提交人感谢丹麦独立研究理事会为该项目提供资金 (赠款 DDF-1335-00282)。COWIfonden 资助了原油可燃性装置和气体分析仪的建造, 包括管道插入。马士基油和挪威石油有限公司提供了用于代表结果的原油。任何提案国都没有参与该议定书或本文件的结果。作者还要感谢 Ulises 的帮助与构造改进的锥试样持有人。

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</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本文讨论的两种风化方法是对水中溢油受17影响的相对简单的风化过程的近似。其他更复杂的风化方法也可用于提供风化的原油样品, 例如由 Brandvik 和 Faksness35描述的循环水槽。所提出的方法的优点是, 它们需要简单的设备, 并且可以很容易地在实验室环境中进行。由此产生的风化原油随后在本议定书的易燃性和燃烧效率研究中发挥作用, 如 "代表性成果" 一节所?...

就地在水中燃烧溢油是一种海洋溢油反应方法, 它通过燃烧并将其转化为烟尘和气体燃烧产品, 将溢油从水面上除去。此响应方法在埃克森美孚1和深水地平线2漏油期间成功应用, 并经常被提及为北极3、4、5 的潜在溢油响应方法. ,6。确定就地烧油是否成功的两个关键参数是溢油反应方法, 即燃油的易燃性和燃烧效率。第一个参数, 易燃性, 描述了如何容易点燃燃料, 并可能导致火焰蔓延到燃料表面, 导致完全发展的火灾。第二个参数, 燃烧效率, 表示石油 (在 wt%) 的数量, 有效地从水面上被大火清除。因此, 在原位燃烧条件下, 了解不同原油的易燃性和预期燃烧效率是相关的。
为就地燃烧目的而在水上点火是一个实际问题, 在点火系统上进行定性讨论5,7,8,9。将溢油点火作为二进制问题的实用方法, 并将油标为 "可燃性" 或 "不可燃性" (例如Brandvik、Fritt-拉斯穆森、 et al.10) 然而, 从根本观点看是不正确的。理论上, 任何燃料都可以被点燃, 给出适当的点火源。因此, 对各种不同原油类型的点火要求进行量化, 以更好地了解将其标记为 "不可燃性" 的原油的性质是相关的。为此, 本发明的方法可用于研究油的点火延迟时间, 即入射热流、油的临界热流及热惯量, 如: 加热油的难度. 
在前面的研究中, 我们假设控制燃烧效率的主要参数是对燃料表面的热反馈11, 它是池直径的函数。该理论解释了燃烧效率的表观池大小依赖性基于实验室研究报告低燃烧效率 (32-80%)8,12,13和大规模研究 (水池直径≥2 m)报告高刻录效率 (90-99%)14,15,16。本文所讨论的方法旨在对所提出的理论进行测试。通过将小规模实验室实验引入到恒定的外热流中, 可以在受控实验室条件下模拟大型池火灾的高热反馈。因此, 所开发的方法可以通过改变外部热流, 有效地研究燃烧效率作为直径的函数。
除了外部热流来模拟较大规模的就地燃烧操作, 实验设置的特点是冷却浮油的冷水流量, 模拟的冷却效果的海流。讨论的方法还与新鲜的和风化的原油兼容。原油的风化描述了在水溢出后影响原油的物理和化学过程, 例如挥发性成分的损失和与水混合形成油水乳剂 (例如, AMAP17)。蒸发和乳化是影响原油可燃性的两个主要的风化过程18和模拟这些风化过程的协议包括在讨论的方法中。
在此, 我们提出了一种新的实验室方法, 确定原油的可燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。以往对原油可燃性和燃烧效率的研究具有可比性和不同的方法。在水的19和北极温度20下, 研究了新鲜和风化原油作为外热流作用的可燃性。燃烧效率研究通常侧重于不同类型的新鲜和风化的原油和环境条件的固定规模 (例如, Fritt-拉斯穆森, et al.8Bech、Sveum、 et。21). 最近一项关于化学牧民所含原油燃烧的研究, 以作者的知识为基础, 首先研究了类似条件下的小型、中型和大型实验的燃烧效率13。然而, 由于进行此类实验所需的大量时间和资源, 大规模的实验并不容易用于参数研究。所提出的方法的主要优点是, 它允许同时研究在半现实条件下原油的可燃性和燃烧效率。通过容易重复的实验, 将这两种原油参数作为不同油型和 (模拟) 池直径的函数结合起来, 在实践中是行不通的。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DUC Crude Oil</td><td>Maersk</td><td>N/A</td><td>Light crude oil with r = 0.853 g/ml and h = 6.750 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>Grane Crude Oil</td><td>Statoil</td><td>N/A</td><td>Heavy crude oil with r = 0.925 g/ml and h = 133.6 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer</td><td>Anton Paar</td><td>C18IP007EN-P</td><td>Viscosity and density meter for the fresh and weathered crude oils.</td></tr><tr><td>Laboshake RO500</td><td>Gerhardt</td><td>11-0002</td><td>Rotary shaking table for emulsifying water and oil mixtures.</td></tr><tr><td>Jebao Wave Maker RW-4</td><td>Jebao</td><td>N/A</td><td>Propeller (flow of 500-4000 L/h) used in the COFA setup to generate a current.</td></tr><tr><td>Aquabee UP 3000</td><td>Aquabee</td><td>UP 3000</td><td>Aquarium pump for cooling of heat flux gauge.</td></tr><tr><td>Adventurer Precision Electronic Balance</td><td>OHAUS</td><td>AX5205</td><td>Load scale used to weigh the oil for the COFA experiments and in the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>3M Oil Sorbent Pads</td><td>VWR</td><td>MMMAHP156</td><td>Hydrophobic absorption pads used to collect oil residues to determine the burning efficiency of the fire.