作者非常感谢亚当肖特兰和尼古拉. 弗莱在2004年分享了他们的3维超声算法, 这是对本研究中使用的软件开发的启发。

所有涉及人体的程序都已得到荷兰阿姆斯特丹医疗中心医学伦理委员会的批准。
1. 仪器仪表
<ol><li>将超声波设备连接到测量计算机。如果需要, 使用帧抓取硬件和/或软件来存储顺序超声图像。 注: 5 厘米线性阵列探头 (12.5 MHz) 用于生成 B 模式图像 (25 Hz)。在每一个测量, 成像深度, 声学频率, 和功率的优化, 以可视化的界面内外肌肉结缔组织。在测量期间, 这些设置不会更改。</li>
	<li>将MoCap 系统连接到测量计算机。</li>
	<li>将 MoCap 簇标记与超声探头刚性连接, 以跟踪美国探针的位置和方向。</li>
	<li>将同步设备(压电晶体) 连接到 MoCap 系统的触发输入。 注意: 同步设备的激活瞬间激活压电晶体, 向传感器发送声波。接收的声波在系统启动时 (图 1a、箭头) 中的美国图像中创建一个独特的工件。</li>
	<li>用水填充custom-made 校准框(幻像)。</li>
</ol>2. 校准
注意: 执行空间校准, 以从美国图像中计算一个转换矩阵 (到 T,从) 到探测器坐标系统。此校准过程已被描述为以前的22。请参见下面的简短描述。
<ol><li>将幻像装满水, 在一个稳定的表面上放置一个交叉 (即两个淹没的交叉导线), 位于幻像坐标系 (Ph 值xyz 图 1B, 箭头) 内的已知位置。</li>
	<li>用温度计测量水温。</li>
	<li>使用 MoCap 指针工具在全局坐标系 (Gl) 中记录幻像的位置和方向。</li>
	<li>启动美国图像采样并激活 MoCap 数据获取 (在步骤3.3.3 中描述)。</li>
	<li>淹没美国探针 (Pr) 的头在水中。翻译和旋转美国探针为四十年代 (采样在25赫兹) 在所有方向, 维护交叉的能见度在美国图片 (Im)。</li>
	<li>停止数据获取。</li>
	<li>通过识别第一个包含压电晶体创建的工件的美国帧并相应地裁剪美国图像序列 (在步骤3.4.1.1 中描述), 同步 MoCap 数据和美国图像。</li>
	<li>确定相关的美国图像, 其中交叉是清晰可见的, 并跟踪交叉在这些美国图像中的位置 (iImxyz), 并更正水温的位置。</li>
	<li>通过一系列从Ph到pr (公式 1) 在时间实例 (i = 1: n) 对应于步骤2.8 中的交叉标识的转换, 确定交叉相对于移动pr的位置。 <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943eq1v4.jpg">
</li>
	<li>通过解决公式 2, 计算Im到pr转换矩阵 (prTim), 涉及在匹配的时间 (在步骤2.8 中测量) 交叉的所有标识 (i = 1 : n) 交叉在Pr中的坐标 (在步骤2.9 中计算)。 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943eq2v5.jpg">
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 3DUS 算法的示意图(A) 运动捕获 (MoCap) 系统用于跟踪在全局坐标系 (Gl) 内刚性连接到超声探头的标记簇。MoCap 和超声数据的同步是利用 Optotrak 触发压电晶体引入的工件 (箭头) 实现的。(B) 通过识别pr和Im中的已知点, 相对于探头坐标系 (pr), 计算出超声图像坐标系统 (Im) 的位置和方向。为此目的, 一个定制设计的幻影是使用充满水, 持有一个交叉 (即两个淹没交叉导线) 在已知的位置在幻影坐标系 (Ph)。(C) 具有一系列转换, 则在Pr中计算出此已知点。(D) 具有一系列已知转换的完整系列, Im中的图像可以转换为任何体素数组坐标系 (Va)。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
3. 实验协议
注意: 实验协议描述了两个共同执行的协议, 涉及3DUS 成像, 即 GM 和附加 (图 2A) 的计量学。
<ol><li>主题定位
	<ol>
<li>为 GM 实验:<ol>
<li>让受试者趴在一张检查台上, 双脚悬在桌子的边缘。</li>
			<li>通过在胫骨下方放置一个支撑来水平地对齐小腿。用软垫绑扎带将大腿固定在检查台上, 以防止实验方案中的膝关节延长。</li>
			<li>适合被扫描到 custom-made 踏板31的腿脚。</li>
			<li>将 custom-made 扭矩扳手与附加的测连接到踏板31。找到与外部应用的扭矩对应的踏板角度, e. g., 0 Nm (图 2A)。</li>
			<li>通过使用连接到表的可伸缩杆 (图 2A, 箭头), 将踏板固定在与 0 Nm 网背力矩相对应的方向上。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>为实验:<ol>
<li>让受试者仰卧在考试台上。</li>
			<li>设置膝关节屈曲角度 (即作为连接踝外中心与epicondylus 外和后者与大转子少校的线之间的角度), 以60°将小腿置于支架上。</li>
			<li>在臀部下面放置一个三角形的横梁, 以防止臀部运动。</li>
			<li>在实验协议中, 用两个软垫绑扎带将小腿固定在支架上以防止腿部移动。</li>
			<li>将臀部角度 (即作为连接os coracoides与大转子少校之间的线之间的角度, 以及后者与髁外假性) 之间的夹角, 通过更改背部支持的检查表。 注: 此姿势已被选定, 因为它类似于在最佳等距膝关节扩展测量32,33中的关节角。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>骨性地标和感兴趣区域的定位 (ROI) 注: 这是为指导的3D 超声检查和 post-experimental 量化的主体的上腿, 小腿, 和脚的姿势。使用 MoCap 指针工具识别和记录全局坐标系中的解剖骨标志的位置。<ol>
