我们要感谢那些花时间和精力参加以往研究的与会者。我们要感谢亨特福尔摩斯研究所和脊髓损伤服务和疾病提供环境进行临床人体研究试验。阿什拉夫·杰汉吉尔·卡齐 s Gorgey 目前由退伍军人事务部、退伍军人健康管理局、康复研究和发展处 (B7867-W) 和国防部 CDRMP (W81XWH-14-SCIRP-CTA) 提供支持。

本手稿中描述的培训协议是用 clinicaltrials.gov 标识符 (NCT01652040) 注册的。该训练计划涉及踝关节重量和 NMES。表 2中列出了所有必需的设备。研究协议和知情同意由里士满 VAMC 机构审查委员会 (irb) 和弗吉尼亚联邦大学 (VCU) irb 审查和批准。所有研究规程在开始试验之前详细地被解释了对每个参加者。
1. 参加者的征聘
<ol><li>对潜在参与者进行预筛选评估。<ol>
<li>详细说明培训协议的详细内容, 包括学习时间 (24 周)、每周时间 (每两周) 和会议时间 (NMES-RT:30 min 和非斯-45-60 分钟)。 注: NMES 在头12周进行, 其次为12周。</li>
		<li>描述对潜在参与者的医疗要求, 包括: 男性或女性与 SCI, 美国脊柱损伤分类 (ais) A, B 或 C (那些有 ais "C" 分类谁不能站立和步行), 18 到65岁, 大于1年损伤后, 身体质量指数 (BMI) ≤30公斤/米2, 电机完全或不完全 C5-L2 水平的伤害。</li>
		<li>描述对潜在参与者的医疗限制, 包括: 诊断心血管疾病, 不受控制的 II 型糖尿病或胰岛素, 无节制的高血压, 压力疮期3或更大, 泌尿道感染或症状, 骨质疏松症与 T 评分-2.5, 怀孕妇女与 SCI。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. NMES-RT
<ol><li>确保参与者的膀胱排空, 并测量静息血压和心率。当参加者坐在轮椅上时, 指示参与者脱掉他/她的鞋子。然后, 在小腿后面放一个枕头, 在膝盖屈曲时垫腿。将脚踝重量 (0-26 磅) 应用到参与者的脚踝 (图 1)。 注: 最初的2次会议是没有脚踝重量, 以确保参与者可以解除他/她的腿与重力。</li>
	<li>应用两个 7.5 cm x 12.7 cm 胶粘剂碳电极双边对皮肤在膝伸肌组。<ol>
<li>放置远端电极〜1/3 的距离之间的髌骨和腹股沟褶皱和内侧的股四头肌中线。将电极纵向和平行地放置在从臀部到膝关节的中线轴线 (图 2)。</li>
		<li>将近端电极侧向并毗邻腹股沟襞, 股外肌。将电极纵向和平行地置于中线轴 (图 2)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>设置一个便携式刺激器的频率为30赫兹和双相矩形脉冲宽度450µs 和50µs 间间隔19,20,21,22,23,24 ,37,38,39。连接从刺激器到每个电极的电缆。 注: 只要电极定位正确, 电极的极性不会影响刺激模式。</li>
	<li>从右腿开始, 逐渐增加电流直到明显的可见张力在膝伸肌群中被识别。继续缓慢地坡道电流, 以唤起全膝关节延长 (最大200毫安)。允许腿保持3-5 秒, 以唤起最大的张力在激活的马达单位。</li>
	<li>逐渐减少电流, 直到它低于50% 的目标电流需要延长腿和移动腿偏心回到起始位置。记录当前所需的振幅, 以唤起整个腿部的伸展。</li>
	<li>完成单边训练, 包括每条腿的4套10次重复, 右腿和左腿交替。允许腿休息3-5 秒之间的每一个重复和3分钟之间的集合。如果参与者没有达到全膝关节伸展, 记录%range 的运动和增加时间之间的重复。 注意: 肌肉疲劳被定义为两个连续的重复与运动的范围≤25%。</li>
