特别感谢博 Johnels, 纳赛尔 Hosseini, 罗伊 Tranberg 和帕特里克 Almström 帮助启动这个项目。本议定书所载的研究数据是在 Sahlgrenska 大学医院收集的。

这里描述的所有方法都是瑞典哥德堡区域伦理审查委员会批准的研究的一部分 (318-04、225-08)。
1. 建立运动捕捉系统
<ol><li>在墙上安装4台摄像机, 大约 1.5-3 米, 距离测量区域的高度为 1.5-2.5 米, 面对测量区域。在测量区域上方的天花板上安装一台照相机 (图 1)。启动摄像系统。</li>
	<li>将 L 形校准框放在表上, 并将短轴与表的边缘和长轴指向向前。 注意: 坐标系的定义是 X 轴定向 (前方在矢状平面), Y 轴向侧面 (在正面平面), Z 轴定向向上 (优越, 垂直于横向平面)。</li>
	<li>打开3D 跟踪和数据采集软件 (跟踪管理器), 通过选择捕获 | 来开始校准. 校准, 输入三十年代的校准时间, 然后单击确定。</li>
	<li>将魔杖在整个测量区域 (75 x 75 x 65 厘米) 的所有方向上移动到椅子和桌子上方, 以确保所有5摄像头在尽可能多的方向上捕获魔杖16,17。校准后, 结果显示在屏幕上。接受校准残差低于0.5 毫米。</li>
	<li>有主题, 穿着无袖上衣, 坐在一个高度可调节的椅子上, 他们的背部对 chair´s 背部, 上臂在中性的 adducted 位置, 手掌的手放在桌子上, 手腕对准桌子的边缘。检查膝盖, 臀部和肘角大约是90°。</li>
	<li>将反光无源标记与双粘胶带放在已测试手上的骨骼地标18上 (第三掌指关节关节)、腕关节 (尺骨茎过程)、肘关节 (侧向髁)、右、左肩 (中间部分肩), 胸部 (胸骨上部) 和前额 (在眉毛之间的凹槽)。</li>
	<li>将两个标记放在杯子上 (上下边缘)。</li>
</ol>2. 饮酒任务的行动捕获程序
<ol><li>将硬塑料杯 (直径7厘米, 高度9.5 厘米) 与100毫升水30厘米从表边缘, 在身体中线。将杯子放在桌上的位置被刻意选择, 以保持任务的性能自然, 贴近现实生活的情况。</li>
	<li>让这个主题以一个舒适的自我节奏的速度来完成饮酒任务) 到达并抓住杯子, 二) 把杯子从桌子上抬到嘴上, iii) 喝一杯 (一小口), iv) 把杯子放回一条标记的线后面的桌子上 (30 厘米从标签le 边缘), 和 v) 返回到初始位置, 手在桌子的边缘。</li>
	<li>确保主体了解说明书, 并能与不受影响的手臂舒适地到达杯子而不向前倾。</li>
	<li>在每次录制之前, 请确保起始位置 (初始位置) 正确, 要求主题准备就绪, 手动启动捕获并给出口头指示 "现在可以开始了"。</li>
	<li>当主题完成任务时, 请手动停止录制。</li>
	<li>在每次试验中记录五项试验 (大约三十年代), 从受影响较小的手臂开始。</li>
	<li>检查数据获取是否成功 (每个标识的标记的 95-100% 数据)。 注: 标记数据自动传送到数据采集软件 (跟踪管理器)。采用预定义的自动标记识别 (目标) 模型对标记进行自动识别。</li>
	<li>当检测到不完整的数据时, 在发现问题后进行额外的试验, 调整坐姿或标记位置, 以确保标记的充分可见性, 以获得至少3项成功的试验。 注意: 可能出现的问题是标记可能会脱落, 或者从摄像机的视角遮挡, 从而导致数据不完整。但是, 在本协议中使用的摄像机和标记设置, 仅在极少数情况下造成数据丢失。总体而言, 运动捕获会话需要大约 10-15 分钟才能完成。</li>
</ol>3. 数据分析
<ol><li>通过单击文件 |, 将记录的数据从跟踪管理器直接传输到 Matlab 中. 出口 |直接插入到 Matlab中。</li>
	<li>在命令提示符下使用 matlab 命令: (> > 工作区) 查看 matlab 变量集。 注意: 包含用于指令和创建分析的数据的关键 Matlab 变量有: QTMmeasurements 帧-捕获的帧数 QTMmeasurements. 帧率-每秒捕获的帧数 (240) QTMmeasurements.Trajectories.Labeled.Count-标签数量 (10) QTMmeasurements.Trajectories.Labeled.Labels-在跟踪管理器中定义的标签 QTMmeasurements.Trajectories.Labeled.Data 测量数据在3D 阵列的 10 x 3 x 的帧数, 其中每个帧和每个标签3坐标被记录</li>
	<li>在 Matlab 中, 使用 (黄油) 和 (filtfilt) 指令与一个6Hz 的二阶北海滤波器在正反方向上过滤 x、y、z 值, 给出零相位失真和来回序滤波。 注: 示例 [b, a] = 黄油 (2, 6/240/2);% 截止频率6Hz 和关于½采样频率 xfiltered = filtfilt (b, a, QTMmeasurements. 轨迹. 标记 (11,:));</li>
	<li>在 Matlab 中, 创建一个程序来使用每个帧样本的 x、y、z 值以及每个标签来计算运动变量, 如手的切向速度和关节角度。运动学变量显示在表 2中。</li>
	<li>在 Matlab 中, 创建一个程序, 将样本序列分解为5个逻辑阶段: 到达、转发传输、饮用、向后传输以及将手返回到初始位置 (图 2)。每个阶段的开始和结束的定义在表 1中详细显示。</li>
	<li>在 Matlab 中, 使用 (绘图) 指令创建位置、速度、连接角和角度图的地块。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

