测试划分为30段，以便在3分钟内检查起搏策略和疲劳。计算每30秒段的平均功率（P mean = <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq3.jpg" /><img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq4.jpg" /> 。 </li></ol></li><li> 其他测量 <ol><li>将所有血液样品放入血乳酸分析仪的编号槽中，并按"分析"自动运行测量。打印血乳酸浓度以供以后分析打开打印机。 </li><li>使用制造商的红外线设备将心率测量传输到计算机。打开心率监视器的软件，并从心脏导入数据te监控软件。将数据存储在本地，如果需要，将其导出到电子表格以供以后分析（ 例如，段分析） 13 。 </li><li>在3分钟的开始位置和3分钟结束时设置一个标记，允许为此段自动计算平均值，最大和最小心率。 注意:软件每隔5秒自动平均心率。 </li><li>将耗氧量的数据导出到csv文件（步骤2.3），并在电子表格中打开它进行分析14 。计算休息时的平均耗氧量（VO 2_rest = <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq5.jpg" /><img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq6.jpg" />在3分钟内（VO 2_180s = <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq1.jpg" /><img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq7.jpg" /> ，以及高峰30秒段氧耗和耗氧量（VO 2_30s = <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq3.jpg" /><img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/55485/55485eq8.jpg" /> 。 注意:氧气消耗的数据是经呼吸测量，然后在每段15秒的持续时间内自动平均。在3分钟运动试验中，峰值耗氧量是15秒间隔的最高值。 </li></ol></li><li> 统计 <ol><li>使用Shapiro-Wilk测试，QQ图和Kolmogorov Smirnov测试来检查数据的正常分布。如果数据是正态分布的，则将其作为平均值和标准偏差（SD）。 </li><li>使用类内相关系数（ICC; 3,1模型） 15分析测试重测信度。 </li><li>使用测量的标准误差（SEM），系数计算绝对和相对可靠性变异（CV），最小实际差异（SRD）和ICC 16的 95％置信区间。 注意:ICC应根据Munro分类17 :0.26至0.49进行解释反映低相关性; 0.50至0.69反映中度相关; 0.70〜0.89反映高度相关; 0.90〜1.0表示非常高的相关性。绝对可靠性应以SRD，CV和SEM表示，相对可靠性应为ICC 16,18的形式。 </li><li>使用配对t检验分析两次测试之间的重大变化。为了显示两个测试会话数据集的一致性，请使用Bland-Altman 19个图。使用统计软件进行数据分析;整体统计显着性水平为0.05。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+abdominal+binding+on+respiratory+mechanics+during+exercise+in+athletes+with+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Effect of abdominal binding on respiratory mechanics during exercise in athletes with cervical spinal cord injury.</a> J Appl Physiol (1985). 117 (1), 36-45 (2014).</li><li>West, C. R., Campbell, I. G., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., Mason, B. S., Romer, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+abdominal+binding+on+field-based+exercise+responses+in+Paralympic+athletes+with+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Effects of abdominal binding on field-based exercise responses in Paralympic athletes with cervical spinal cord injury.</a> J. Sci. Med. Sport. 17 (4), 351-355 (2014).</li><li>Kirshblum, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+standards+for+neurological+classification+of+spinal+cord+injury.">International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury.</a> J Spinal Cord Med. 34 (6), 535-546 (2011).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可以披露的。

脊髓损伤运动员的运动测试对于追踪几个月或几年训练中的运动表现至关重要。只有几个运动测试存在，以检查手臂曲柄测力计的短期，高强度运动表现。该方法详细描述了已经检查其在骑自行车5和划艇7中的可靠性的运动测试可以应用于手臂曲柄测力计。为了收集可靠而有意义的成果，有两个因素非常重要:一是为参与者准备本次运动测试，二是进行标准化测?...

