这项工作由DeFishGear项目（1°str / 00010）内的"2007 - 2013年IPA亚得里亚尔跨境合作计划"资助。

塑料颗粒取样<ol><li>在进入现场之前，用丙酮或乙醇（99％）三次冲洗所有必需的采样材料（ 如镊子和铝箔）。在材料不能进行溶剂冲洗的情况下，在烘箱（ 例如玻璃器皿）中将其在450℃下加热过夜。 注意:在旅游区域，请获取有关清除大部分海洋垃圾（包括微量塑料）的海滩清洁活动的信息。如果可能，在此操作之前规划采样。如果在清理季节进行抽样，请以身份证明文件（ 例如，日期，清理方法等 ）指定此活动的详细信息。 </li><li>穿戴手套，用溶剂冲洗的不锈钢镊子从海滩收集塑料颗粒。 </li><li>每个位置样品50至100个颗粒，其对应于每个位置5至10个重复（每个重复10个颗粒）。如果所需的颗粒数不能达到收集最大的粒子可能，并在身份海滩表格中指定。 </li><li>在采样结束时，将收集的颗粒包裹在溶剂冲洗的铝箔中。玻璃瓶可以用作替代甚至纸袋。 </li><li>填写所选海滩的身份证件，其中包含缺少的信息（ 即海滩位置，天气状况，细粒度等 ）。 </li><li>如果环境温度超过25°C，将样品运送到实验室。在短途旅行的情况下可以跳过此步骤（ 例如 &lt;1 h）。 </li><li>一旦在实验室中，轻轻擦拭颗粒中的可移除颗粒（ 例如沙子）。在干燥器中，必要时将样品干燥，然后储存（黑暗，T &lt;25°C）。避免可能使用OCP的房间（ 例如，存储标准解决方案）。 </li><li>短时间内（ 即几天）将冰球储存在冰箱中（4℃）在冷冻器（-18°C）下，在溶剂冲洗的铝箔中更长时间。 </li><li>避免将样品暴露在人造光线或阳光下。在分析前尽可能少地处理样品以降低污染风险。 </li></ol> 2.从塑料颗粒中提取OCP <ol><li>为了减少污染的风险，请在干净的实验室中使用经过仔细洗涤的玻璃器皿进行如下操作:2次用分析纯丙酮，二氯甲烷和正己烷冲洗。在氮气流下干燥玻璃器皿，防止与环境空气接触（ 例如，带有清洁铝箔的盖子）。在协议的进一步步骤（ 即第3节和第4节）中应用此清洗程序。 </li><li>使用溶剂冲洗镊子，按以下类别的颜色对颗粒进行分类:白色/透明，白色/淡黄色，黄色/橙色，琥珀色/棕色和着色（ 例如红，绿，蓝等 ） </li><li>收集10粒随机（ 即不考虑塑料类型）的相似颜色，将构成一个复制。 </li><li>称量样品在分析天平上并记录质量。在这个阶段，样品可放回冰箱或冰柜。 </li><li>要考虑到背景污染，请使用每组重复进行空白样品（ 例如， 5个重复的1个空白）。为此，应用与上述相同的方案，但不要在提取池中加入塑料颗粒。该空白样品将经历该方案的进一步步骤，并与样品一起分析。 </li><li> 打开PFE。下载提取方法并将仪器预热至60°C。方法的细节如下: <ol><li>将温度设置为60°C，压力设置为100 bar。 </li><li>选择一个循环，加热时间为1分钟，保持时间为25分钟，放电时间为2分钟。 </li><li>设置溶剂和气体（​​N 2 ）冲洗次数，每次3分钟。 </li><li>选择正己烷作为提取溶剂。 </li></ol></li><li> 仪器升温时，如下所述准备萃取池。如有必要，请将协议修改为供应商仪器说明: <ol><li>将底部过滤器和玻璃料放在提取池中。关闭它并关闭它。 </li><li>使用漏斗用清洁的石英砂填充约一半的电池。 </li><li>加入称重的样品（ 即 10个颗粒的一个重复物）。冷冻塑料颗粒应在提取前放置在冰箱过夜。 </li><li>从细胞顶部加1厘米的石英砂。特别注意使用超清洁石英砂（或玻璃珠），因为它暴露在与样品相同的提取条件下。为了清洁沙子，在分析纯二氯甲烷和正己烷中依次将其萃取到PFE中，加入2或每个溶剂更多的循环（ 例如，在100℃下在100巴下30分钟）。或者，使用超声波浴和/或旋转蒸发器。必要时重复清洁程序。 </li><li>将顶部过滤器插入单元格中，并将单元格放在仪器中。 </li></ol></li><li>将收集容器放入仪器中，开始萃取方法（总运行约35分钟）。 </li><li>当方法完成后，将清洗的玻璃容器（ 例如烧杯，玻璃细胞培养皿）中的提取细胞清空，并在砂中取回10个丸粒。将其储存在容器中，直到进一步分析塑料鉴定（ 如拉链袋或玻璃瓶）。 </li></ol> 3.