	<li>尝试每四套, 但如果参与者经历肌肉疲劳, 结束目前的设置, 并继续训练相反的腿。如果在连续2次训练中没有肌肉疲劳的情况下实现全膝关节伸展, 接下来的一周训练中增加2磅的踝关节重量。</li>
</ol>3。
<ol><li>测量参与者的静息血压和心率。将参与者放在非斯测力计自行车 (材料表) 前面, 坐在他/她的个人电源或手动轮椅上 (图 3a,图 3b)。</li>
	<li>用粘接碳电极对膝关节伸肌、膝屈肌腱和臀鲆肌肉组进行双边。<ol>
<li>对于膝伸, 将远端电极 (7.5 x 12.7 厘米) 放在皮肤上 1/3, 髌骨与腹股沟襞之间的距离, 股内侧肌。在股外肌 (图 4a) 上, 将近端电极侧向并毗邻腹股沟襞。</li>
		<li>对于膝肌, 将远端电极 (7.5 x 10 厘米) 放在腘窝上方2-3 厘米的皮肤上。将近端电极20厘米以上的腘窝 (图 4b)。为了防止远端电极的移动, 请使用弹性包装来保护电极的位置 (图 3a)。</li>
		<li>对于臀肌, 指示参加者向前倾向测力计。放置两个电极 (5 x 9 厘米) 平行和在肌肉腹部的大部分;允许〜两个手指宽度的电极之间的分离。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>与参与者坐在他/她的轮椅和中心在前面的测力计, 连接的电缆从刺激到每个12电极。检查测力计的正面和背面以确保参与者正确居中。</li>
	<li>确保参与者的轮椅被锁定, 并将参与者的脚 (穿着网球鞋) 轻轻地放在踏板内 (图 6)。使用包裹在织物覆盖物上的松紧带将小腿固定在测力计上。将参与者的脚固定在每个花瓣上的两个交叉松紧带和魔术贴上 (图 5)。</li>
	<li>在把腿捆到测力计后, 被动地移动腿部, 观察自行车的运动规律。如果腿太压缩或伸, 调整自行车的高度, 并通过被动地移动腿重新检查位置。</li>
	<li>使用位于测力计底部的两个可伸缩钩将参与者的轮椅固定到测力计。将挂钩连接到轮椅下面的稳定结构 (图 5)。在轮椅的轮子下面放置两个木制的断裂, 以防止在骑车期间任何椅子的移动。</li>
	<li>将刺激频率设置为33.3 赫兹, 脉冲持续时间为350µs, 电流振幅为140、100、100毫安, 分别为膝伸肌、膝屈肌腱和臀鲆肌肉组。</li>
	<li>设置循环参数如下: 目标转速为每分钟40-45 转 (RPM);可调马达扭矩从 10 Nm 开始;运动阶段 i、II 和 III. 的1.0、1.5 和 2.0 Nm 的阻力</li>
	<li>设置间隔训练参数, 如下所示: 3 分钟"预热" 阶段;三10分钟的运动阶段(刺激);每个练习阶段后的2分钟休眠阶段;和3分钟"冷却" 阶段。</li>
	<li>根据损伤程度 (高于或低于 T4), 测量血压和心率每2至5分钟, 以防止发生任何症状的自主反射。</li>
	<li>如果血压保持升高, 停止测力计, 并指示参与者无效他/她的膀胱或休息, 如果他们已经失效。此外, 检查, 以确保参加者正确就位, 以减少任何压力点, 并检查鞋或任何皮带是不是过于收紧。每2分钟严密监测血压。如血压恢复, 恢复训练;如果血压保持未, 结束会议, 并指示参与者看到他/她的初级保健医生。 注意: 这是至关重要的, 以确保参与者持续服用他们的血压药物, 如果有的话, 并使他们的膀胱在非斯循环之前无效。</li>
	<li>记录参与者的心率, 速度, 功率, 距离, 阻力和% 的刺激, 每年三十年代。</li>
	<li>如果参加者完成了整个演习没有疲劳 (速度 < 18 RPM 在积极循环), 减少伺服马达扭矩协助 1 Nm 以下会话, 否则保持所有参数相同。</li>
	<li>如果参加者完成两次运动训练, 而不疲劳或在运动阶段使用伺服马达协助, 在每个练习阶段增加 0.5 Nm 的阻力。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