有几项运动测试可准确地确定精英运动员在训练期间1,2,3,4,5的运动表现的增加。这些测试中的一个是在制动的自行车测力计3,4,5,6上可靠的3分钟全程运动测试。该测试用于确定临界功率，但也适用于运动员的运动测试，以及研究7,8,9 。由于该测试主要用于下肢性能，如在划艇7和骑自行车3，5 ，类似t需要用于上身运动的估计方案。主要使用上身的运动学科除了体育运动员或体力较弱的个体（ 例如截肢或由于脊髓损伤引起的肢体损伤）之外，也可能是这样一种新的测试方案的受益者。因此，手臂曲柄测力计上的测试方案是一个很好的工具，可轻松测试来自不同体育学科的各种运动员的上身运动表现。 存在一个非常相似的30年代Wingate手臂曲柄测力计测试10,11帮助制定了一个3分钟，全面的手臂曲柄测力计测试。其持续时间与1500米轮椅比赛非常相似。因此，这种新的测试方案为3分钟，全功能臂曲柄测力计测试测试其重测信度12 。总体而言，thi的可靠性s测试协议非常好，因此它可能是上身运动测试领域的未来测试工具。然而，使用这种运动测试需要注意，特别是在测试患有脊髓损伤的个体时。因此，本实验文章的目的是展示一个详细的方案，不仅描述了测试设置和测试结果的分析，而且还显示了测试能力强的人员和脊髓损伤运动员之间的差异。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Angio V2 arm crank ergometer</td>
			<td>Lode BV, Groningen, NL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>arm crank ergometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lode Ergometry Manager Software</td>
			<td>Lode BV, Groningen, NL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ul end-to-end capillary</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0209-0100-005</td>
			<td>Capillaries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>haemolysis cup</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0209-0100-006</td>
			<td>hemolysis cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lactate analyzer</td>
			<td>Biosen C line, EKF-diagnostics GmbH</td>
			<td>5213-0051-6200</td>
			<td>lactate analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor, Polar 610i</td>
			<td>Polar, Kempele, Finland</td>
			<td>P610i</td>
			<td>heart rate monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metabolic cart, Oxygen Pro</td>
			<td>Jaeger GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>metabolic cart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygen mask, Hans Rudolph</td>
			<td>Hans Rudolph Inc. , USA</td>
			<td>113814</td>
			<td>oxygen mask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical software, PSAW Software</td>
			<td>SPSS Inc., Chicago USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>statistical software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>desinfectant, Soft-Zellin</td>
			<td>Hartmann GmbH, Austria</td>
			<td>999979</td>
			<td>desinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quality control cup, EasyCon Norm</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0201-005.012P6</td>
			<td>quality control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quality control cup 3mmol/L</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>5130-6152</td>
			<td>control cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chip sensor lactate analyzer</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>5206-3029</td>
			<td>chip sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactate system solution</td>
			<td>EKF-diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td>0201-0002-025</td>
			<td>lactate system solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lancet, Mediware Blutlanzetten</td>
			<td>medilab</td>
			<td>54041</td>
			<td>lancet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration gas,&#160;</td>
			<td>Jaeger GmbH</td>
			<td>36-MC G020</td>
			<td>calibration gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chair provided by distributor (ergoselect)</td>
			<td>ergoline GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>chair provided by distributor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental protocol of a three-minute, all-out arm crank exercise test in spinal-cord injured and able-bodied individuals

需要可靠的运动方案来测试精英运动员运动表现的变化。这些运动员的表现改善可能很小;因此，敏感工具是锻炼生理的基础。目前，有许多运动测试可以检测运动能力强壮的运动员，主要用于下肢或全身运动。有一种趋势是测试运动员在体育特定的环境中非常类似于参与者习惯执行的动作。只有少数协议测试参与者的短期，高强度运动能力，对身体有损害。大多数这些协议是非常体育专用的，不适用于广泛的运动员。一个众所周知的测试方案是30秒的Wingate测试，它在骑自行车和手臂曲柄运动测试中已经建立起来。该测试在30秒内分析高强度运动表现ñ。为了在更长的时间内监测运动表现，修改了适用于上身的不同方法。 3分钟，全面的手臂曲柄测力计测试允许运动员以特定的1500米轮椅赛跑（运动时间）的方式进行测试，以及上身锻炼，如划船或手动循环。为了在相同的测试条件下提高可靠性，重要的是精确地复制设置，例如电阻（ 即扭矩因子）和参与者的位置（ 即曲柄的高度，曲柄和曲柄之间的距离参与者和参与者的固定）。另一个重要的问题是运动测试的开始。需要固定每分钟的转数来标准运动测试开始时的测试条件。此运动协议显示准确操作重现相同测试条件和设置的重要性。