该协议可以成功地用于量化的运动性能和质量的个人在中等和轻度上肢感觉运动损伤的所有阶段后中风。本协议的可行性在中风后的3天内已在临床上得到证实, 并表明该系统可由训练有素的健康专业人士使用, 没有特定的技术资格。然而, 需要技术专长来创建和开发一个数据分析程序。从这个方面来说, 上肢运动捕捉不同于步态分析, 在这种情况下, 现成的分析程序通常由制造商直接提供。在日常生...

运动学分析描述身体通过空间和时间的运动, 包括线性和角位移, 速度和加速度。光电运动捕获系统使用多个高速摄像机, 它们要么发出红外线信号, 要么从放置在身体上的被动标记捕捉反射, 要么从含有红外线的活动标记中传输运动数据。发射二极管。这些系统被认为是获取运动学数据1的 "黄金标准"。这些系统的价值在于它们在测量不同任务时的高精度和灵活性。运动学措施已证明是有效的捕捉较小的运动性能和质量的变化, 可能会被发现与传统的临床规模2,3。有人建议, 运动学应用于区分真正的恢复 (恢复病前运动特性) 和使用补偿 (替代) 运动模式在完成任务 4, 5。
上肢运动可以用终点运动学来量化, 一般是从手标记中获得的, 以及关节和线段 (i. e) 的角运动学。终点运动学提供了有关轨迹、速度、时间运动策略、精度、直线度和平滑性的信息, 而角运动学则是从时间和空间关节和线段角度来描述运动模式的,角速度和 interjoint 协调。端点运动学 (如移动时间、速度和平滑度) 有效地捕获了中风后的缺陷和运动性能的提高6,7,8和角运动学显示是否关节和身体段的运动是最佳的特定任务。有损伤的人的运动学通常与没有损伤的个人的运动性能进行比较8,9。端点和角运动学是相关的方式, 运动进行有效的速度, 平滑度和精度将需要良好的运动控制, 协调, 并使用有效和最佳的运动模式。例如, 移动速度慢的患者通常也会显示平滑度下降 (移动单元数量增加), 最大速度降低, 躯干位移增加8。另一方面, 端点运动学的改进, 如运动速度和平滑度, 可能独立于躯干和臂的补偿运动策略的变化, 如10。研究表明, 运动学分析可以提供更多更准确的信息, 说明任务是如何在受伤或疾病后完成的, 这反过来也是个体化有效治疗达到最佳运动恢复的必要条件。11. 运动学分析越来越多地用于临床研究, 以描述中风后上肢损伤患者的运动8,9, 以评估电机恢复7, 12,13或确定治疗干预措施的有效性10,14。
在笔画中经常研究的运动任务是指向和达到的, 尽管使用包含实际日常对象的操作的功能任务正在增加1。由于达到的运动学取决于实验性的约束, 例如对象的选择和任务15的目标, 因此在有目的和功能的任务中评估运动是非常重要的, 在这个过程中, 个人的实际困难日常生活将更加紧密地反映出来。
因此, 本文的目的是提供一个简单的标准化协议, 用于运动分析一个有目的和功能任务, 饮酒任务, 适用于在急性和慢性阶段上肢损伤的个人中风后。本协议的结果, 为轻度和轻度中风损害的个人将总结。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">5 camera optoelectronic ProReflex Motion capture system (MCU 240 Hz)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Movement analysis system with passive retroreflective markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Markers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Retroleflective passive circular markers, diameter of 12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Calibration frame