提取物的浓缩和清除<ol><li>将获得的提取物（约40mL）从收集容器转移到玻璃管中，并在设定为35℃的旋转浓缩器中蒸发至1mL 20分钟。可以使用替代方法ch在氮气流或蒸发器下蒸发。温度和持续时间应相应优化。 </li><li> 同时，通过将废物管放置在机架中，并在紧闭阀位置的歧管上装满活化硅酸镁吸附剂（1g）的填料，准备固相萃取器（SPE）。清理方法基于EPA方法3620C 22 ，如下所示: <ol><li>在源处打开真空，并在筒中加入4 mL己烷以活化吸附剂。 </li><li>打开阀门，让溶剂通过整个吸附剂床。然后关闭阀门，让吸附剂在己烷中浸泡5分钟。 </li><li>打开阀门，使溶剂通过，但在吸附剂干燥之前关闭阀门。 </li><li>当样品浓缩时，用玻璃巴斯德吸管将其转移到药筒。轻轻打开阀门，让其缓慢通过。每秒1-2滴一个适当的速度。 </li><li>用0.5 mL己烷冲洗含有提取物的玻璃管，当提取物通过时将其加入到药筒中。 </li><li>当整个溶剂通过时，关闭阀门并关闭真空。 </li><li>用收集管更换废液管，并使用干净的溶剂导向针。 </li><li>将9mL丙酮/己烷（10/90，v / v）加入到筒中，并在源处打开真空。使吸附剂在溶剂中浸泡1分钟。 </li><li>打开阀门并收集收集管中的整个洗脱液。 </li></ol></li><li>将收集管置于浓缩器中，在35℃下蒸发溶剂9分钟，以达到1 mL洗脱液。 </li><li>将浓缩的洗脱液转移到带有玻璃巴斯德吸管的琥珀自动进样器小瓶中。在这个阶段，样品可以在分析前储存在冰箱中。 </li></ol> 4.清洁和集中的分析提取物<ol><li> 下载GC-μECD仪器（装有微电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪）控制软件的分析方法。方法的细节如下: <ol><li>将进样器设置为不分流模式，将其温度设置为250°C，将吹扫时间设置为1分钟。 </li><li>将载气（He）的流量设定为1.5 mL / min。 </li><li>对柱式炉进行以下温度梯度的校准:60°C保持1分钟，斜坡为30°C min -1至200°C，斜坡为5°C min -1至230°C，坡度为3°C -1达到250℃，保持该温度5分钟。 </li><li>将检测器温度设置为300℃，备用气体流量（N 2 ）设定为60 mL / min。 </li></ol></li><li>将含有样品的小瓶（清洁并浓缩）放入自动进样器架中，运行方法（运行时间为23.3分钟）。一世<html> nject 2μL样品。 </li><li>分析后，通过其保留时间确定色谱图上的不同化合物，并记录相应的峰面积。 </li><li>考虑到回收率（R）和峰面积（A 1 ），使用校准曲线的方程式计算提取物中每个OCP的浓度（C 1 ）如下: <img alt="公式1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55531/55531eq1.jpg" /> 其中b是原点的截距， a是校准方程的斜率， <img alt="方程式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55531/55531eq2.jpg" /></li><li>考虑到复制物的质量（m）（ 即 10粒，参见2.4）和最终提取物的体积（V）（ 即 1 mL），计算吸附在每个OCP上的每个OCP的浓度（C 2 ）塑料颗粒（ 即每克塑料颗粒的OCP ng）: /ftp_upload/55531/55531eq3.jpg"/&gt; </li></ol> 5.塑料类型识别<ol><li>将颗粒转移到玻璃培养皿中并将其放在塑料袋中。 </li><li>用镊子握住一个颗粒，并用手术刀切片。塑料袋防止在切割过程中颗粒的损失。 </li><li>用乙醇清洗FT-IR仪器的衰减全反射（ATR）晶体。 </li><li>记录背景光谱。 </li><li>将碎片放在ATR晶体上，并拧紧样品架。该片的内侧必须与晶体接触。 </li><li>扫描样品并记录光谱。 </li><li>通过将获得的光谱与光谱库比较来鉴定构成塑料颗粒的聚合物。虽然更耗时，但是所获得的光谱的解释也可以手动进行，但很可能没有达到图书馆海实现的特异度RCH。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可以披露的。

