作者承认彼得 Jonosson 和里昂新的媒介中心为3D 打印分庭。这项研究得到了 436100-2013 RGPIN, ER15-11-123, 工程优秀本科生暑期研究奖的麦克马斯特院长和本科生研究机会计划的支持。

<ol>
	<li>Tremblay, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+OLED+displays.">The rise of OLED displays.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (28), 30-34 (2016).</li><li>Kang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk-Heterojunction+Organic+Solar+Cells:+Five+Core+Technologies+for+Their+Commercialization.">Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (36), 7821-7861 (2016).</li><li>Jacoby, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+low-cost+solar+cells.">The future of low-cost solar cells.</a> Chemical &amp; Engineering News. 94 (18), 30-35 (2016).</li><li>Veldhuis, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+Materials+for+Light-Emitting+Diodes+and+Lasers.">Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers.</a> Advanced Materials. 28 (32), 6804-6834 (2016).</li><li>Park, N. -. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perovskite+solar+cells:+an+emerging+photovoltaic+technology.">Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology.</a> Materials Today. 18 (2), 65-72 (2015).</li><li>Turak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interfacial+degradation+in+organic+optoelectronics.">Interfacial degradation in organic optoelectronics.</a> RSC Advances. 3 (18), 6188 (2013).</li><li>Scholz, S., Kondakov, D., L&#252;ssem, B., Leo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Mechanisms+and+Reactions+in+Organic+Light-Emitting+Devices.">Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices.</a> Chemical Reviews. 115 (16), 8449-8503 (2015).</li><li>J&#248;rgensen, M., Norrman, K., Gevorgyan, S. A., Tromholt, T., Andreasen, B., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+Polymer+Solar+Cells.">Stability of Polymer Solar Cells.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (5), 580-612 (2012).</li><li>Habisreutinger, S. N., McMeekin, D. P., Snaith, H. J., Nicholas, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+Update:+Strategies+for+improving+the+stability+of+perovskite+solar+cells.">Research Update: Strategies for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.</a> APL Materials. 4 (9), 091503 (2016).</li><li>Reese, M. O., Sigdel, A. K., Berry, J. J., Ginley, D. S., Shaheen, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+miniature+controlled-atmosphere+chamber+for+optoelectronic+characterizations.">A simple miniature controlled-atmosphere chamber for optoelectronic characterizations.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 94 (7), 1254-1258 (2010).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., Jorgensen, M., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+setup+for+studying+stability+and+degradation+of+polymer+solar+cells.">A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 736-745 (2008).</li><li>Park, J. -. S. S., Chae, H., Chung, H. K., Lee, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+encapsulation+for+flexible+AM-OLED:+a+review.">Thin film encapsulation for flexible AM-OLED: a review.</a> Semiconductor Science and Technology. 26 (3), 034001 (2011).</li><li>Ahmad, J., Bazaka, K., Anderson, L. J., White, R. D., Jacob, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Materials+and+methods+for+encapsulation+of+OPV:+A+review.">Materials and methods for encapsulation of OPV: A review.</a> Renewable &amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews. 27, 104-117 (2013).</li><li>Gevorgyan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Round+robin+performance+testing+of+organic+photovoltaic+devices.">Round robin performance testing of organic photovoltaic devices.</a> Renewable Energy. 63, 376-387 (2014).</li><li>Osterwald, C. R., Hammond, R., Zerlaut, G., D'Aiello, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photovoltaic+module+certification+and+laboratory+accreditation+criteria+development.">Photovoltaic module certification and laboratory accreditation criteria development.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 41, 629-636 (1996).