<li>为 GM 实验:<ol>
<li>通过触诊识别下列地标, 并用外科皮肤标记标记: 内侧和外侧股骨上最突出的背侧, 胫骨和腓骨足的中心。</li>
			<li>使用美国设备, 识别和标记使用外科皮肤标记的最肤浅的点内侧和外侧股骨髁 (在腿的背侧) 和最接近的位置上插入 GM 的跟骨。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>用于测量:<ol>
<li>通过触诊识别下列地标, 并用外科皮肤标记标记: 内侧和侧足 (如上所述);最近端插入的髌骨肌腱的粗胫骨;内侧和侧上 (如上);髌骨的顶部和内侧, 近端, 和侧向的插入边界上的髌;和os coracoides在肩膀上。</li>
			<li>识别与美国设备, 并标记最肤浅的方面,大转子主要和最近的插入的, 在大转子少校。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>对于所有肌肉, 使用 MoCap 指针工具记录在全局坐标系中的标记地标 (在3.2.1 和3.2.2 节中描述)。将 MoCap 指针工具移动到已识别的解剖地标, 并使用 MoCap 软件通过按 "记录" 按钮来记录该位置。</li>
		<li>使用超声波识别内侧和外侧肌肉边界;使用外科皮肤标记标记皮肤内侧和侧面的边界。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>3D 超声检查
	<ol>
<li>在3D 超声检查期间, 指示受试者不要移动。</li>
		<li>应用充足的超声凝胶对 ROI, 以确保适当的接触之间的皮肤和美国探头。 注: 这种应用凝胶允许限制探针压力, 从而使组织变形, 以获得清晰的美国形象。</li>
		<li>在测量计算机上打开帧采集软件 (例如, WinDV34), 并通过单击 "记录" 按钮来启动美国图像获取。<ol>
<li>随后, 通过按同步设备上的 "启动" 按钮启动和激活 MoCap 数据获取;这将自动激活位于美国探测器附近的同步设备 (即压电晶体), 在 MoCap 初始化实例 (图 1a、箭头) 中创建美国图像中的独特工件。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在施加最小探头压力同时保证图像质量的同时, 将探头以恒定的速度移动到 ROI 上;这被称为 "扫"。确保清晰的解剖横截面的目标肌肉的美国图像记录。</li>
		<li>检查过程中对主体的运动进行目测;如果主体移动, 则中止扫描并重复步骤3.3.1。</li>
		<li>GM 实验的扫描协议<ol>
<li>将美国探头放在大腿内侧的股骨髁的下部。执行扫描 (如 3.3.1-3.3.5) 在帕西蒙远端方向沿通用汽车的内侧边界, 确保在解剖横断面图像的 gm 和跟腱的内侧边界, 一路向下跟跟骨的插入</li>
			<li>添加额外的扫描 (如 3.3.3-3.3.5 节所述), 直到整个 ROI 被扫描和肌肉内侧边框完全成像 (图 2B)。使用前扫的凝胶中的微量来引导下扫, 略微重叠 (0.5 厘米) 前掠区域。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>扫描协议的实验<ol>
<li>将美国探针放在胫骨平台的侧面。开始扫描在远端近端的方向上方的外侧边界, 以确保可见的侧向边界的, 所有的方式到原点的大转子少校。</li>
			<li>添加额外的扫描 (如第 3.3.3-3.3.5 节所述), 直到整个 ROI 被扫描, 并全面映像的内侧边界 (图 2B)。使用前扫的凝胶中的微量来引导下扫, 略微重叠 (0.5 厘米) 前掠区域。 注意: 在扫描协议中, 由于运动对2D 美国图像在体素阵列中的定位产生负面影响, 因此应防止主体的运动。扫描次数由探头宽度和靶肌肉宽度决定。通常, 探头宽度为4厘米, 肌肉宽度为12或18厘米, 5 或7扫描, 需要分别覆盖包括边界在内的 ROI。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 超声探头在靶肌肉上的实验设置和扫描示意图 (m. 腓肠肌内侧(GM) 设置和m. 股外() 设置).(A) 这两个实验条件的主题的特定联合配置。在绿色中显示的物体可调节以设置四肢的位置和方向。箭头表示用于固定踏板角度的可伸缩杆。(B) 超声探头对感兴趣区域进行多次扫描的路径。蓝色箭头代表单个扫过感兴趣区域。左: 横扫 GM;右: 扫过那一。<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="4"><li>
3D 超声体素阵列重建
	<ol>
<li>重建一个单一的3DUS 体素阵列 (3DUS 图像) 从一个单一的扫描超过皮肤的特定解剖 ROI (如, 肌肉, 肌腱) 通过装箱填充和修复的3DUS 体素数组使用一个自定义脚本。为了重建一个3DUS 的体素阵列, 采取以下 post-experimental 步骤。<ol>
<li>通过识别包含压电晶体创建工件的第一个美国帧并与 VirtualDub 软件35相应地裁剪美国图像序列, 同步 MoCap 数据和美国图像。首先, 将 "帧选择" 滑块放在标识的起始帧上, 然后按键盘上的 "主页" 按钮。接下来, 将滑块移动到测量的末尾 (最后一个皮肤接触), 然后按 "结束" 按钮。按 "F7" 按钮导出裁剪的图像序列。</li>
			<li>使用自定义脚本, 定义可以用 US 图像填充的体素数组 (Va) 坐标系。确保Va按照扫描方向进行定位, 并调整大小以适合所有美国图像中的单个扫描。 注意: 最初, Va由矩形形状的体组成, 在扫描方向上有较长的轴;这种形状提高了灌装效率。</li>