</td></tr><tr><td>Mass Loss Calorimeter</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11325-650-1-1608</td><td>A custom-made, circular holder was used for the testing of crude oil rather than the standard square sample holder. Includes a heat flux gauge with a range up to 100 kW/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.</td></tr><tr><td>34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7958</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies. Operated by Keysight benchLink data logger 3 software and equipped with a 20-channel multiplexer.</td></tr><tr><td>Keysight Technologies 34901A 20-channel multiplexer</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7939</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies.</td></tr><tr><td>Bellows-Sealed Valve</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-1GS6MM</td><td>Toggle valve to open/close the water in- and outlet of the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>Kronos 50 Peristaltic Pump</td><td>SEKO</td><td>KRFM0210M6000</td><td>Peristaltic pump used to cool the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>ARCTIC A28 Refrigerated Circulater</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>152-5281</td><td>Water cooling reservoir used to cool the cooling water that flows through the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup. Includes a SC 100 Immersion Circulator controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analysis Instrumentation Console with Duct Insert</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11328-650-1-1609</td><td>Gas analyzer for O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO. Uses a 34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit.</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic &amp;amp; Stainless Steel 2.5mm Electrode</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>M015-4</td><td>Spark igniter from the Mass Loss Calorimeter. Used in the COFA setup to measure the surface temperature upon ignition.</td></tr><tr><td>Infrared Emitter-Module M110/348</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80046199</td><td>Original Infrared heaters on which the new design with a water-cooled holder for the heating elements was based. Includes two short wave twin tube emitters (09751751). Operated by a type CB1x25 P power controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Power Controller Heratron&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80055836</td><td>Type CB1x25 P power controller for the infrared heaters.</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental procedure for laboratory studies of in situ burning : flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil

提出了通过两个实验实验室设置同时研究新鲜风化原油可燃性和燃烧效率的新方法。实验是容易重复的与操作的规模实验 (水池直径≥2 m), 同时仍然具有相当现实的就地燃烧条件原油在水。实验条件包括一个流动的水分层, 冷却浮油和外部热流 (高达50千瓦/米2), 模拟高热量反馈到燃料表面的操作规模原油池火灾。这些条件使对原油池火灾的燃烧效率进行控制的实验室研究相当于操作规模试验。该方法还根据临界热流、点火延迟时间、入射热流的作用、点火时的表面温度和热惯量等方面提供了对原油点火要求的定量数据。此类数据可用于确定点火源的所需强度和持续时间, 以点燃某种新鲜或风化的原油。该方法的主要局限性是, 流动水分层对燃烧原油作为外热流作用的冷却效果尚未完全量化。实验结果清楚地表明, 流动的水分层确实改善了该安装程序在原位燃烧条件下的代表性, 但在何种程度上, 这种表示是准确的目前还不确定。然而, 该方法具有最逼真的就地燃烧实验室条件, 目前可同时研究原油在水中的可燃性和燃烧效率。

