这项工作得到了973计划 (2014CB943002) 和中国国家自然科学基金 (11534013, 31500841) 赠款的支持。

所有涉及动物学科的实验性协议均由南方医科大学动物伦理委员会批准。
1. 准备实验解决方案
<ol><li>准备麻醉剂 (参见材料表): 1.5% 戊巴比妥钠溶解在 ddH2O。</li>
	<li>准备解剖解决方案 (参见材料表): 在 ddH2的1升中溶解一袋 Leiboviz 的 L-15 粉, o 将 pH 值调整为 7.3, 用1米氢氧化钠。使用前使用 osmometer 和 10 mM HEPES 将渗透调整为 300-330 mOsm。</li>
	<li>溶出2毫克/毫升胶原酶 IV (参见材料表) 在步骤1.2 中制备的解剖溶液中。</li>
	<li>准备染色解决方案 (参见材料表): 将4% 多聚甲醛溶解在磷酸盐缓冲盐水 (PBS) 中。 注意: 多聚甲醛有毒;穿戴适当的保护。</li>
	<li>稀释0.3% 渗透剂在 PBS。将 PBS 中的10% 正常山羊血清稀释为阻塞缓冲液。在阻塞缓冲器中稀释 prestin 抗体1:200。在阻塞缓冲器中稀释 Alexa488-conjugated 抗体1:600。在 PBS 中稀释罗丹明-四甲基罗丹明 B 异硫氰酸酯1:200。</li>
	<li>准备胞外溶液 (参见材料表): 准备 Leiboviz 的 L-15 介质, 如上文所述 (步骤 1.2)。</li>
	<li>准备细胞内溶液 (参见材料表)。</li>
</ol>2. ABR 记录
注意: 以前的研究9中已经详细描述了 ABR 记录。
<ol><li>麻醉大 (SD) 大鼠 (1-14 天的老幼崽和2月大的成年人, 两性) 与单一注射1.5% 戊巴比妥钠 (22 毫克/千克为幼崽和30毫克/公斤成人, 腹腔 (ip))。</li>
	<li>将麻醉动物放入聚乙烯泡沫霉菌中, 使动物的身体固定。将动物放在隔音室的防振台上。用暖气垫把动物的体温保持在37.5 摄氏度。</li>
	<li>用 70% (卷/卷) 乙醇擦拭头部区域。使用细剪刀, 使1-2 毫米切口延髓到外部耳廓放置参考电极或地面。真皮下针电极 (记录电极) 位于头骨顶点 (图 1A)。</li>
	<li>使用函数发生器, 产生校准的音调爆发 (1 毫秒上升/下降, 3 ms 高原) 的各种频率 (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 和32赫) 和强度 (从85分贝到10分贝在 5 db 步骤)。手动或使用计算机改变频率和振幅。通过一个位于10厘米处的静电扬声器向动物头部传递声音刺激。</li>
	<li>过滤器 (100-1, 000 Hz), 放大和平均 (256 倍) 的声音产生的潜力使用多功能处理器获得 ABRs。ABR 跟踪被在线监视并存储以进行离线分析。从一个动物那里完成 ABR 记录需要大约40分钟。 注: 通常, 三到七峰 (波 I 到波 VII) 的潜伏期小于15毫秒, 可以识别 (图 1B)。ABR 阈值定义为可以检测到波 I 和 II 的最小声级。</li>
	<li>弄死在动物醒之前从麻醉 (与腹腔注射0.3 毫升1.5% 戊巴比妥钠)。</li>
</ol>3. Corti (OC) 解剖机构
<ol><li>麻醉鼠崽。对于不到6天的老鼠 (< P6), 将动物放在100毫米的培养皿中, 用冰覆盖盘子10分钟。对于老鼠 > P6, 麻醉的动物与单一注射1.5% 戊巴比妥钠 (22 毫克/千克, ip)。麻醉后斩首鼠幼崽。</li>
	<li>用 70% (卷/卷) 乙醇喷雾消毒头部。</li>
	<li>用剪刀将头骨沿矢状中线打开;去掉大脑, 露出内耳。</li>
	<li>把内耳转成一个35毫米的培养皿, 里面装满3毫升冰冷的 L-15 (图 2A)。</li>
	<li>在解剖显微镜下, 使用细钳去除耳蜗骨胶囊 (图 2B)。</li>