			<li>使用自定义脚本, 将Va中的体分配给美国图像中的像素灰度值。此过程被描述为正向映射或装箱填充 (公式 3;图 1C)23,24。 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943eq3v4.jpg"> 注意: 这将根据图像在 va 坐标系中的方向和位置, 显示在va中的2D 美国图像的正向映射。简而言之, 在时间实例 (i) 中, 一个图像的所有像素的位置 (Imxyz(1:n)) 同时被映射到体素数组中。bin 填充过程只填充寻址体, 使 non-addressed 体为空 (即黑色)。 注意: 指示先前描述的转换矩阵的逆 ( <img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943eq7.jpg"> 即一个Pr到Gl转换矩阵)。</li>
			<li>使用自定义脚本可识别体素数组中的间隙 (即黑色体)。使用二进制图像处理执行以下步骤:<ol>
<li>创建一个装箱填充的二进制像素数组, 其中所有填充的体都被标记。使用相同大小结构元素的二进制图像膨胀和侵蚀, 在扫描区域内标记所有相关的体 (即灰值体)。通过从相关体 (无间隙) 中减去装箱填充的二元体素阵列 (有间隙) 来检测间隙。 注: 随后的膨胀和侵蚀操作是图像处理步骤来完成二进制图像。通过执行这些步骤一个接一个, 外部边界保持, 而内部的差距被删除。</li>
			</ol>
</li>
			<li>使用 "inpaint 过程" 填充已识别的间隙, 并环绕灰色值体36。 注: 此 inpaint 技术可用于: "根据网格"36上的有限差分, 在每个标记的体素上最小化二次导数的平方和, 以平滑插填充间隙。</li>
			<li>通过 "次" 插值使Va的体素尺寸相等, 并将像素数组保存为堆叠的. tiff 图像 (3DUS 图像)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
多重扫描重建
	<ol>
<li>根据相同的Va坐标系重新构造所有单独的扫描 (在3.4 节中描述), 以合并多个扫描。</li>
		<li>创建一个新的Va坐标系统, 调整大小以容纳所有单独的重建扫描。</li>
		<li>将单个va的 step-by 步骤放到较大的va中。如果一个体素已由另一个Va赋值, 则只有在新的体素在8位的刻度上有一个灰色数值 10, 否则这个体素将被覆盖, 否则将丢弃新的体素灰色值。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 肌肉形态变量的测量
<ol><li>
使用医疗交互工具包37 (MITK) 加载3DUS 图像, 并检索肌肉腹的原点、插入位置和远端末端的坐标。
	<ol>
<li>加载3D 图像后, 将切片设置为 "耦合十字线旋转"。将轴与肌肉或骨骼结构对齐以精确地检索坐标。 注: MITK 优于其他3D 成像分析软件的解剖点的评估, 因为它允许快速和交互式的素阵列切片的任何方向 ("耦合十字线旋转"), 促进识别程序。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
为了测量肌肉的体积, 使用 MITK 来确定肌肉腹部的起源和远端之间的肌腹边界。使用内置的 MITK 分割, 以手动分割多个解剖剖面均匀, 分布沿肌肉腹部长度 (图 3A)。
	<ol>
<li>打开 "分割工具" 并创建一个 "新的分割"。开始分割肌肉边界确定在一个横断面的一半沿肌肉腹部。在键盘上按 "a" 添加手动分割, 并按下鼠标左键并在肌肉边界处移动光标。按 ' S ' 删除部分的分割。</li>
		<li>按下所选模式的相应键 (即"A" 或 "S"), 将十字线移动到沿肌肉腹的其他横截面。重复步骤4.2.1 以分割新选定的剖面。重复此步骤至少6次, 然后继续下一步。</li>
		<li>将 "内插" 设置为 "启用", 在所有横截面上检查肌肉边界 (黄线) 的建议分割。</li>
		<li>在所建议的插值分割 (黄线) 与图像中的肌肉边界不匹配的横截面上添加额外的分割。重复步骤4.2.2。</li>
		<li>按 "确认所有切片" 按钮并选择分割的平面。</li>
		<li>将二进制卷保存为几乎原始的光栅数据 (NRRD) 文件, 并使用自定义脚本计算标记的卷大小。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>找到肌肉腹的 mid-longitudinal 簇平面的方向, 包含完整的簇长 (图 3A)38。 注意: mid-longitudinal 平面由三点定义。肌腹的起源和远端是前两点。第三个点被发现在解剖横断面图像的一半之间的起源和远端的肌肉腹部。在这个解剖剖面图中, 前两点之间的中点投射到远端膜的切线上产生第三个点, 与肌肉腹部的起源和远端相结合, 定义了 mid-longitudinal 平面。</li>
	<li>从 mid-longitudinal 平面, 测量的长度在一个预定义的位置之间的肌肉腹部的起源和远端 (如, 50%)。分割肌肉的边界。放置一条线的一半, 并旋转这条线, 直到它匹配的基础束的方向。这条线与肌肉边界的交叉点代表了分册长度的估计 (图 3B)。 注: 以前, 它证明有必要考虑到远端膜38的, 有时是弯曲的方向, 如解剖剖面图 (图 3B) 中所示, 在原点和远端之间采取中途肌肉肚的末端。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 3DUS 分析的示意图(A) 在解剖横断面图像中的目标肌肉边界的识别和分割沿肌肉腹部的一半。实绿线表示 mid-longitudinal 平面的方向 (即定向垂直于远端膜 (蓝色虚线) 的方向。(B) 对分册长度的测量是在 mid-longitudinal 分册平面内进行的。通过确定肌肉边界来分割红色的透明区域。一条虚线的黄色线被放置在肌肉腹部的一半, 旋转直到它与底层的束簇的方向相匹配。这条线与近端和远端 aponeuroses (由厚实的坚实黄色线连接) 的交叉点代表了分册长度的估计。实绿线代表解剖断面平面的位置和方向。顶部: GM (m. 腓肠肌内侧) 和底部: (m. 股外) 肌肉。标度的白色正方形代表 1 cm x 1 cm.<a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