</li><li>Turak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+processing+parameters+on+the+ordering+and+performance+of+working+poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl+C(61)-butyric+acid+methyl+ester+solar+cells.">Systematic analysis of processing parameters on the ordering and performance of working poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester solar cells.</a> Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2 (5), 53103 (2010).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fill+factor+in+organic+solar+cells.">Fill factor in organic solar cells.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (23), 8972-8982 (2013).</li><li>Lu, N., Li, L., Sun, P., Liu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-circuit+current+model+of+organic+solar+cells.">Short-circuit current model of organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 614, 27-30 (2014).</li><li>Qi, B., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-circuit+voltage+in+organic+solar+cells.">Open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (46), 24315-24325 (2012).</li><li>Xue, J., Uchida, S., Rand, B. P., Forrest, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4.2%+efficient+organic+photovoltaic+cells+with+low+series+resistances.">4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 84 (16), 3013-3015 (2004).</li><li>Hauch, J. A., Schilinsky, P., Choulis, S. A., Rajoelson, S., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+on+the+lifetime+of+flexible+polymer+solar+cells.">The impact of water vapor transmission rate on the lifetime of flexible polymer solar cells.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 93 (10), 103306 (2008).</li><li>Norrman, K., Madsen, M. V., Gevorgyan, S. A., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+Patterns+in+Water+and+Oxygen+of+an+Inverted+Polymer+Solar+Cell.">Degradation Patterns in Water and Oxygen of an Inverted Polymer Solar Cell.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (47), 16883-16892 (2010).</li><li>Dameron, A. A., Reese, M. O., Moriconie, T. J., Kempe, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+Moisture+Ingress+and+Packaging+Requirements+for+Photovoltaic+Modules.">Understanding Moisture Ingress and Packaging Requirements for Photovoltaic Modules.</a> Photovoltaics International. 5, 121-130 (2009).</li><li>Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement. ASTM E398 - 13 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E398</a> (2013)</li><li>Basha, R. K., Konno, K., Kani, H., Water Kimura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Vapor+Transmission+Rate+of+Biomass+Based+Film+Materials.">Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Biomass Based Film Materials.</a> Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 4 (2), 37-42 (2011).</li><li>Kim, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+correlation+study+between+barrier+film+performance+and+shelf+lifetime+of+encapsulated+organic+solar+cells.">A correlation study between barrier film performance and shelf lifetime of encapsulated organic solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101, 140-146 (2012).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+for+the+degradation+of+organic+photovoltaic+P3HT:+PCBM+based+devices.">Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic P3HT: PCBM based devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 92 (7), 746-752 (2008).</li><li>Kempe, M. D., Reese, M. O., Dameron, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+sensitivity+limits+of+water+vapor+transmission+rate+measurements+using+electrical+calcium+test.">Evaluation of the sensitivity limits of water vapor transmission rate measurements using electrical calcium test.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 84 (2), 025109 (2013).</li><li>Reese, M. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+stability+testing+protocols+for+organic+photovoltaic+materials+and+devices.">Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 (5), 1253-1267 (2011).</li><li>. Current landscape of standardisation efforts in organic and printed electronics 2015 - a VAMAS review Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278035615_Current_landscape_of_standardisation_efforts_in_organic_and_printed_electronics_2015_-_a_VAMAS_review</a> (2015)</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