	<li>从蜗轴中打开 OC 和相关的纹耳蜗 (SV)。</li>
	<li>通过将 sv 的基底部分与镊子保持在一起, 完全通过从基到顶点 (图 2C) 慢慢展开来将 OC 与 SV 分开。</li>
	<li>使用细剪刀将 OC 均匀地切成三块 (图 2D)。</li>
</ol>4. 免疫荧光染色
<ol><li>通过使用200µL 吸管尖端, 将 OC (步骤 3.8) 的段转移到玻璃滑块上, 然后用100µL 4% 多聚甲醛, 在4摄氏度上修复至少4小时。 注意: 多聚甲醛有毒;穿戴适当的保护。</li>
	<li>用100µL 的新鲜 PBS 取代多聚甲醛来冲洗组织。把纸巾洗三次, 10 分钟。</li>
	<li>室温下在 PBS 中用0.3% 通透剂孵化组织, 室温30分钟。</li>
	<li>在 pbs 中丢弃渗透剂, 用 pbs 清洗组织三次。</li>
	<li>在室温下, 在 PBS 中用10% 正常山羊血清阻断1小时。</li>
	<li>在室温或4摄氏度时, 用抗 prestin-C 终点抗体 (1:200) 在2小时的阻塞溶液中孵化。</li>
	<li>用 PBS 洗三次, 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>用 Alexa488-conjugated 次生抗体 (1:600) 在室温下的1小时的阻塞溶液中孵化。</li>
	<li>在黑暗中用 PBS 洗三次, 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>用罗丹明-罗丹明 (1:200) 在室温下在黑暗中孵育10分钟。</li>
	<li>在黑暗中用 PBS 洗三次, 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>安装在带有安装介质的玻璃滑梯上 (含 DAPI)。使用 405 nm、488 nm 和 594 nm 激光的共焦显微图像。将激光功率设置为 0.1-0.5 兆瓦, 扫描速度为0.5 帧/秒。</li>
</ol>5. 隔离 OHCs 的膜片钳记录
<ol><li>使用吸管拉拔和微伪造器, 使修补吸管与尖端直径2-3 µm. 背部填充吸管细胞内的溶液。通常, 在浴缸溶液中, 贴片吸管的初始电阻为 2.5-3.5 MΩ。</li>
	<li>通过使用200µL 吸管尖端, 将 OC 的一块 (从步骤 3.8) 转移到35毫米培养皿中。用100µL 酶消化培养基 (胶原酶 IV, 参见材料表) 在室温下5分钟消化组织。</li>
	<li>用100µL 的 L-15 取代酶消化培养基。用微型手术刀将组织切成小块, 以隔离毛发细胞。</li>
	<li>经过温和的吹打, 将细胞转移到自制的小塑料室 (直径 ~ 1.5 厘米), 填充无酶浴溶液 (~ 1.5 毫升, 见材料表)。</li>
	<li>把房间放在倒置显微镜的舞台上。找到健康出现的孤独 OHCs。</li>
	<li>将贴片吸管加载到700B 放大器的头部阶段。小心地移动机器人, 并将其定位在外发单元格的底部 (图 3A)。</li>
	<li>全细胞贴片通过封闭细胞体的外侧壁来夹紧 OHC。应用轻吸, 直到细胞膜破裂。设置保持电位在-70 mV。具有接触阻力的细胞从10到 17 MΩ, 膜阻力范围从100到 500 MΩ, 被认为是一个成功的全细胞构型。</li>
	<li>使用计算机控制, 应用极化和去极化型电压 (250 毫秒的持续时间和范围从−140到 +94 mv 在 13 mv 步骤) 到细胞, 以引出全细胞电流。</li>
	<li>放大整个细胞电流, 过滤器 (5 赫的角频率) 由700B 放大器。将数据转换为1440A 转换器并存储为离线分析。</li>
	<li>用膜片钳软件控制的两个正弦波电压刺激协议测量 OHCs 的膜电容。将刺激电压范围设置为-140 到 110 mV。存储数据以进行离线分析。</li>
</ol>

