这项工作是由欧普通基金G110和生物医学研究和OSU-HRS基金013000的卓越研究基金的资助。作者要感谢陈劳伦为她协助编制本手稿。

所有涉及动物受试者的程序获得批准，并按照和遵守美国俄亥俄州立大学实验动物管理和使用委员会（IACUC）规例及指引完成。 1，鼠标麻醉<ol><li>建立一个干净的过程表与等温加热垫裹在手术巾。加热垫应保持在30℃和34℃下，以稳定动物的核心温度，同时降低潜在的应力的动物。 </li><li>把鼠标在麻醉诱导室使用以下参数:氧流量为1.5升/分钟和异氟烷蒸发器设定为3.5％。完整的镇静应该采取在1-2分钟的地方。如果一个感应腔不可用，钟罩可以用于金属丝网安置在底部，以避免与异氟醚直接接触动物。 </li><li>立即从感应室移开鼠标，一旦它完全麻醉（实现当鼠标自愿丧失运动功能）。应用鼻锥的动物进行麻醉维持。氧流量应减少到约0.5升/分钟和异氟烷蒸发器应为1.5〜2.5％的范围内进行设定。 <ol><li>取少量眼药膏直接到眼角膜，以减轻眼睛干燥8。另外，在麻醉过程中，鼠标应保持无踏板屈腿反射时，粘膜应保持一个粉红色的颜色，呼吸应该会出现稳定。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，准备诊断超声波扫描程序<ol><li>抑制小鼠的每个腿在加热过程表具有一个可移动的粘合剂，如外科胶带。 </li><li>使用电动剃须刀，去除腹部和半山腰胸腔之间的腹面体表的毛发。申请脱毛膏进一步再将剩余的头发不被剃刀切割。擦掉霜后2-3分钟潮湿的纱布垫。 </li><li>用微湿的纱布垫去除多余的毛发，并用70％酒精或同等防腐清洁剃光区域。超声波探头将被应用到该区域的可视化隔膜的功能。局部用镇痛药可被提供给动物经历轻微的皮肤刺激因脱毛。 </li></ol> 3，诊断超声成像协议<ol><li>把超声设备上，并通过百分比调整输出功率（如果需要）上的装置，以获得最佳的分辨率。 </li><li>超声设备设置为B（亮度）模式，M（运动）模式，或两者之前成像，其允许鼠标隔膜收缩适当的可视化。 </li><li>取少量超声波凝胶对鼠标的上腹部按摩对胸腔凝胶。 </li><li>把超在这方面，向上的角度向对方的心脏声换能器。调节探头，直到图像的一个优化的分辨率实现的。注:此协议，微凸阵或线相控阵换能器是一种理想的探头使用，由于占地面积小和优良的轴向分辨率9;频率需要跨越带宽进行调整，并为这些实验的范围6.5-12兆赫可以使用。 </li><li>按FREEZE按钮临时保存隔膜图像并查看所选择的收缩。 </li><li>保存的记录作为电影回放，这使得购买膈肌偏移以及呼吸速率的测量。注:图像的帧可以保存在计算机存储器或外部硬盘驱动器上，供日后分析9。 <ol><li>精确测量膜片运动从松弛的深度使用电子卡尺是超声波软件的一部分收缩。 </li><li>转换电影回放文件转换为MPEG文件，并在记录期间计数膈肌收缩的次数决定了呼吸速率。可替代地，每分钟（呼吸率）收缩的数目可以从M模式图像计数。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，麻醉后动物恢复<ol><li>鼠标应该完全从麻醉1小时内恢复。不要让动物无人看管，直到它已恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧。 </li></ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+imaging:+principles+and+applications+in+rodent+research.">Ultrasound imaging: principles and applications in rodent research.</a> ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 42, 233-247 (2001).</li><li>Morenz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+air+trapping+in+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+by+low+frequency+ultrasound.">Detection of air trapping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by low frequency ultrasound.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12, 8 (2012).</li><li>Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Ann Callahan, L., Sumandea, M. P., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+causes+diaphragm+weakness+in+murine+models+of+cancer+chemotherapy.">Doxorubicin causes diaphragm weakness in murine models of cancer chemotherapy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 43, 94-102 (2011).</li><li>Ferreira, L. F., Campbell, K. S., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+sulfur-containing+antioxidants+in+delaying+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43, 1025-1031 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, L., Clanton, T. 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F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

当前的实验方案开发专用于在小鼠模型中的活动隔膜诊断超声成像技术通过非侵入式体内的方法。麻醉装置的设置是近似值，其可以稍微调整每个动物自小鼠个体可能对麻醉的反应不同。为了防止不当的麻醉管理，定期监察鼠标的生命体征，包括心脏速率，呼吸速率，体温是很重要的。此外，头发之前必须超声波扫描被删除，因为未刮脸的头发可能会模糊的图像，并防止隔膜收缩的准确可?...