重新创建这个实验的关键步骤包括印刷分庭, 以避免裂缝, 缝隙, 或不良的填充特性, 可以减少 WVTR, 密封的房间, 以防止任何水分和氧气的入口收紧 KF50 钳在顶部和底部腔之间实现完全密封, 使用真空额定的低压环氧树脂围绕触头或任何贯穿件可, 以防止任何泄漏, 并使用适当的 O 形环放置在试样和顶腔之间创建密封, 并足够的压力, 拧紧固定环上的螺钉以防止泄漏, 而不开裂试样。O 形环应完全适合于...

基于π共轭半导体有机分子和 organometal 卤化物的有机和钙钛矿光电器件、太阳能电池和发光二极管是一个快速发展的研究领域。有机发光二极管 (oled) 已经是照明和显示1的主要技术元素, 有机光伏已经开始实现效率, 使它们与非晶硅2竞争。近年来, 以钙钛矿为基础的光吸收和发光器件的快速发展3、4、5表明, 低成本、易于加工的设备可能很快就会发现广泛的部署。然而, 所有这些技术都受到大气污染物的敏感性, 特别是湿气和氧气, 这限制了它们有效寿命6、7、8、9。
对于研究此类系统的研究人员来说, 有一个适应性强、易于使用、便携和可重用的腔室来保护这些敏感材料或以控制方式10、11将其暴露在污染物中是有用的。尽管可以使用 glovebox 对空气敏感器件进行表征, 但这些大型、昂贵和固定位置的惰性环境可能与可能需要的范围广泛的特性不相容。提供一个可移植的替代品, 里斯等。10提出了一种基于标准真空法兰的小金属腔, 适用于有机器件的电学和光学特性表征。我们已经适应了这一设计, 使它更便宜, 更多才多艺, 通过使用 3 d 印刷生产室组件。使用 3 d 印刷, 而不是加工, 允许快速, 经济划算的调整, 以改变样品或环境要求, 同时保持基本设计的效用。在这项贡献中, 我们概述了制作这样一个腔室的程序, 并用它来提取有机二极管器件的电流-电压特性。
有机和钙钛矿设备的良好封装应该有 WVTRs 10-3 -10-6克/米2/天的长期设备稳定性12,13, 以确保很少水进入有机设备, 即使在非常苛刻的条件。由于本会议厅被设计为测试目的的受控环境, 而不是长期贮存或封装方法, 因此对有效分庭的要求并不严格。分室应能够在合理的时间内维持设备的性能, 以进行表征实验。使用 PLA 的标准操作程序结果在一个房间, 可以使用数天甚至几周的合并气体流量, 没有重大损失的设备属性。
改变材料, 甚至是腔体的形状和大小, 都会严重影响污染物从空气中渗透到室内。因此, 需要仔细监测水分和氧气的进入, 以确定燃烧室的功效。此外, 我们还制作了分庭, 概述了一个简单的程序, 以确定 WVTR 的房间, 使用商用湿度传感器, 建立一个时间表, 使用的会议厅进行试验。
这样一个简单, 但多才多艺的房间允许进行多种类型的实验。它们可以充当 glovebox 外的惰性大气环境, 适合通过电气馈端口和窗口进行电气和光学特性的表征。它们的可移植性使它们能够与实验室以外的标准电气特性设备一起使用, 这在测试可靠性14或获得设备的认证测量方面是有用的。性能15。这些分庭对于研究引入污染物对受控降解试验的影响, 以及简单的修改, 也特别有用。使用3D 打印可以显著、快速地适应更改设备布局、大小或测试要求。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ORION DELTA DESKTOP 3D PRINTER RTP</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>87999</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: 3D Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.75 mm PLA Filament</td>
			<td>SeeMeCNC</td>
			<td>50241</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: PLA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Somos&#174; WaterShed XC 11122 chamber</td>
			<td>Somos</td>
			<td>printed at Custom Prototypes, Toronto.</td>
			<td>https://www.dsm.com/products/somos/en_US/products/offerings-somos-water-shed.html 
			Known in Report As: Water resistant polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td>CURA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://ultimaker.com/en/products/cura-software 
			Known in Report As: slicing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering iron with 600&#176; F tip</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>WTCPT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xtralien X100 Source Measure Unit</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E561</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: SMU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZIF Test Board for Pixelated Anode Substrates</td>
			<td>Ossila</td>
			<td>E221</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: Zero insetion force/ZIF Test Board;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Cable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic USB A - Micro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#12 O-Ring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Source unkown 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>116 Butyl O-Ring</td>
			<td>Global Rubber Products</td>
			<td>116 VI70</td>
			<td>Bought in-store 
			Known in Report As: o-ring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retaining ring</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Top Chamber</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Cast Clamp (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KF50 Centering Ring (Aluminum)</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>QF50-200-BRB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sn60/Pb40 Solder</td>
			<td>MG Chemicals</td>
			<td>4895-2270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 x 3/16&#34; machine screw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#4-40 IntThrd Brass TaperSingleVane Insert For Thermoplastic</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>11125984</td>
			<td>Fastenal requires to be affiliated with company/university 
			Known in Report As: #4-40 brass tapered threaded insert</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Varian Torr Seal Vacuum Equipment High Vacuum Epoxy</td>
			<td>Vacuum Products Canada Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: low-pressure epoxy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes HEADED RADIUS</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-S-100-D-3.5-G</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: pogo pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smiths Interconnect/IDI Contact Probes Receptacle Solder Cup</td>
			<td>Mouser Electornics</td>
			<td>818-R-100-SC</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: solder cup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Teflon Tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube x 1/8&#34; Male NPT Nickel Plated Brass Push-to-Connect Connector</td>
			<td>Fastenal</td>
			<td>442064</td>
			<td>Not the same ones used for this study, but are fuctionally equivalent 
			Known in Report As: push-to-connect pneumatic connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/8&#34; NPT Tap and T-wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; Tube Push-to-Connect Manually Operated Valves</td>
			<td>Fluidline</td>
			<td>7910-56-00</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: manually operated push-to-connect valves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (small)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>385</td>
			<td>Known in Report As: internal humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit DHT22 Humidity Sensor (large)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Known in Report As: external humidity sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino Uno</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glovebox environment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kOhm Resistor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilla Xtralien Scientific Python IDE</td>
			<td>Oscilla</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.ossila.com/pages/xtralien-scientific-python 
			Known in Report As: Python IDE</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d-printed chamber for organic optoelectronic device degradation testing