目前的研究展示了两种不同的电刺激模式。一个范例的重点是实施逐步加载到训练有素的肌肉, 以唤起骨骼肌肥大和其他范例主要是为了提高有氧能力的心脏代谢表现。这项研究确保比较两种范式, 并强调各自的利弊。
NMES-RT 被证明是有效的恢复肌肉大小和唤起肥厚的人急性和慢性 SCI19,20,21</su...

据估计, 大约有28.2万人在美国目前生活在脊髓损伤 (SCI)1。平均每年有大约1.7万新的案件, 主要由机动车车祸、暴力行为和体育活动造成,1。SCI 导致部分或全部的神经传导中断, 在伤害水平的范围内和低于2, 导致亚损感觉和/或马达损耗。损伤后, 骨骼肌肉的活动在损伤水平之下大大减少, 导致精益质量的迅速下降和伴随的异位脂肪组织的浸润, 或肌肉脂肪 (IMF)。研究表明, 下肢骨骼肌在受伤后的头几周内会出现明显的萎缩, 在第一年的最后一个3,4。一旦6周后受伤, 与年龄和体重匹配的残疾身体的控制, 完全 SCI 的个人经历了18-46% 下降的亚损肌肉大小。24周后受伤, 骨骼肌横断面面积 (CSA) 可低至30至 50%3。Gorgey 和达德利表明, 骨骼肌继续萎缩43% 的原始大小4.5 月后受伤, 并指出三倍的货币基金组织的人与残疾健全的控制相比,4。新陈代谢活性精益质量的损失导致基础代谢率的降低 (BMR)2,6, 该值占总每日能源支出的∼65-70%;这样减少在 BMR 可能导致有害能量失衡和增加肥胖在伤害以后2,7,8,910,18。肥胖症与慢性继发性疾病的发展有关, 包括高血压、II 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 和心血管病2,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. 此外, SCI 的人可能患有营养不良和依赖高脂肪饮食。膳食脂肪摄入量可能占29到34% 的脂肪的人与 sci, 这很可能是一个因素解释日益增加的肥胖和在 sci 人口中不断上升的流行率12,13。
神经肌肉电刺激诱发抗性训练 (NMES) 是为了诱导瘫痪骨骼肌肥大而设计的19,20,21,22,23, 24。在每周两次的 NMES 十二周后, 整个大腿、膝伸肌和膝屈肌群的骨骼肌 CSA 分别增加了28%、35% 和 16%, 各22。达德利et al。显示, 8 周两次-每周 NMES-RT 恢复膝伸肌大小, 以75% 的原始大小在六周后受伤的19。此外, 茉莉et al。使用相同的协议, 并注意到35% 和39% 增加的右和左直肌肌肉后12周 NMES RT20。
功能性电刺激-下肢循环 (非斯) 是一种常见的康复技术, 用于锻炼下肢肌肉组后 SCI25,26。不同于 NMES, 非斯依赖于刺激6肌肉群, 这可能导致增加肥大和改善在代谢配置文件10,25,26,27, 28. Dolbow et al。发现, 在 SCI27的个体中, 总的身体精益质量在56月后增加了18.5%。在十二月的三次每周的非斯, 一个60岁的女性截瘫经历了7.7% 的增加总身体精益质量和4.1% 增加腿部瘦肉质量28。在 SCI10、25、26之后, 功能性电刺激 (非斯) 的常规使用与代谢条件的危险因素的改善有关。
理想的电刺激训练的候选人将有电机完全或不完全的伤害, 与完整的外周运动神经元和有限的下肢感觉。目前的手稿, 描述了一个组合的方法, 使用 NMES RT 和非斯, 旨在改善的结果, 电刺激训练的人与慢性 SCI。NMES 的过程中使用踝关节重量将概述, 同时突出的关键步骤的协议和整体利益的干预提供给人慢性 SCI。第二个目的是描述代谢的过程, 旨在最大限度地提高干预的整体效果。以前的工作证实了我们的理性, 联合训练协议可能唤起更大的结果后24周的电刺激训练20,21,22,23,24 ,25,26,31,32,33,34,35,36。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>adhesive carbon electrodes (2 of each)</td>
			<td>Physio Tech (Richmond, VA, USA 23233)</td>
			<td>PT3X5 
			PALS3X4 
			E7300</td>
			<td>7.5&#39; x 12.7&#39; 
			7.5&#39; x 10&#39; 
			5&#39; x 9&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TheraTouch 4.7 stimulator</td>
			<td>Richmar (Chattanooga, TN, USA 37406)</td>
			<td>400-082</td>
			<td>41.28&#39; x 39.37&#39; x 17.78&#39; (8.91 kg) 
			power: 110 VAC at 60 Hz / 220VAC at 50 Hz 
			power consumption: 110 Watts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red &#38; White Lead Cords (2)</td>
			<td>Richmar (Chattanooga, TN, USA 37406)</td>
			<td>A1717</td>
			<td>2.0 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RT300-SL FES Ergometer</td>
			<td>Restorative Therapies, Inc. (Baltimore, MD, USA 21231)</td>
			<td>RT300-SL</td>
			<td>80&#39; x 49&#39; x 92-103&#39; (39 kg) 
			16 channel 
			speed: 15 &#8211; 55 rev/min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>elastic NuStim wraps (2)</td>
			<td>Fabrifoam (Exton, PA, USA 19341)</td>
			<td>PP108666</td>
			<td>36&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wooden wheelchair break (2)</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pillow/cushion</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ankle weights</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>2-26 lb.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paradigms of lower extremity electrical stimulation training after spinal cord injury