<html>大多数关注与塑料颗粒相关的有机污染物的研究依赖于吸附化学品的经典萃取方法。索格利特设备是使用最广泛的技术，典型的萃取时间为12至24小时，有机溶剂的消耗量较高（ 即每次萃取为100至250 mL）。浸渍提取需要样品和有机溶剂之间的长时间接触（ 例如 6天） 4，并可以通过加入超声波步骤来加速。相比之下，如本研究中所述，加压流体萃取是使用减少量...

塑料的全球生产自1950年代以来不断上升，2014年达到3.11亿吨，包装用量约为40％ 1 。同时，越来越多的这些材料正在积累在环境中，这可能对生态系统构成严重威胁2 。尽管在七十年代已经报道，过去十年来，海洋环境中塑料碎屑的发生受到更多的关注。特别是微塑料，直径≤5毫米的塑料碎片现在被认为是主要的海洋水质问题之一3 。 塑料树脂颗粒是通常为圆柱形或圆盘形并且直径为几毫米（ 例如 2至5毫米） 4,5的小颗粒。它们属于微塑料类。这些塑料颗粒是通过在高温下再熔化和成型制造最终塑料制品的工业原料6 。在制造和运输过程中，它们可能会无意中释放到环境中。例如，他们可以在航运4,7,8期间通过意外泄漏直接引入海洋。它们可以通过地表径流，溪流和河流从陆地运送到海洋。由于环保持续，塑料颗粒广泛分布在海洋中，在世界各地的海滩上发现4 。它们可以对海洋生物产生负面影响，并可进入食物链，其影响是不可预知的。此外，一些研究已经揭示了吸附在海岸收集的塑料颗粒上的环境污染物的存在l环境，作为这些潜在有毒化学物质的载体4,9,10。事实上，有实验室证据表明，这些化学物质在从摄入的塑料碎片11,12中释放后，可以在生物体的组织中生物累积。 为了更好地评估与海洋环境中塑料颗粒发生相关的危害，有必要开发可以确定吸附的有机污染物的方法。一个重要的步骤是从塑料基质中提取化学物质，这取决于聚合物类型，其降解阶段和预处理，它们可以呈现异质的物理化学特性。文献中大多数调查报告使用浸渍或索氏提取技术4 ，5，6，9，13，14，15，16，17，18 ，它们是溶剂和/或耗时的。关于这个问题日益增长的兴趣，应该开发替代品，以便更快速地评估吸附在塑料件上的有机污染物。此外，塑料化学分析提供有关微塑料化学结构的信息。结果，可以评估存在于环境中的主要类型的聚合物和共聚物。虽然塑料碎片通常由聚乙烯（PE）和聚丙烯（PP） 5制成，但是一些采样位置可以呈现出其他类别被显着表示的特定轮廓（ 例如，乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和聚苯乙烯（PS））。 FT-IR光谱学是一种可靠和用户友好的聚合物识别技术，通常用于识别微塑料19,20 。 本工作的主要目的是提供一种通过PFE从塑料颗粒中提取OCP和相关化合物的快速简便方案。然而，方案的设计包括导致吸附的OCP的确定的所有步骤，从树脂颗粒的取样到化合物的分析。还描述了识别塑料类型的方法。开发的方法论重点是11种OCPs和相关化合物:i）DDT（2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基三氯乙烷）及其两种主要代谢物DDE（2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基二氯乙烯）和DDD （2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基二氯乙烷）; ii）异构体γ-六氯环己烷（γ-HCH）为主要成分农药林丹和生产过程中释放的两种异构体α-HCH和β-HCH 15 ; iii）和技术硫丹中存在的两种生物活性异构体硫丹I（Endo I）和II（Endo II）。所研究的农药是"斯德哥尔摩公约" 21所规定的广谱杀虫剂，化学稳定，疏水性和分类为持久性有机污染物质。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1097">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">Alpha&#8211;HCH</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C14071000</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">H301, H351, H400, H410, H312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beta&#8211;HCH</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">33376-100MG</td>
			<td>H301, H312, H351, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">Lindane</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">45548-250MG</td>
			<td>H301, H312, H332, H362, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endosufan I</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">48576-25MG</td>
			<td>H301, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endosulfan II</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">48578-25MG</td>
			<td>H301, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#39;&#8211;DDD</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35485-250MG</td>
			<td>H351</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4,4&#8217;&#8211;DDD</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12031000</td>
			<td>H301, H351, H400, H410, H312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#8217;&#8211;DDE</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12040000</td>
			<td>H351, H400, H410, H302</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4,4&#8217;-DDE</td>
			<td>Fluka , Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35487-250MG</td>
			<td>H302, H351, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#8217;&#8211;DDT</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12081000</td>
			<td>H301, H311, H330, H351, H400, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4,4&#8217;&#8211;DDT</td>
			<td>National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">RM8469-4,4&#39;-DDT</td>
			<td>H301, H311, H351, H372, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">n-Hexane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">VWR International GmbH, Graumanngasse, Viena, Austria</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">83992.320</td>
			<td>H225, H315, H336, H373, H304, H411</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetone for HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">J.T.Baker, Avantor performance Materials B.V., Teugseweg, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">8142</td>
			<td>H225, H319, H 336</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">FL-PR Florisil 1000mg/6mL</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">8B-S013-JCH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fat free quartz sand 0.3-0.9 mm</td>
			<td>Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">37689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:345px;">Gas chromatograph Hawlett Packard HP 6890 Series gas chromatograph with GERSTEL MultiPurpose Sampler MPS 2XL with ECD and FID detector</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies, Santa Clara USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Presure fluid extractor, Speed Extractor E-916</td>
			<td>Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solid phase extractor</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Concentrator miVac DUO</td>
			<td>Genevac SP Scientific, Suffolk UK</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GC capillary column Zebron ZB-XLB (30 x 0.25 x 0.25)</td>
			<td>Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">122-1232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">ATR FT-IR Spectrometer, Spectrum-Two</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction of organochlorine pesticides from plastic pellets and plastic type analysis