and wand</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">L-shape calibration frame (defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system); T-shape wand (300 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Qualisys Track Manager</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">3D Tracking software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Mathworks, Inc, Natick, Ca</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments

运动学分析是客观评估三维 (3D) 空间上肢运动的有力方法。三维运动捕获与光电摄像系统被认为是运动运动分析的黄金标准, 并越来越多地被用作评价运动性能和损伤后的质量的结果措施。涉及上肢运动。本文介绍了在中风后上肢损伤的个体中应用饮酒任务的运动学分析的标准化协议。饮酒任务包括到达, 抓住和举起一杯从桌子上喝, 把杯子放回, 并把手放回桌子的边缘。坐姿被标准化为个人的身体大小, 任务是在一个舒适的自我节奏的速度和补偿运动不受限制。目的是保持任务的自然性和贴近现实生活的情况, 提高议定书的生态有效性。5相机运动捕捉系统是用来收集3D 坐标位置从9反光标记定位在解剖地标的手臂, 躯干和面部。一个简单的单一标记放置用于确保协议在临床设置的可行性。定制的 Matlab 软件提供了自动化和快速的运动数据分析。计算了运动时间、速度、峰值速度、峰值速度和平滑度 (运动单元数) 随肩肘关节空间角运动学以及躯干运动的时间运动学。饮酒任务是一种有效的评估, 对轻度和轻微上肢损伤的个人。建立了由饮水任务所获得的运动变量的构造、判别和并发有效性以及响应 (灵敏度变化)。

本文中描述的协议已应用于中风和健康控制的个人2,6,8,19,20,21。在不同的研究中, 对111例中风患者和55例健康对照组的运动学数据进行了分析。中风后上肢损伤定义为中等 (FMA 评分 32-57) 或轻度 (FMA 评分 58-66)8</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

本协议描述了一种客观的方法来评估上肢运动性能和感觉运动功能, 用于中风和健康控制的个体。给出了三维运动捕获的标准测试程序、运动学分析和结果变量。

用3D 运动捕捉对无上肢损伤患者饮酒任务的运动学分析

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

kinematic-analysis-using-3d-motion-capture-drinking-task-people-with

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Mechanical Engineering

Neuroscience

Unit 1

3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.5K 次观看.  University of Gothenburg. 本协议描述了一种客观的方法来评估上肢运动性能和感觉运动功能, 用于中风和健康控制的个体。给出了三维运动捕获的标准测试程序、运动学分析和结果变量。

视频: Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应:检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