在21名休闲训练（但不具体为上身训练），非吸烟个体（男9例，女12例，年龄34±11岁，体重69.6±11.1 kg，身高: 175.5±6.9厘米）。 表1显示了相对和绝对测试重新测试可靠性的结果12 。测试和重新测试之间的峰值功率如图 12所示 。 图2 12给出了该测试重新测试的Bland Altman图。然后，将3?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals at JoVE.com

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

我们提出一个方案，测试上肢肌肉的有氧和无氧能力，持续时间为3分钟，身体健康，截瘫和四肢个体。该方案在具有或不具有残疾的个体中对其适用于上肢运动的具体修改。

脊髓损伤和健康人员三分钟全能臂曲柄运动试验实验方案

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

experimental-protocol-three-minute-all-out-arm-crank-exercise-test

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.6K 次观看.  Swiss Paraplegic Center Nottwil. 我们提出一个方案，测试上肢肌肉的有氧和无氧能力，持续时间为3分钟，身体健康，截瘫和四肢个体。该方案在具有或不具有残疾的个体中对其适用于上肢运动的具体修改。 

视频: Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

科研

医学

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

评价呼吸肌慢性脊髓损伤个人使用呼吸电机控制评估（RMCA）

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Implanting Glass Spinal Cord Windows in Adult Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adult rodents is the standard experimental model for studying autonomic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here we present a low-cost and reproducible glass window implantation protocol that is suitable for intravital microscopy and studying the dynamics of spinal cord cytoarchitecture with subcellular resolution in live adult mice with EAE. Briefly, we surgically expose the vertebrae T12-L2 and construct a chamber around the exposed vertebrae using a combination of cyanoacrylate and dental cement. A laminectomy is performed from T13 to L1, and a thin layer of transparent silicone elastomer is applied to the dorsal surface of the exposed spinal cord. A modified glass cover slip is implanted over the exposed spinal cord taking care that the glass does not directly contact the spinal cord. To reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells between the window and spinal cord, anti-inflammatory treatment is administered every 2 days (as recommended by ethics committee) for the first 10 days after implantation. EAE is induced only 2-3 weeks after the cessation of anti-inflammatory treatment.
Using this approach we successfully induced EAE in 87% of animals with implanted windows and, using Thy1-CFP-23 mice (blue axons in dorsal spinal cord), quantified axonal loss throughout EAE progression. Taken together, this protocol may be useful for studying the recruitment of various cell populations as well as their interaction dynamics, with subcellular resolution and for extended periods of time. This intravital imaging modality represents a valuable tool for developing therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as EAE.

We describe a method for implanting and maintaining glass windows over the exposed spinal cords of adult mice for studying experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These windows provide chronic optical access to the spinal cord for monitoring cell dynamics at the subcellular level in live animals using two-photon microscopy.

玻璃植入脊髓的Windows在成年小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adult rodents is the standard experimental model for studying autonomic demyelinating diseases such as ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

控制皮层影响模型创伤性脑损伤

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

无线电遥测系统，以监测大鼠脊髓横断和胚胎神经干细胞移植在心血管功能

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Synergetic Use of Neural Precursor Cells and Self-assembling Peptides in Experimental Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) cause serious neurological impairment and psychological, economic, and social consequences for patients and their families. Clinically, more than 50% of SCI affect the cervical spine1. As a consequence of the primary injury, a cascade of secondary mechanisms including inflammation, apoptosis, and demyelination occur finally leading to tissue scarring and development of intramedullary cavities2,3. Both represent physical and chemical barriers to cell transplantation, integration, and regeneration. Therefore, shaping the inhibitory environment and bridging cavities to create a supportive milieu for cell transplantation and regeneration is a promising therapeutic target4. Here, a contusion/compression model of cervical SCI using an aneurysm clip is described. This model is more clinically relevant than other experimental models, since complete transection or ruptures of the cord are rare. Also in comparison to the weight drop model, which in particular damage the dorsum columns, circumferential compression of the spinal cord appears advantageous. Clip closing force and duration can be adjusted to achieve different injury severity. A ring spring facilitates precise calibration and constancy of clip force. Under physiological conditions, synthetic self-assembling peptides (SAP) self-assemble into nanofibers and thus, are appealing for application in SCI5. They can be injected directly into the lesion minimizing damage to the cord. SAPs are biocompatible structures erecting scaffolds to bridge intramedullary cavities and thus, equip the damaged cord for regenerative treatments. K2(QL)6K2 (QL6) is a novel SAP introduced by Dong et al.6 In comparison to other peptides, QL6 self-assembles into &#946;-sheets at neutral pH6.14 days after SCI, after the acute stage, SAPs are injected into the center of the lesion and neural precursor cells (NPC) are injected into adjacent dorsal columns. In order to support cell survival, transplantation is combined with continuous subdural administration of growth factors by osmotic micro pumps for 7 days.