作者没有什么可透露的。

一个有效的和可靠的3DUS 技术被提出, 允许快速分析骨骼肌肉的形态变量。不同的3DUS 方法为软组织成像已经提供了大约十年42,43, 但是3DUS 方法仍然不常用。磁共振成像是一个 "金标准"的估计,在体内肌肉卷 (e. g., 参考16,17,18,19,20。MRI 的有效性已被测试和确认的研究比较的幻影或尸体器官已知的体积, 以 MRI-based 体积估计44,45。然而, 核磁共振成像的研究是有限的, 扫描是费时和昂贵的。此外, 实验性的主体姿势受到了核磁共振扫描仪的钻孔捕捉的限制。典型 MR 图像产生不足的对比度来执行肌肉几何变量的测量 (分册长度和角度)。然而, 3D 肌肉几何也可以使用核磁共振成像的其他技术,例如, DTI 技术21。与 MRI 相似, 美国成像提供了在不同类型组织之间的接口的适当的区别 (即在美国图像中可见), 为软组织容量评估提供有效的方式1,30 ,44,46,47,48,49。与 MRI 相比, 3DUS 图像有足够的对比度来对同一测量中的体积和肌肉几何进行分析。
此外, 该技术还允许将多个扫描图像组合成一个阵列, 用于研究较大的肌肉。这种新的3DUS 方法为肌肉形态学的临床评估提供了一个潜在的工具。这种方法也可用于成像软组织结构以外的肌肉 (如, 肌腱, 内脏器官, 动脉)。
修改以提高脱机处理时间:
3DUS 方法的改进主要是为了改善加工时间和测量较大的肌肉。3DUS 图像的离线处理时间取决于像素数组设置、采样频率、ROI 的大小、扫描的持续时间和速度、扫描次数以及使用的工作站。以前, 重建时间为≈ 2 h 是必要的仅重建一个扫描屈服750美国图片 (三十年代在 25 Hz)15,25,30。使用目前的3DUS 方法, 同样的扫描只需要五十年代重建时间 (将 "离线" 处理时间提高 99%)。这种改进可以用增强的填充算法来解释, 利用大向量运算来填充体帧逐帧, 而不是像素每像素和增加的随机存取存储器 (RAM) 的工作站, 以构建更大的体素阵列。随着新的3DUS 方法, 典型的重建代表 30 cm 的速度为1厘米/秒的扫描长度, 目标体素大小为 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.2 mm3和采样频率为 25 Hz, 需要以下时间来重建:
大约十年代确定同步脉冲并选择相关的美国图像。 b. 近似120s 确定校准转换矩阵 (PrTIm)。 c. 大约十年代为装箱阶段。 d. 大约三十年代执行填补空缺的步骤。
总共, 采取 170s. 注意, 步骤 b 只需要执行一次, 假设 MoCap 标记的刚性连接到探针, 留下五十年代为一次扫描的重建。合并两个单扫重建体素阵列需要大约十年代。
限制和关键步骤:
有几个3DUS 成像方面, 应考虑到:
i.美国图像质量:更高的空间分辨率为2D 的美国图像提供更多的像素放置在体素数组。这将使体素尺寸减少, 从而导致更高的体素密度。目前有几个可用的超声机器使用空间复合来减少噪音颗粒纹理, 使组织界面的无工件区分更好。另一种减少斑点的方法是边缘增强。然而, 应该指出, 这种方法是不可取的, 因为它扭曲了图像, 试图创建不同的接口, 从而歪曲了真正的解剖位置的接口。
(2) MoCap 精度:如果位置传感器精确地量化探头的坐标, 则像素只能精确地放置到体素中。随着图像分辨率的提高, MoCap 精度变得越来越重要。所提出的3DUS 设置最适用于 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.2 mm3的体素维数, 使用一个精度为 0.1 mm 的 MoCap 系统, 为重建3DUS 像素数组提供了足够的精确度。
三.采样频率:美国图像或 MoCap 数据流的最低时间分辨率决定了采样频率。这将影响扫描时间或像素数组设置。例如, 将采样频率从25倍增加到50赫兹, 可以在一半的时间内进行扫描。或者, 不改变扫描速度, 提供更多的图像来填充素阵列, 留下更少的空白, 从而有可能增加体素阵列的分辨率。然而, 增加像素的数组分辨率, 而不增加采样频率, 需要较慢的扫描, 这将增加运动工件的潜力。