图 5显示了使用步骤2中描述的方法在多天内蒸发掉的轻质原油的蒸发曲线, 损失为 30 wt%。这一数字清楚地表明, 在蒸发风化的第一天 (19 小时) 之后, 蒸发率大大降低, 这就使得协议中提到的停顿。
图 6显示了点火延迟时间, 它是由锥形加热器 (步骤7、图 2-3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil at JoVE.com

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 同时研究新鲜和风化原油的易燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

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Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

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12.4K 次观看.  Technical University of Denmark. 在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 同时研究新鲜和风化原油的易燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。

视频: Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

科研

生物化学

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

工程学

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

原油水容纳组分的化学分析泄漏使用TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

环境科学

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

评定运输燃料的稳定性原始实验方法

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

化学

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

在稳定层流边界层扩散火焰本地热通量和燃烧率的估计实验方法

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

在油样品的相行为在炼油工艺条件的原位可视化

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping water-based emulsion explosives for blasting applications can be very hazardous, as demonstrated by a number of pump accidents around the globe in the last decades, including some that resulted in fatalities. In Canada, the recognition of this hazard has led to the development of pumping guidelines that were endorsed by both the explosives industry and the Explosive Regulatory Division of the Canadian government. In these guidelines, it was noted that the minimum burning pressures (MBP) measured in a laboratory would provide a good guide to characterize the behaviour of these products in pumping systems. The same guidelines also call for the design of pump systems that prevent, whenever possible, pressures from exceeding the MBP of the product being pumped. At the time of publication of these guidelines, a methodology existed for measuring such MBP values but it had never been validated to measure the MBP of ammonium nitrate water-based emulsions (AWEs). AWEs are now used much more widely than any other water-based explosives and precursors in on-site bulk loading operations.
The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CanmetCERL) has been conducting research over the last ten years to develop a validated testing protocol to measure and interpret representative MBP values for AWEs. The test, as it is performed today, will be described and the critical components will be justified by reference to recent published data. Results of MBP measurements, for a range of AWE products, will be presented. Inclusion of the MBP test in the test standards for the authorization of high explosives in Canada will also be discussed.

We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.

水性乳化炸药的最小燃烧压力

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping ...

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.

An investigation of the oxidative combustion chemistry of novel biofuels, fuel components, or jet fuels by comparison of quantitative speciation data is presented. The data can be used for kinetic model validation and enables fuel assessment strategies.This manuscript describes the atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor and demonstrates its capabilities.

燃料燃烧化学: 用耦合分子束质谱仪从大气高温流反应器中获得的定量形态数据

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low velocity fire wind tunnel where two distinct layers of fuel were constructed to represent surface and crown fuels in chaparral. Chamise, a common chaparral shrub, comprised the live crown layer. The dead fuel surface layer was constructed with excelsior (shredded wood). We developed a methodology to measure mass loss, temperature, and flame height for both fuel layers. Thermocouples placed in each layer estimated temperature. A video camera captured the visible flame. Post-processing of digital imagery yielded flame characteristics including height and flame tilt. A custom crown mass loss instrument developed in-house measured the evolution of the mass of the crown layer during the burn. Mass loss and temperature trends obtained using the technique matched theory and other empirical studies. In this study, we present detailed experimental procedures and information about the instrumentation used. The representative results for the fuel mass loss rate and temperature filed within the fuel bed are also included and discussed.

This protocol describes wind tunnel experiments designed to study the transition of a fire from the ground to the canopy of chaparral shrubs.

查帕拉尔树冠火灾风洞实验研究

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...