分类为微塑料（直径≤5mm）的塑料树脂颗粒是在制造和运输过程中可能无意中释放到环境中的小颗粒。由于环境的持续存在，广泛分布于世界各地的海洋和海滩。它们可以作为潜在有毒有机化合物（ 例如多氯联苯）的载体，因此可能 对海洋生物有不利影响。它们对食物链的可能影响尚未明了。为了评估与海洋环境中塑料颗粒发生相关的危害，有必要开发允许快速测定相关有机污染物水平的方法。本协议描述了采样树脂颗粒，分析吸附的有机氯农药（OCPs）和识别塑料类型所需的不同步骤。重点是通过加压流体萃取器（PFE）和使用傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱的聚合物化学分析从塑料颗粒中提取OCP。开发的方法论重点关注11种OCP和相关化合物，包括二氯二苯基三氯乙烷（DDT）及其两种主要代谢产物，林丹和两种生产异构体，以及技术硫丹的两种生物活性异构体。该方案构成了用于评估吸附在塑料片上的有机污染物浓度的现有方法的简单而快速的替代方法。

通常沿着沙滩的高潮和低潮线发现塑料颗粒（ 图1A ）。他们也可以在暴风雨之后坚持海藻新鲜搁浅的海草。它们偶尔会被发现在堆积区域的卵石和石块海滩。 塑料颗粒通常可以通过其形状，尺寸和颜色容易地识别， 如图1B所示（参见两个中间柱）。它们可能被误认为微小的碎石（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis at JoVE.com

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

微量塑料作为潜在有毒有机污染物的载体，具有不可预知的作用。该方案描述了一种评估吸附在塑料颗粒上的有机氯农药水平的替代方法，并确定了聚合物的化学结构。重点是加压流体萃取和衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱。

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

extraction-organochlorine-pesticides-from-plastic-pellets-plastic

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

11.5K 次观看.  University of Nova Gorica. 微量塑料作为潜在有毒有机污染物的载体，具有不可预知的作用。该方案描述了一种评估吸附在塑料颗粒上的有机氯农药水平的替代方法，并确定了聚合物的化学结构。重点是加压流体萃取和衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱。 