Treating cervical spinal cord injury with both self-assembling peptides (SAP) and neural precursor cells (NPC), together with growth factors, is a promising approach to promote regeneration and recovery. A contusion/compression aneurysm clip rat model of cervical SCI and combined treatment involving SAP injection and NPC transplantation is established.

在实验颈脊髓损伤协同使用神经前体细胞，并自组装肽的

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) cause serious neurological impairment and psychological, economic, and social consequences for patients and their families. ...

Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Experimental Contusive Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury is a devastating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Animal models of spinal cord injury can be used both to investigate the biological responses to injury and to test potential therapies. Contusion or compression injury delivered to the surgically exposed spinal cord are the most widely used models of the pathology. In this report the experimental contusion is performed by using the Infinite Horizon (IH) Impactor device, which allows the creation of a reproducible injury animal model through definition of specific injury parameters. Stem cell transplantation is commonly considered a potentially useful strategy for curing this debilitating condition. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of transplanting a variety of stem cells. Here we demonstrate an adapted method for spinal cord injury followed by tail vein injection of cells in CD1 mice. In short, we provide procedures for: i) cell labeling with a vital tracer, ii) pre-operative care of mice, iii) execution of a contusive spinal cord injury, and iv) intravenous administration of post mortem neural precursors. This contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation in a regenerative medicine approach.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic condition that causes severe morbidity and high mortality. In this work we describe in detail a contusion model of spinal cord injury in mice followed by a transplantation of neural stem cells.

在脊髓损伤的实验挫伤型号神经干细胞移植

Spinal cord injury is a devastating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Animal models of spinal cord injury can ...

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an important target for neuroprotective therapies. Although several techniques have been described to assess SCBF, they all have significant limitations. To overcome the latter, we propose the use of real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEU). Here we describe the application of this technique in a rat contusion model of SCI. A jugular catheter is first implanted for the repeated injection of contrast agent, a sodium chloride solution of sulphur hexafluoride encapsulated microbubbles. The spine is then stabilized with a custom-made 3D-frame and the spinal cord dura mater is exposed by a laminectomy at ThIX-ThXII. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the posterior aspect of the dura mater (coated with ultrasound gel). To assess baseline SCBF, a single intravenous injection (400 &#181;l) of contrast agent is applied to record its passage through the intact spinal cord microvasculature. A weight-drop device is subsequently used to generate a reproducible experimental contusion model of SCI. Contrast agent is re-injected 15 min following the injury to assess post-SCI SCBF changes. CEU allows for real time and in-vivo assessment of SCBF changes following SCI. In the uninjured animal, ultrasound imaging showed uneven blood flow along the intact spinal cord. Furthermore, 15 min post-SCI, there was critical ischemia at the level of the epicenter while SCBF remained preserved in the more remote intact areas. In the regions adjacent to the epicenter (both rostral and caudal), SCBF was significantly reduced. This corresponds to the previously described &#8220;ischemic penumbra zone&#8221;. This tool is of major interest for assessing the effects of therapies aimed at limiting ischemia and the resulting tissue necrosis subsequent to SCI.

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

超声造影成像脊髓血流量的评估实验脊髓损伤

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an ...

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit more motor units which is associated with an increase in the EMG amplitude. Although different protocols have been used to estimate the EMG fatigue threshold they require multiple visits which are impractical for a clinical setting. Here, we present a protocol for estimating the EMG fatigue threshold for cycle ergometry which requires a single visit. This protocol is simple, convenient, and completed within 15-20 min, therefore, has the potential to be translated into a tool that clinicians can use in exercise prescription.

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

确定肌电疲劳阈值以下单次访问运动试验

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

新生儿小鼠脊髓压迫损伤模型

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...