iv.图像重建时间:快速重建需要具有足够可用 RAM 的强大工作站。此外, 重建时间的变化很大程度上取决于体素阵列体积和复杂的间隙充填过程。
五、实验协议:实验协议的标准化, 如本研究中所示的, 对于形态学测量 (如: 如、簇长、簇角、肌腹长度, 肌腱长度, 膜长度) 之间的科目和监测在纵向研究的主题。然而, 请注意, 在静止状态下评估的形态学可能在肌肉激活期间改变。例如, 对于 pennation 的实验, 膝关节伸肌形态学在最大的收缩可能显示一个高的角度和较短的束簇在60°膝关节屈曲, 与形态学在休息50。在某些情况下 (e. g, 痉挛), 肌电图 (肌电信号) 可用于验证检查期间的休息肌肉活动水平。
vi.探头压力和组织变形:如果在 ROI 上应用了充足的超声凝胶, 则探头和皮肤之间的完全接触所需的压力仍然有限。作为指导, 我们建议, 扫描一个 ROI 应该感觉像悬停在皮肤上, 和压力应该只适用于保持接触与凝胶和从而皮肤。然而, 轻微的组织变形可能是不可避免的, 即使有大量的超声凝胶。探头尺寸和弯曲的 ROI 会影响所需的压力或凝胶用量。更大的探针尺寸和更弯曲的 roi 需要更多的压力和/或更多的凝胶, 比较小的探针具有类似的弯曲 roi。另一个可能的解决方案是丢弃美国图像的混响 (即皮肤癌-接触) 区域。此外, 组织变形最有可能发生在第一组织层, 如皮肤和皮下脂肪组织层。注意, 很少到皮下脂肪组织的受试者更容易受到压力的不利影响。此外, 组织变形最有可能发生在探针的中心, 这通常不是与其他扫描重叠的区域。
七.成像和解剖知识:使用任何成像方式的另一个重要考虑因素是, 对解剖和成像方式的了解对于获得有意义的解释是必不可少的。在解剖结构的识别过程中, 需要对主体和图像工件之间的解剖变化进行识别和考虑。即使与健康和/或发达的肌肉, 明确的识别可能是困难的, 因为它需要解剖知识, 以区分不同的组成部分之间的一个肌肉或肌肉组51。然而, 在萎缩的肌肉 (即老年人, 在病理或尸体的情况下), 明确的识别是更复杂的, 因为更小的尺寸和减少图像对比度, 因此不太明显的组织接口 (图4).我们相信, 如果没有先验的解剖知识, 我们将会被限制在设计这个3DUS 方法和执行3DUS 测量时做出正确的判断。例如, 对于 GM 实验, 不同的踏板角度并不一定会导致肌肉肌腱复杂长度的预期变化, 因为在脚7的变形。并且详细的解剖学信息关于远端膜的曲率是必要的适当的选择 mid-longitudinal 平面在所有主题38。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 重建的解剖横截面3DUS 图像的变化和质量大腿内侧的股四头肌.(a) 男性尸体的例子显示死亡状态的图像 (死亡年龄:81 岁)。确定股四头肌个别头的边界是困难的。(B) 一个久坐的男性 (年龄为30岁) 的例子。(C) 男性运动员赛艇 (30 岁) 的例子。标度的白色正方形代表 1 cm x 1 cm.<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943fig4large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
未来应用:
3DUS 方法提供了一个成像工具, 可用于体育和诊所的各种目的和设置。在临床干预的有效性是相关的身体素质水平52。使用3DUS 用于监测有丢失肌肉质量风险的患者是很重要的 (例如, 引用53、54、55), 并可能允许调整治疗。另一个潜在的应用3DUS 在于监测肌肉的形态适应 (训练) 和/或伤害。
本协议描述了一种基于手绘3DUS 扫描的人体软组织结构的成本-时间测量方法。此外, 对m. 股外和m. 腓肠肌内侧的有意义的形态学参数的评估证明是有效和可靠的。