科研

神经科学

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

可视化和遗传操作在小鼠大脑皮层和使用海马树突和棘<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the underlying neuronal components in the circuits1-6. Application of optogenetics7,8 in the larval neural circuit allows us to manipulate neuronal activity in spatially and temporally patterned ways9-13. Typically, specimens are broadly illuminated with a mercury lamp or LED, so specificity of the target neurons is controlled by binary gene expression systems such as the Gal4-UAS system14,15. In this work, to improve the spatial resolution to "sub-genetic resolution", we locally illuminated a subset of neurons in the ventral nerve cord using lasers implemented in a conventional confocal microscope. While monitoring the motion of the body wall of the semi-intact larvae, we interactively activated or inhibited neural activity with channelrhodopsin16,17 or halorhodopsin18-20, respectively. By spatially and temporally restricted illumination of the neural tissue, we can manipulate the activity of specific neurons in the circuit at a specific phase of behavior. This method is useful for studying the relationship between the activities of a local neural assembly in the ventral nerve cord and the spatiotemporal pattern of motor output.

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Here we describe a protocol for optogenetic manipulation of motoneuronal activity while monitoring changes in motor output (muscle contraction) in semi-intact Drosophila larvae using lasers within a conventional confocal microscope. This technique enables researchers to achieve local perturbation of neural activity in a few neuromeres to elucidate the dynamics of motor circuits.

光遗传学的扰动激光照射半完好的神经活动<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫运动

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the ...

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity is achieved in neurons within a specific time frame. These long-term plasticity-related processes are the leading candidate models to study the basis of memory formation and persistence at the cellular level. Both STC and cross-tagging involve two serial processes: (1) setting of the synaptic tag as triggered by a specific pattern of stimulation, and (2) synaptic capture, whereby the synaptic tag interacts with newly synthesized plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). Much of the understanding about the concepts of STC and cross-tagging arises from the studies done in CA1 region of the hippocampus and because of the technical complexity many of the laboratories are still unable to study these processes. Experimental conditions for the preparation of hippocampal slices and the recording of stable late-LTP/LTD are extremely important to study synaptic tagging/cross-tagging. This video article describes the experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity processes such as STC and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using stable, long-term field-potential recordings from acute hippocampal slices of rats.

This video article describes experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity and its associative processes such as synaptic tagging, capture and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using acute hippocampal slices from rodents.

使用急性海马脑片啮齿动物突触标记/捕获和交叉捕获的研究

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity ...

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

In this experiment, we demonstrate a suite of hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based paradigms that are designed for two applications: assessing the level of consciousness of people unable to provide motor response and, in a second stage, establishing a communication channel for these people that enables them to answer questions with either &#39;yes&#39; or &#39;no&#39;. The suite of paradigms is designed to test basic responses in the first step and to continue to more comprehensive tasks if the first tests are successful. The latter tasks require more cognitive functions, but they could provide communication, which is not possible with the basic tests. All assessment tests produce accuracy plots that show whether the algorithms were able to detect the patient&#39;s brain&#39;s response to the given tasks. If the accuracy level is beyond the significance level, we assume that the subject understood the task and was able to follow the sequence of commands presented via earphones to the subject. The tasks require users to concentrate on certain stimuli or to imagine moving either the left or right hand. All tasks are designed around the assumption that the user is unable to use the visual modality, and thus, all stimuli presented to the user (including instructions, cues, and feedback) are auditory or tactile.

With this experiment, one might be able to detect consciousness in people with disorders of consciousness. Furthermore, the approach can create a simple communication channel that enables people to give simple YES/NO answers to questions.

有意识障碍者的评估与沟通

In this experiment, we demonstrate a suite of hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based paradigms that are designed for two applications: assessing the ...