在这篇手稿中, 我们概述了制造一个小型, 便携, 易于使用的大气室的有机和钙钛矿光电器件, 使用 3 d-印刷。由于这些类型的设备对湿气和氧气敏感, 这样的房间可以帮助研究人员在表征电子和稳定的性质。该会议厅的目的是作为一个临时的, 可重用的, 稳定的环境与控制的性质 (包括湿度, 气体介绍, 和温度)。它可用于保护空气敏感材料, 或以控制的方式将其暴露于污染物中以进行降解研究。为了表征室的性质, 我们概述了一个简单的程序, 以确定的水汽传输速率 (WVTR) 使用相对湿度的测量标准湿度传感器。这个标准操作程序, 使用50% 加密密度聚乳酸 (PLA), 导致一个房间, 可以使用几个星期没有任何重大损失的设备属性。该分庭的通用性和易用性使其能够适应任何需要紧凑控制气氛的特征条件。

电流-电压测量:
本会议厅旨在允许对空气敏感二极管装置 (如有机或钙钛矿太阳能电池或发光二极管) 进行测试。它可以作为一种可重用的临时封装, 或者作为引入污染物来执行受控降解测试的方法。这里所示的电流密度-电压 (合资) 曲线是用 ZIF 测试板 (即无光照) 和光照条件来测量的, 以提取基本二极管特性...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing at JoVE.com

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

在这里, 我们提出一个设计, 制造和使用一个简单的, 通用的 3 d 印刷和控制大气室的协议, 用于光学和电气特性的空气敏感有机光电器件。

用于有机光电器件降解测试的3维印制腔

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, ...

a-3d-printed-chamber-for-organic-optoelectronic-device-degradation

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.9K 次观看.  McMaster University. 在这里, 我们提出一个设计, 制造和使用一个简单的, 通用的 3 d 印刷和控制大气室的协议, 用于光学和电气特性的空气敏感有机光电器件。

视频: A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

控制的大小，形状和稳定性超分子聚合物在水

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

科研

工程学

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via stereotactic radiotherapy where positioning accuracy allows delivering very high doses per fraction in a small volume of the patient. Dosimetric measurements on medical accelerators are conventionally realized using air-filled ionization chambers. However, in small beams these are subject to nonnegligible perturbation effects. This study focuses on liquid ionization chambers, which offer advantages in terms of spatial resolution and low fluence perturbation. Ion recombination effects are investigated for the microLion detector (PTW) used with the Cyberknife system (Accuray). The method consists of performing a series of water tank measurements at different source-surface distances, and applying corrections to the liquid detector readings based on simultaneous gaseous detector measurements. This approach facilitates isolating the recombination effects arising from the high density of the liquid sensitive medium and obtaining correction factors to apply to the detector readings. The main difficulty resides in achieving a sufficient level of accuracy in the setup to be able to detect small changes in the chamber response.