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S. a. n. t. o. s. -., J, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+in+to+the+amazing+outer+hair+cell:+membrane+wizardry+with+a+twist+and+shout.">Tuning in to the amazing outer hair cell: membrane wizardry with a twist and shout.</a> J Membr Biol. 209, 119-134 (2006).</li><li>Dallos, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cochlear+amplification,+outer+hair+cells+and+prestin.">Cochlear amplification, outer hair cells and prestin.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 18, 370-376 (2008).</li><li>Zheng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prestin+is+the+motor+protein+of+cochlear+outer+hair+cells.">Prestin is the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells.</a> Nature. 405, 149-155 (2000).</li><li>Abe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+expression+of+the+outer+hair+cell+motor+prestin+in+the+mouse.">Developmental expression of the outer hair cell motor prestin in the mouse.</a> J Membr Biol. 215, 49-56 (2007).</li><li>Waguespack, J., Salles, F. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

在11岁以下的老鼠中, 听觉皮层可能没有反应出对声音刺激的动作电位6,7。因此, 后天11被描述为 "听觉发作"10。听力发病前听力功能的发展尚未得到很好的研究。使用类似的方法, 成人 ABR 记录, 我们证明, ABRs 可以引起的纯音调爆裂的鼠幼崽比 P11 (图 1)。然而, 从大鼠幼崽获得的 ABR 波形显示出与成年动物不同的特?...

耳蜗感觉毛细胞的两个不同功能是哺乳动物听觉的关键: mechanoelectric 转导 (见) 和 electromotility1,2。通过在发束中遇到的通道, IHCs (IHCs) 和 OHCs 将声音振动转换成膜电位的变化, 以及支配螺旋神经节神经元的电信号。OHCs 改变其细胞长度与膜电位, 放大低电平声音的振动。这种活动称为 electromotility 是由位于 OHCs3侧壁的运动蛋白 prestin 所衍生。
在许多物种中, 包括啮齿类动物, 听觉功能是不成熟的早期出生的时代4,5。在听觉皮层中, 在听觉皮质上没有任何动作电位可以检测到声音信号6,7。耳蜗的形态学和功能的发展已被广泛研究的老鼠, 沙鼠, 鼠4,5,8。毛发细胞的 mechanotransduction 和 electromotility 也在早期生命世纪的5中发展起来。
为评价大鼠不同出生年龄的听觉敏感性, 研制了一种听觉脑干反应 (ABR) 记录方法。全细胞贴片钳是研究 OHCs electrophysiologically 的理想技术。然而, 与神经元和其他上皮细胞中的膜片钳相比, 全细胞封闭率低, 限制了孤立 OHCs electromotility 的调查。
在这里, 我们描述了一个程序, 以调查 OHCs 的形态和 electrophysiologically 在急性分离的耳蜗从产后大鼠。该方法可对调节内毛细胞发育和功能的分子机制进行改进。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3761</td>
			<td>1.5% in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiboviz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41300-039</td>
			<td>1 pack in 1 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5138</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL in L-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostaining solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>PH 7.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td>4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>ZS-0694</td>
			<td>0.3% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10000C</td>
			<td>10% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>prestin antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-22694</td>
			<td>dil 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td>dil 1:600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td>dil 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>C0060</td>
			<td>dil 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extracellular solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiboviz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41300-039</td>
			<td>1 pack in 1 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intracellular solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CsCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7647-17-8</td>
			<td>140 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>67-42-5</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmometer</td>
			<td>Gonotec</td>
			<td>OSMOMAT 3000 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forcep</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td>Tweezers dumont</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MODLE-P97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Forge</td>
			<td>Narishigen</td>
			<td>MF-830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Operating System</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-Noise Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES1 speaker</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TDT system 3</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SigGenRP software</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioSigRP software</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>jClamp</td>
			<td>Scientific Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD rat</td>
			<td>Experimental Animal Center of Southern Medical University</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

auditory brainstem response and outer hair cell whole-cell patch clamp recording in postnatal rats