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, formed by ribosomes, mRNAs, several proteins and non-coding RNAs, represent integrated platforms where translational controls take place. However, while the ribosome has been widely studied, the organization of polysomes is still lacking comprehensive understanding. Thus much effort is required in order to elucidate polysome organization and any novel mechanism of translational control that may be embedded. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that allows the acquisition of 3D images at nanoscale resolution. Compared to electron microscopy (EM) techniques, one of the main advantages of AFM is that it can acquire thousands of images both in air and in solution, enabling the sample to be maintained under near physiological conditions without any need for staining and fixing procedures. Here, a detailed protocol for the accurate purification of polysomes from mouse brain and their deposition on mica substrates is described. This protocol enables polysome imaging in air and liquid with AFM and their reconstruction as three-dimensional objects. Complementary to cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the proposed method can be conveniently used for systematically analyzing polysomes and studying their organization.

While ribosome structure has been extensively characterized, the organization of polysomes is still understudied. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we present here a detailed preparation protocol for accurate imaging of mammalian polysomes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air and liquid.

在脑核糖凝视与原子力显微镜

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, ...

Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits in a mouse model of MS, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Paralysis and motor deficits in mice subjected to EAE are typically assessed using a clinical scoring scale. However, this scale yields only ordinal data that provides little information about the precise nature of the motor deficits. EAE disease severity has also been assessed by rotarod performance, which provides a measure of general motor coordination. By contrast, kinematic gait analysis of the hind limb in the sagittal plane generates highly precise information about how movement is impaired. To perform this procedure, reflective markers are placed on a hind limb to detect joint movement while a mouse is walking on a treadmill. Motion analysis software is used to measure movement of the markers during walking. Kinematic gait parameters are then derived from the resultant data. We show how these gait parameters can be used to quantify impaired movements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in EAE. These techniques may be used to better understand disease mechanisms and identify potential treatments for MS and other neurodegenerative disorders that impair mobility.

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane yields highly precise information about how movement is executed. We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits for mice subjected to autoimmune-mediated demyelination. These methods may also be used to characterize gait deficits for other mouse models featuring impaired locomotion.

MOG35-55 诱发自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 C57BL/6 小鼠矢状面运动步态分析

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

坐骨神经粉碎损伤大鼠模型中功能评估的3D运动学分析

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Cannabis is the illicit drug most commonly used worldwide, and its consumption can both induce psychiatric symptoms in otherwise healthy subjects and unmask a florid psychotic picture in patients with a prior psychotic risk. Previous studies suggest that chronic and long-term cannabis exposure may exert significant negative effects in brain areas enriched with cannabinoid receptors. However, whether brain alterations determined by cannabis dependency will lead to a clinically significant phenotype or to a psychotic outbreak at some point of an abuser&#8217;s life remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate morphological brain differences between chronic cannabis users with cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP) and non-psychotic cannabis users (NPCU) without any psychiatric conditions and correlate brain deficits with selective socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables.
3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 10 CIP patients and 12 NPCU were acquired. The type of drug, the frequency, and the duration, as well socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial parameters of dependency were measured. CIP patients had extensive grey matter (GM) decreases in right superior frontal gyrus, right precentral, right superior temporal gyrus, insula bilaterally, right precuneus, right medial occipital gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, and left hippocampus in comparison to chronic cannabis users without psychosis. Finally, in CIP patients, the results showed a negative correlation between a domain of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), BPRS-Activity, and selective GM volumes. Overall, the results suggest that cannabis-induced psychosis is characterized by selective brain reductions that are not present in NPCU. Therefore, neuroimaging studies may provide a potential ground for identifying putative biomarkers associated with the risk of developing psychosis in cannabis users.

This is a 3T magnetic resonance imaging study aiming to investigate grey matter volume differences between cannabis-induced psychosis patients and non-psychotic chronic cannabis users.

有或没有精神病的大麻使用者的大脑形态:试点MRI研究

Cannabis is the illicit drug most commonly used worldwide, and its consumption can both induce psychiatric symptoms in otherwise healthy subjects and ...

用3D 运动捕捉对无上肢损伤患者饮酒任务的运动学分析

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