在医疗和运动, 关于肌肉形态学的信息是非常宝贵的诊断和/或随访评估后治疗或培训1。超声 (美国) 成像是一种常用的工具, 可视化的软组织结构在肌肉疾病2, 严重疾病3,4, 心血管疾病5, 神经紊乱6, 7,8, 以及物理训练的效果6,9,10。美国成像可以量化的肌肉大小, 簇长度和角度的 pennation。这些形态学变量是重要的决定因素肌肉力量和长度范围的力量发挥11,12,13,14,15。
目前, 美国的成像测量大多是在2D 图像, 考官选择一个推测, 合适的方向和位置的超声波探头。这种2D 方法将形态学测量限制在一个图像平面上, 而感兴趣的参数可能不存在于这个平面中。形态学分析需要3D 的方法, 提供使用3D 参考点的平面测量。这样一个3D 的软组织的形态学表示是已知的提供磁共振成像 (MRI)16,17,18,19,20。然而, MRI 是昂贵的, 并不总是可用。此外, 肌肉纤维的可视化需要特殊的 MRI 序列, 如扩散张量成像 (DTI)21。cost-effective 的替代 MRI 是3D 超声 (3DUS) 成像。3DUS 方法提供了一些优于 MRI 技术的优势,例如, 它在考试中对定位主题施加的空间限制更少。3DUS 成像是一种连续捕获 2D (B 型) 图像并将它们定位到一个体积元素 (体素) 数组22,23,24的技术。3DUS 图像重建过程包括五步骤: (1) 捕获一系列手绘的2D 美国图像;(2) 使用运动捕捉 (MoCap) 系统跟踪美国探针的位置;(3) 同步 MoCap 位置和美国图像;(4) 利用标定的参考系统计算体素阵列内超声图像的位置和方位;(5) 将这些图像放入这个素阵列中。
3DUS 方法已成功应用于骨骼肌形态的评估15,25,26,27,28,29。但是, 以前的方法7、15、25、30都证明了繁琐、耗时和技术上的限制, 因为只有小部分的大肌肉可以重建。
为了改进3DUS 方法, 我们开发了一个新的3DUS 协议, 允许在短时间内重建完整的肌肉。本议定书的文章描述了使用3DUS 成像的形态计量学的m. 股外(附加) 和m. 腓肠肌内侧(GM)。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound device (Technos MPX)</td>
			<td>Esaote, Italy</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear array probe (12.5 Mhz, 5 cm)</td>
			<td>Esaote, Italy</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Workstation (HP Z440)</td>
			<td>HP, USA</td>
			<td>http://www8.hp.com/us/en/workstations/z440.html</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Framegrabber (Canopus, ADVC 300)</td>
			<td>Canopus, Japan</td>
			<td>ADVC 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Capture System (Certus)</td>
			<td>NDI, Canada</td>
			<td>http://www.ndigital.com/msci/products/optotrak-certus/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synchronisation device</td>
			<td>VU, NL</td>
			<td>Contact corresponding author</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration frame</td>
			<td>VU, NL</td>
			<td>Contact corresponding author</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Greisinger, Germarny</td>
			<td>GTH 175/PT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Examination table</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Any examination table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inclinometer</td>
			<td>Lafayette instrument, USA</td>
			<td>ACU001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable Footplate</td>
			<td>VU, NL</td>
			<td>Contact corresponding author</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Torque wrench</td>
			<td>VU, NL</td>
			<td>Contact corresponding author</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extendable rod</td>
			<td>VU, NL</td>
			<td>Contact corresponding author</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goniometer (Gollehon)</td>
			<td>Lafayette instrument, USA</td>
			<td>1135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triangular shaped beam</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Made out a piece of stiff foam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lashing straps</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Any lashing strap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical skin marker</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Any surgical skin marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>Servoson</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>A sticky gel type is recommended</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d ultrasound imaging: fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissue

3D 超声成像 (3DUS) 的发展目标是设计一种对人体肌肉进行3D 形态超声分析的模式。3DUS 图像是由校准的手绘 2D B 型超声图像, 这是定位到一个体素阵列。超声 (美国) 成像允许定量的肌肉大小, 簇长度, 和角度的 pennation。这些形态学变量是重要的决定因素的肌肉力量和长度范围的力量消耗。所介绍的协议描述了一种确定m. 股外和m. 腓肠肌内侧的体积和簇长的方法。3DUS 使用3D 解剖学参考促进标准化。这种方法提供了一种快速和 cost-effective 的方法来量化3D 形态学的骨骼肌肉。在医疗和运动, 关于肌肉形态计量学的信息是非常宝贵的诊断和/或后续评估后, 治疗或培训。

所描述的3DUS 技术被用来收集四男性尸体, 死亡年龄76.8 ±7.9 岁 (平均± SD) 的 GM 和的形态数据。尸体是通过 Vrije 天主教医学中心 (VUmc), 荷兰阿姆斯特丹的解剖和神经科学部的捐赠计划获得的。这些尸体是用防腐方法保存的, 目的是保持组织的形态学特征39。
在解剖之前, 根据所描述的方法, 对 GM 和中度的3DUS 图像进行了分析。在解剖过程中, 皮肤, 皮下组织, 和筋覆盖的 GM 和注射被删除。mid-longitudinal 部分被切断, 考虑到远端膜的方向。使用卡尺, 测量的分册长度, 中途之间的起源和远端的肌肉腹部。随后, 切断后, 肌肉腹部被解剖和淹没在一个校准水柱。使用 ImageJ, 体积测量的照片的水柱与没有肌肉腹部, 和肌肉体积计算从差异40。测量了三倍的束长和体积, 计算了平均和标准偏差值。标准的有效性之间的3DUS 方法和解剖测量使用皮尔逊的相关性, 平均簇长和肌肉体积。使用 two-way 混合模型内部相关系数 (ICC33)41, 并在数据的对数转换之后, 对3DUS 方法导出的簇长度和体积测量的内部评分器的可靠性进行了量化,计算了变异系数 (CV)。各束长度和肌肉体积测量的有效性证实了显著和高相关性 (r = 0.998, p < 0.01 和 r = 0.985, p < 0.01, 分别)。3DUS 方法所导出的分册长度和体积测量的内部评分员的可靠性很高 (icc33 0.983、cv 7.3% 和 icc33 0.998、cv 5.4% 分别)。得出的结论是, 3DUS 方法是一个有效和可靠的工具, 体积和分册长度评估的人和 GM (表 1)。
<img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55943/55943table1.jpg"> 表 1:尸体验证数据c# 是尸体编号, GM 是m. 腓肠肌内侧, 是m. 股外。"解剖" 显示的结果从尸体解剖, "3DUS" 显示的结果从3DUS 图像分析的尸体。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue at JoVE.com