骨骼肌萎缩、肥胖增加和体力活动减少是脊髓损伤后观察到的重要改变, 与许多代谢的健康后果有关。这些变化有可能增加发展慢性二级疾病的风险, 并影响 SCI 人的生活质量. 表面神经肌肉电刺激诱发抗性训练 (NMES) 是一种策略减轻骨骼肌萎缩的过程, 减少异位肥胖, 提高胰岛素敏感性, 增强线粒体能力。然而, NMES 仅限于单个肌肉群。累及下肢多个肌肉群, 可以最大限度地提高训练的健康效益。功能性电刺激-下肢循环 (非斯) 允许激活6肌肉群, 这可能会唤起更大的新陈代谢和心血管适应。对刺激参数的适当了解是提高电刺激训练效果的关键. 在康复过程中采用长期使用 NMES 的策略可以保持肌肉骨骼系统, 是临床试验的先决条件, 旨在恢复受伤后步行。目前的手稿提出了一个组合的协议使用 NMES 前的非斯-RT。我们推测, 在骑车前12周的肌肉会有能力产生更大的能量, 循环抵抗更高的阻力, 并导致更多的人适应 SCI。

22参加者的踝关节重量逐渐增加, 超过16周的 NMES (图 6a)。参与者举起的平均重量是19.6 ±6.5 磅 (右腿) 和20±6磅 (左腿) [8-24 磅]。在整个试验中, 右腿和左脚的电流振幅波动 (图 6b)。
一个人的进展与电机完成 SCI 在12周的非斯培训后, 在表 1中突出显示。结果表明, 在12周的训?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury at JoVE.com

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

脊髓损伤是一种创伤性的疾病, 可能导致慢性次生代谢紊乱的风险增高。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议使用表面神经肌肉电刺激-阻力训练结合功能性电刺激-下肢循环作为一种策略, 以改善这些医疗问题的一些。

脊髓损伤后下肢电刺激训练的模式

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

paradigms-lower-extremity-electrical-stimulation-training-after

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.6K 次观看.  Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC. 脊髓损伤是一种创伤性的疾病, 可能导致慢性次生代谢紊乱的风险增高。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议使用表面神经肌肉电刺激-阻力训练结合功能性电刺激-下肢循环作为一种策略, 以改善这些医疗问题的一些。

视频: Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

联合穿梭盒子训练与电的Cortex记录和刺激作为一种工具来研究感知和学习

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

科研

行为学

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity for reducing the severity of the effects of the stroke&#160;in rats. This system provides more effective animal exercise training than commercially available systems such as treadmills and motorized running wheels (MRWs). In contrast to an MRW that can only achieve speeds below 20 m/min, rats are permitted to run at a stable speed of 30 m/min on a more spacious and high-density rubber running track supported by a 15 cm wide acrylic wheel with a diameter of 55 cm in this work. Using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, the system not only reduces the operator error but also trains the rats to run persistently until a specified intensity is reached. As a way to evaluate the exercise effectiveness, real-time position of a rat is detected by four pairs of infrared sensors deployed on the running wheel. Once an adaptive acceleration curve is initiated using a microcontroller, the data obtained by the infrared sensors are automatically recorded and analyzed in a computer. For comparison purposes, 3 week training is conducted on rats using a treadmill, an MRW and a PRW. After surgically inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and an inclined plane test were conducted to assess the neurological damages to the rats. PRW is experimentally validated as the most effective among such animal mobility systems. Furthermore, an exercise effectiveness measure, based on rat position analysis, showed that there is a high negative correlation between the effective exercise and the infarct volume, and can be employed to quantify a rat training in any type of brain damage reduction&#160;experiments.

This study presents an innovative running wheel-based animal mobility system to quantify an effective exercise activity in rats. A rat-friendly testbed is built, using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, and a high correlation between the effective exercise rate and the infarct volume suggests the protocol&#39;s potential for stroke prevention experiments.

为提高训练大鼠绩效的创新运行基于轮机制

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.

基于移动游戏的上肢卒中康复虚拟现实程序

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

激光多普勒成像与监测在大鼠脊髓微循环分析中的应用

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be used to treat back and leg pain in FBSS patients. This paper presents a detailed protocol for using spinal cord stimulation with surgical leads in FBSS patients. In our department, with the patient under general anesthesia, we place the lead in the epidural space by means of a small laminectomy at the 10th thoracic level. Placement of the lead is followed by a 1 month trial period with an externalized lead. If pain relief is greater than 50% at the end of this 1 month stimulation trial (required by Belgian reimbursement criteria), an internal pulse generator is then placed under the skin and connected to the lead in a second surgical procedure. We have demonstrated that using this technique in rigorously selected FBSS patients can significantly improve back pain, leg pain, patient activity, and quality of life for a sustained period of time.

This paper presents a method that uses spinal cord stimulation with a multicolumn lead to treat neuropathic low back pain in failed back surgery patients.

多列铅脊髓刺激术后腰痛的治疗

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

一种新的小鼠目标识别与目标定位行为测试

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

用眼动跟踪范式界定语言在婴儿对象分类中的作用

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...