最近，诊断超声成像技术已被应用到的肾血管性高血压和胰腺癌1,2小鼠模型。然而，这些技术还没有被广泛应用在啮齿动物呼吸肌功能测定法。因此，我们开发了一个诊断超声成像方法作为隔膜的流动性在小鼠体内纵向评估的重要工具。 有几个优点诊断超声成像。例如，它是无创的，安全，便携，并允许以相对低的成本3的实时测量。特别是，某些低频超声设备能够探测到空气滞留，慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）与轻度至重度的气流受限4的临床特征。因此，诊断超声成像可作为实时监控的方便和可重复性的检查方法<html>呼吸系统疾病。 诊断超声成像技术经常被应用到更大的动物或人体实验对象。然而，一直在小鼠模型超声成像的研究，这可能是由于在小规模的主题进行超声波挑战的数量有限。当前协议概括了一种新颖的方法，用于测量膜片功能的鼠标。此外，虽然有过对膈肌功能几个啮齿动物的研究，大多数结果是通过直接从动物安乐死5-7隔离肌条产生。与此相反，使用体内诊断超声成像的方法，用于分析隔膜的活性会降低牺牲用于实验动物的数量。此外，围绕提升隔膜收缩，长期治疗可准确地通过超声在啮齿类动物模型评估在不牺牲动物。 ntent"&gt;在我们的实验室，我们已经开发了一种有效的方法用于可视化以及使用超声波机，这有助于膈肌功能的理解在体内 ，避免了侵入性的方法，以动物，并协助治疗的发展分析小鼠膈肌活动治疗呼吸功能障碍。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

啮齿类动物呼吸骨骼肌功能分析，尤其是隔膜，通常是使用微创外科手术分离肌条执行。尽管这是评估在体外膈肌活动的一种有效的方法，它涉及非存活手术。的非侵入性超声成像作为体内过程的应用是有益的，因为它不仅降低了动物的数量处死，但也适合用于监测疾病的进展在活体小鼠。因此，我们的超声成像方法可能会有助于新型疗法，缓解肌肉损伤引起的各种呼吸系统疾病的发展。特别地，在阻塞性肺疾病的临床诊断，超声成像具有与其它标准测试结合使用，以检测早期发作的隔膜肌肉疲劳的可能性。在目前的协议中，我们描述了如何准确地评估隔膜contracti利蒂在使用诊断超声成像技术的小鼠模型。

鼠标膜片的一个典型的超声波图像显示在图1A中 。鼠标膜片最大垂直位移记录。这个距离计算通过使用电子卡尺是超声波软件。 表1显示从三个不同的小鼠膈肌收缩这些距离测量的一部分精确测量膜片运动的深度放松收缩。在电影回放的文件转换成MPEG文件后，呼吸速率是由在一个六第二记录期间计数膈收缩的数目来确定。该分析可以使用B模式来执行。或者，M-模式提供的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

诊断超声成像已经被证明是有效的诊断在人类和动物对象的各种呼吸系统疾病。我们证明了左博士的实验室用于分析膜片动力学特别是在小鼠模型进行全面的超声波协议。这也是一种非侵入性研究的技术，它可以提供对小鼠呼吸肌功能的定量信息。

小鼠膈肌功能诊断超声成像

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K 次观看.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine. 诊断超声成像已经被证明是有效的诊断在人类和动物对象的各种呼吸系统疾病。我们证明了左博士的实验室用于分析膜片动力学特别是在小鼠模型进行全面的超声波协议。这也是一种非侵入性研究的技术，它可以提供对小鼠呼吸肌功能的定量信息。 

视频: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

小鼠超声心动图和超声成像

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

科研

医学

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

艺术颅超声成像在新生儿的状态

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

鼠标颈淋巴结高频超声成像

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

血管内皮功能的超声评估:血流介导的舒张试验的技术指导原则

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

男性和女性盆腔器官脱垂的磁共振成像对左旋的定量研究

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

心脏磁共振评估疑似心脏血栓:常规和新兴技术

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

近红外光免疫疗法为小鼠模型的胸膜传播

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

介入诊断程序:冠状动脉血管功能评估实用指南

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

一种生成周期负荷诱导的大鼠膝关节内软骨病变模型的非侵入性方法

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...