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

3D 超声成像 (3DUS) 允许快速和 cost-effective 的肌骨骼组织形态计量学。我们提出了一个协议来测量肌肉体积和分册长度使用3DUS。

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

3d-ultrasound-imaging-fast-cost-effective-morphometry-musculoskeletal

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

22.9K 次观看.  Amsterdam Movement Sciences. 3D 超声成像 (3DUS) 允许快速和 cost-effective 的肌骨骼组织形态计量学。我们提出了一个协议来测量肌肉体积和分册长度使用3DUS。

视频: 3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

小鼠超声心动图和超声成像

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

科研

医学

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

小鼠膈肌功能诊断超声成像

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

鼠标颈淋巴结高频超声成像

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with distinct functions and gene expression profiles. The roles of microglial activation in health, injury and disease remain incompletely understood due to their dynamic and complex regulation in response to changes in their microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to non-invasively monitor and analyze changes in microglial activation over time in the intact organism. In vivo studies of microglial activation have been delayed by technical limitations to tracking microglial behavior without altering the CNS environment. This has been particularly challenging during chronic neurodegeneration, where long-term changes must be tracked. The retina, a CNS organ amenable to non-invasive live imaging, offers a powerful system to visualize and characterize the dynamics of microglia activation during chronic disorders.
This protocol outlines methods for long-term, in vivo imaging of retinal microglia, using confocal ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and CX3CR1GFP/+ reporter mice, to visualize microglia with cellular resolution. Also, we describe methods to quantify monthly changes in cell activation and density in large cell subsets (200-300 cells per retina). We confirm the use of somal area as a useful metric for live tracking of microglial activation in the retina by applying automated threshold-based morphometric analysis of in vivo images. We use these live image acquisition and analyses strategies to monitor the dynamic changes in microglial activation and microgliosis during early stages of retinal neurodegeneration in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. This approach should be useful to investigate the contributions of microglia to neuronal and axonal decline in chronic CNS disorders that affect the retina and optic nerve.

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia activation and microgliosis are key responses to chronic neurodegeneration. Here, we present methods for in vivo, long-term visualization of retinal CX3CR1-GFP+ microglial cells by confocal ophthalmoscopy, and for threshold and morphometric analyses to identify and quantify their activation. We monitor microglial changes during early stages of age-related glaucoma.

视网膜胶质细胞活化的体内动力学在神经退行性疾病:共聚焦成像眼底及细胞形态计量小鼠青光眼

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with ...

3D Whole-heart Myocardial Tissue Analysis

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other biologicals that enhance angio- or vasculogenesis into the infarct border zone (IBZ), tissue perfusion is improved, and the myocardium can be protected from further damage. For maximum therapeutic effect, it is hypothesized that the regenerative substance is best delivered to the IBZ. This requires accurate injections and has led to the development of new injection techniques. To validate these new techniques, we have designed a validation protocol based on myocardial tissue analysis. This protocol includes whole-heart myocardial tissue processing that enables detailed two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the cardiac anatomy and intramyocardial injections. In a pig, myocardial infarction was created by a 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Four weeks later, a mixture of a hydrogel with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) and fluorescent beads was injected in the IBZ using a minimally-invasive endocardial approach. 1 h after the injection procedure, the pig was euthanized, and the heart was excised and embedded in agarose (agar). After the solidification of the agar, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), slicing of the heart, and fluorescence imaging were performed. After image post-processing, 3D analysis was performed to assess the IBZ targeting accuracy. This protocol provides a structured and reproducible method for the assessment of the targeting accuracy of intramyocardial injections into the IBZ. The protocol can be easily used when the processing of scar tissue and/or validation of the injection accuracy of the whole heart is desired.

This protocol describes a novel method for the 3D comparison of whole-heart myocardial tissue with MRI. This is designed for the accurate assessment of intramyocardial injections in the infarct border zone of a chronic porcine model of myocardial infarction.

3D全心脏心肌组织分析

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other ...