外毛细胞是哺乳动物耳蜗内两种感觉毛细胞之一。它们通过受体电位改变细胞长度, 放大低电平声信号的弱振动。OHCs 外毛细胞的形态和电生理特性在产后早期发育。外毛细胞的成熟可能有助于听觉系统的发展。然而, OHCs 的发展过程还没有得到很好的研究。这部分是由于难以用电生理方法来测量它们的功能。为了开发一种简单的方法来解决上述问题, 我们在这里描述了一步一步的协议, 以研究 OHCs 在急性离型耳蜗从产后大鼠的功能。通过这种方法, 我们可以对纯色调刺激的耳蜗反应进行评价, 并对 OHCs 中运动蛋白 prestin 的表达水平和功能进行研究。该方法也可用于研究内毛细胞 (IHCs)。

ABR 可以从7岁以上的麻醉鼠幼崽 (P7) 使用纯音调爆发 (图 1A) 中诱发。如图 1B所示, 从鼠幼崽获得的 ABR 波形仅显示三到四个小振幅的不同波。通常在成年动物的 ABR 波形中观察到七峰值 (图 1B)。
对于以下染色和电生理测量, 大鼠内耳从颞骨进行了新的解剖。我们...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats at JoVE.com

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

本协议描述的方法, 记录的听觉脑干反应的产后鼠幼崽。为研究外发细胞的功能发育情况, 本文分步介绍了全细胞膜片钳在分离外毛细胞中的实验过程。

产后大鼠听觉脑干反应及外毛细胞全细胞贴片钳记录

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...

auditory-brainstem-response-outer-hair-cell-whole-cell-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.4K 次观看.  Southern Medical University. 本协议描述的方法, 记录的听觉脑干反应的产后鼠幼崽。为研究外发细胞的功能发育情况, 本文分步介绍了全细胞膜片钳在分离外毛细胞中的实验过程。

视频: Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

The chicken auditory brainstem is a well-established model system that has been widely used to study the anatomy and physiology of auditory processing at discreet periods of development 1-4 as well as mechanisms for temporal coding in the central nervous system 5-7.
Here we present a method to prepare chicken auditory brainstem slices that can be used for acute experimental procedures or to culture organotypic slices for long-term experimental manipulations.
The chicken auditory brainstem is composed of nucleus angularis, magnocellularis, laminaris and superior olive. These nuclei are responsible for binaural sound processing and single coronal slice preparations preserve the entire circuitry. Ultimately, organotypic slice cultures can provide the opportunity to manipulate several developmental parameters such as synaptic activity, expression of pre and postsynaptic components, expression of aspects controlling excitability and differential gene expression
This approach can be used to broaden general knowledge about neural circuit development, refinement and maturation.

The chicken auditory brainstem is comprised of nuclei responsible for binaural sound processing. A single coronal slice preparation maintains the entire circuitry while the cultured approach provides a unique preparation to study the development of neuronal structure and auditory function at the molecular, cellular and network levels.

鸡脑干切片的制备及文化

The chicken auditory brainstem is a well-established model system that has been widely used to study the anatomy and physiology of auditory processing at ...

科研

神经科学

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

膜片钳记录在内耳毛细胞的分离斑马鱼

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

全细胞膜片钳红外神经刺激机制的调查

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

从Morphologically-和确定的Neurochemically海马的interneurons全细胞膜片钳记录

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

记录光诱发神经元突触后反应在暗适应，小鼠视网膜切片准备利用膜片钳技术

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

在脑片全细胞膜片钳记录

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

全细胞贴片记录用于电泳生理测定通道视紫质中的离子选择性

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

全细胞电压钳记录的电生理方法<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;光感受器

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

爪蟾Tectal 神经元全细胞膜片钳记录的制备与协议

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

c57bl6 小鼠耳蜗植入术与电唤起脑干反应记录

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...