视频: Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

对水样的自动固相萃取小污染物的免疫学分析的简单方法

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

科研

环境科学

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of taxonomic and functional groups in environmental samples. Used in combination with a reverse transcriptase reaction (RT-q-PCR), it can also be employed to quantify gene transcripts. q-PCR makes use of highly sensitive fluorescent detection chemistries that allow quantification of PCR amplicons during the exponential phase of the reaction. Therefore, the biases associated with &#39;end-point&#39; PCR detected in the plateau phase of the PCR reaction are avoided. A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. First, a method for the co-extraction of DNA and RNA from coastal sediments, including the additional steps required for the preparation of DNA-free RNA, is outlined. Second, a step-by-step guide for the quantification of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from the extracted nucleic acids via q-PCR and RT-q-PCR is outlined. This includes details for the construction of DNA and RNA standard curves. Key considerations for the use of RT-q-PCR assays in microbial ecology are included.

A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. The methodology includes the co-extraction of DNA and RNA; preparation of DNA-free RNA; and 16S rRNA gene and transcript quantification via RT-q-PCR, including standard curve construction.

从海岸沉积物和16S量化的rRNA基因和转录同时DNA-RNA提取采用Real-time PCR检测

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a considerable subjective judgment from the operator that carries out the test is involved during its performance, which may affect the final result significantly. Different alternative methods have been put forward, but they cannot compete with the standard rolling test in speed, simplicity and cost.
In an earlier study by the authors, a simple method with a simple device to determine the PL was presented (the &#34;thread bending test&#34; or simply &#34;bending test&#34;); this method allowed the PL to be obtained with minimal operator interference. In the present paper a version of the original bending test is shown. The experimental basis is the same as the original bending test: soil threads which are 3 mm in diameter and 52 mm long are bent until they start to crack, so that both the bending produced and its related moisture content are determined. However, this new version enables the calculation of PL from an equation, so it is not necessary to plot any curve or straight line to obtain this parameter and, in fact, the PL can be achieved with only one experimental point (but two experimental points are recommended).
The PL results obtained with this new version are very similar to those obtained through the original bending test and the standard rolling test by a highly experienced operator. Only in particular cases of high plasticity cohesive soils, there is a greater difference in the result. Despite this, the bending test works very well for all types of soil, both cohesive and very low plasticity soils, where the latter are the most difficult to test via the standard thread rolling method.

The traditional standardized test for determining the plastic limit in soils is performed by hand, and the result varies depending on the operator. An alternative method based on bending measurements is presented in this study. This allows the plastic limit to be obtained with a clear and objective criterion.

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

提取及土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was extracted using six different methods (centrifugation, sonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formamide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formaldehyde with NaOH and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with heat and constant mixing). AGS was collected from a pilot wastewater treatment reactor. The ionic gel-forming property of the extracted EPS of the six different extraction methods was tested with calcium ions (Ca2+). From the six extraction methods used, only the Na2CO3 extraction could solubilize the hydrogel matrix of AGS. The alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE) recovered with this method formed ionic gel beads with Ca2+. The Ca2+-ALE beads were stable in EDTA, formamide with NaOH and formaldehyde with NaOH, indicating that ALE are one part of the structural polymers in EPS. It is recommended to use an extraction method that combines physical and chemical treatment to solubilize AGS and extract structural EPS.

The protocol provides a methodology to solubilize aerobic granular sludge in order to extract alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE).

从好氧颗粒污泥结构胞外聚合物的提取

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

提取和表面活性剂的特性，从大气气溶胶

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were exposed to &#946;-hexachlorocyclohexane (&#946;-HCH) for 24 h at an equivalent dose of internal exposure in general population. Ultrastructure in hepatocytes was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to show the damage of mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was further evaluated by mitochondrial fluorescence intensity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells incubated with &#946;-HCH. The mitochondria fluorescence intensity after stained by mitochondrial green fluorescent probe was observed with a fluorescence microscopy. The luciferin-luciferase reaction was used to determine ATP levels. The MMP was detected by the cationic dye JC-1 and analyzed under flow cytometry. OCR was measured with an extracellular flux analyzer. In summary, these protocols were used in detecting mitochondrial function in hepatocytes with to investigate mitochondria damages.

Understanding the influence of environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on mitochondrial function in hepatocytes is important in exploring the mechanism of OCPs causing metabolic disorders. This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function.

检测暴露于有机氯农药的肝细胞线粒体功能的实验方案

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by ...