A growing number of radiation therapy devices offer the advantage of delivering the dose through very small beams to the tumor, allowing for increased conformity and higher doses per fraction. Many different detectors can be used for the dosimetry of these small fields. In the present study, the effect of ion recombination is investigated for a liquid ionization chamber using a stereotactic radiation therapy system.

重组的影响在液体电离室表征用于一个电波加速器的剂量学

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing technology is used to fabricate particles with slender arms connected at a common center. Shapes explored are crosses (two perpendicular rods), jacks (three perpendicular rods), triads (three rods in triangular planar symmetry), and tetrads (four arms in tetrahedral symmetry). Methods for producing on the order of 10,000 fluorescently dyed particles are described. Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four synchronized videos of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with R&#955; = 91. In this relatively low-Reynolds number flow, the advected particles are small enough that they approximate ellipsoidal tracer particles. We present results of time-resolved 3D trajectories of position and orientation of the particles as well as measurements of their rotation rates.

We use 3D printing to fabricate anisotropic particles in the shapes of jacks, crosses, tetrads, and triads, whose alignments and rotations in turbulent fluid flow can be measured from multiple simultaneous video images.

测量的方向和旋转速率方法3D打印在湍流颗粒

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products containing nanomaterials is also increasing. Evaluating the nanomaterial release from products containing nanomaterials is a crucial step in assessing the safety of these products, and has resulted in several international efforts to develop consistent and reliable technologies for standardizing the evaluation of nanomaterial release. In this study, the release of nanomaterials from products containing nanomaterials is evaluated using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, optical particle counter, and sampling ports to collect filter samples for electron microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system is tested using an abrasor and disc-type nanocomposite material specimens to determine whether the nanomaterial release is repeatable and consistent within an acceptable range. The test results indicate that the total number of particles in each test is within 20% from the average after several trials. The release trends are similar and they show very good repeatability. Therefore, the proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing of products containing nanomaterials.

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

从使用室系统一个复合含纳米材料的纳米颗粒释放测试

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering thermal wave fields that are disturbed by the defect. This effect is measured and used to locate the defect. We form the destructively interfering wave fields by using a modified projector. The original light engine of the projector is replaced with a fiber-coupled high-power diode laser. Its beam is shaped and aligned to the projector&#39;s spatial light modulator and optimized for optimal optical throughput and homogeneous projection by first characterizing the beam profile, and, second, correcting it mechanically and numerically. A high-performance infrared (IR) camera is set up according to the tight geometrical situation (including corrections of the geometrical image distortions) and the requirement to detect weak temperature oscillations at the sample surface. Data acquisition can be performed once a synchronization between the individual thermal wave field sources, the scanning stage, and the IR camera is established by using a dedicated experimental setup which needs to be tuned to the specific material being investigated. During data post-processing, the relevant information on the presence of a defect below the surface of the sample is extracted. It is retrieved from the oscillating part of the acquired thermal radiation coming from the so-called depletion line of the sample surface. The exact location of the defect is deduced from the analysis of the spatial-temporal shape of these oscillations in a final step. The method is reference-free and very sensitive to changes within the thermal wave field. So far, the method has been tested with steel samples but is applicable to different materials as well, in particular to temperature sensitive materials.

This method aims at locating vertical subsurface defects. Here, we couple a laser with a spatial light modulator and trigger its video input to heat a sample surface deterministically with two anti-phased modulated lines while acquiring highly resolved thermal images. The defect position is retrieved from evaluating thermal wave interference minima.

使用激光投射光热法构造加热的地下缺陷定位

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

光诱导的宏观振荡运动液晶网络的制备

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

大型单层矩形 SnSe 片的常压制备

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

制造二维电子学的标准可靠方法

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...