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) used as 3D lung tissue cultures (3D-LTCs) represent an elegant and biologically highly relevant 3D cell culture model, which highly resemble in situ tissue due to their complexity, biomechanics and molecular composition. Tissue slicing is widely applied in various animal models. 3D-LTCs derived from human PCLS can be used to analyze responses to novel drugs, which might further help to better understand the mechanisms and functional effects of drugs in human tissue. The preparation of PCLS from surgically resected lung tissue samples of patients, who experienced lung lobectomy, increases the accessibility of diseased and peritumoral tissue. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of human PCLS from surgically resected soft-elastic patient lung tissue. Agarose was introduced into the bronchoalveolar space of the resectates, thus preserving lung structure and increasing the tissue&#39;s stiffness, which is crucial for subsequent slicing. 500 &#181;m thick slices were prepared from the tissue block with a vibratome. Biopsy punches taken from PCLS ensure comparable tissue sample sizes and further increase the amount of tissue samples. The generated lung tissue cultures can be applied in a variety of studies in human lung biology, including the pathophysiology and mechanisms of different diseases, such as fibrotic processes at its best at (sub-)cellular levels. The highest benefit of the 3D-LTC ex vivo model is its close representation of the in situ human lung in respect of 3D tissue architecture, cell type diversity and lung anatomy as well as the potential for assessment of tissue from individual patients, which is relevant to further develop novel strategies for precision medicine.

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures 3D-LTCs for Disease Modeling

Here, we present a protocol for the preparation of agarose-filled human precision-cut lung slices from resected patient tissue that are suitable for generating 3D lung tissue cultures to model human lung diseases in biological and biomedical studies.

用于疾病建模的人三维肺组织培养 (3D-LTCs) 的生成

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) ...

Use of 3D Robotic Ultrasound for In Vivo Analysis of Mouse Kidneys

Common modalities for in vivo imaging of rodents include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). Each method has limitations and advantages, including availability, ease of use, cost, size, and the use of ionizing radiation or magnetic fields. This protocol describes the use of 3D robotic US for in vivo imaging of rodent kidneys and heart, subsequent data analysis, and possible research applications. Practical applications of robotic US are the quantification of total kidney volume (TKV), as well as the measurement of cysts, tumors, and vasculature. Although the resolution is not as high as other modalities, robotic US allows for more practical high throughput data collection. Furthermore, using US M-mode imaging, cardiac function may be quantified. Since the kidneys receive 20%-25% of the cardiac output, assessing cardiac function is critical to the understanding of kidney physiology and pathophysiology.

Use of 3D Robotic Ultrasound for In Vivo Analysis of Mouse Kidneys

This protocol demonstrates robotic ultrasound (US) as a practical, cost-effective, and quick alternative to traditional non-invasive image modalities.

使用3D机器人超 声进行小鼠 肾脏体内分析

Common modalities for in vivo imaging of rodents include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ...

Drug Treatment by Central Venous Catheter in a Mouse Model of Angiotensin II Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Monitoring by 3D Ultrasound

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse models, are applied to advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Testing novel drug candidates to block AAA growth in these models generally requires repeated drug administration during the time course of the experiment. Here, we describe a compiled protocol for AAA induction, insertion of an intravenous catheter to facilitate prolonged therapy, and serial AAA monitoring by 3D ultrasound. Aneurysms are induced in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice by angiotensin II release over 28 days from osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously into the mouse back. Subsequently, the surgical procedure for external jugular vein catheterization is conducted to allow for daily intravenous drug treatment or repeated blood sampling via a subcutaneous vascular access button. Despite the two dorsal implants, the monitoring of AAA development is readily facilitated by sequential semi-automated 3D ultrasound analysis, which yields comprehensive information on the expansion of aortic diameter and volume and on aneurysm morphology, as illustrated by experimental examples.

This protocol describes the consecutive implantation of an osmotic pump to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm by angiotensin II release in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice and of a vascular access port with a jugular vein catheter for repeated drug treatment. Monitoring of aneurysm development by 3D ultrasound is effectively conducted despite dorsal implants.

血管紧张素II诱导的腹主动脉瘤小鼠模型中中心静脉导管的药物治疗及3D超声监测

Since pharmaceutical treatment options are lacking in the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), animal models, in particular mouse ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

在高尔夫挥杆期间使用亮度模式超声波提供视觉生物反馈

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

小鼠超声心动图和超声成像

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

小鼠膈肌功能诊断超声成像

鼠标颈淋巴结高频超声成像

视网膜胶质细胞活化的体内动力学在神经退行性疾病:共聚焦成像眼底及细胞形态计量小鼠青光眼

3D全心脏心肌组织分析

用于疾病建模的人三维肺组织培养 (3D-LTCs) 的生成

使用3D机器人超声进行小鼠肾脏体内分析

血管紧张素II诱导的腹主动脉瘤小鼠模型中中心静脉导管的药物治疗及3D超声监测

在高尔夫挥杆期间使用亮度模式超声波提供视觉生物反馈

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

小鼠超声心动图和超声成像

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

小鼠膈肌功能诊断超声成像

鼠标颈淋巴结高频超声成像

视网膜胶质细胞活化的体内动力学在神经退行性疾病:共聚焦成像眼底及细胞形态计量小鼠青光眼

3D全心脏心肌组织分析

用于疾病建模的人三维肺组织培养 (3D-LTCs) 的生成

使用3D机器人超 声进行小鼠 肾脏体内分析

血管紧张素II诱导的腹主动脉瘤小鼠模型中中心静脉导管的药物治疗及3D超声监测

在高尔夫挥杆期间使用亮度模式超声波提供视觉生物反馈

使用3D机器人超声进行小鼠肾脏体内分析