提交人感谢丹麦独立研究理事会为该项目提供资金 (赠款 DDF-1335-00282)。COWIfonden 资助了原油可燃性装置和气体分析仪的建造, 包括管道插入。马士基油和挪威石油有限公司提供了用于代表结果的原油。任何提案国都没有参与该议定书或本文件的结果。作者还要感谢 Ulises 的帮助与构造改进的锥试样持有人。

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

本文讨论的两种风化方法是对水中溢油受17影响的相对简单的风化过程的近似。其他更复杂的风化方法也可用于提供风化的原油样品, 例如由 Brandvik 和 Faksness35描述的循环水槽。所提出的方法的优点是, 它们需要简单的设备, 并且可以很容易地在实验室环境中进行。由此产生的风化原油随后在本议定书的易燃性和燃烧效率研究中发挥作用, 如 "代表性成果" 一节所?...

就地在水中燃烧溢油是一种海洋溢油反应方法, 它通过燃烧并将其转化为烟尘和气体燃烧产品, 将溢油从水面上除去。此响应方法在埃克森美孚1和深水地平线2漏油期间成功应用, 并经常被提及为北极3、4、5 的潜在溢油响应方法. ,6。确定就地烧油是否成功的两个关键参数是溢油反应方法, 即燃油的易燃性和燃烧效率。第一个参数, 易燃性, 描述了如何容易点燃燃料, 并可能导致火焰蔓延到燃料表面, 导致完全发展的火灾。第二个参数, 燃烧效率, 表示石油 (在 wt%) 的数量, 有效地从水面上被大火清除。因此, 在原位燃烧条件下, 了解不同原油的易燃性和预期燃烧效率是相关的。
为就地燃烧目的而在水上点火是一个实际问题, 在点火系统上进行定性讨论5,7,8,9。将溢油点火作为二进制问题的实用方法, 并将油标为 "可燃性" 或 "不可燃性" (例如Brandvik、Fritt-拉斯穆森、 et al.10) 然而, 从根本观点看是不正确的。理论上, 任何燃料都可以被点燃, 给出适当的点火源。因此, 对各种不同原油类型的点火要求进行量化, 以更好地了解将其标记为 "不可燃性" 的原油的性质是相关的。为此, 本发明的方法可用于研究油的点火延迟时间, 即入射热流、油的临界热流及热惯量, 如: 加热油的难度. 
在前面的研究中, 我们假设控制燃烧效率的主要参数是对燃料表面的热反馈11, 它是池直径的函数。该理论解释了燃烧效率的表观池大小依赖性基于实验室研究报告低燃烧效率 (32-80%)8,12,13和大规模研究 (水池直径≥2 m)报告高刻录效率 (90-99%)14,15,16。本文所讨论的方法旨在对所提出的理论进行测试。通过将小规模实验室实验引入到恒定的外热流中, 可以在受控实验室条件下模拟大型池火灾的高热反馈。因此, 所开发的方法可以通过改变外部热流, 有效地研究燃烧效率作为直径的函数。
除了外部热流来模拟较大规模的就地燃烧操作, 实验设置的特点是冷却浮油的冷水流量, 模拟的冷却效果的海流。讨论的方法还与新鲜的和风化的原油兼容。原油的风化描述了在水溢出后影响原油的物理和化学过程, 例如挥发性成分的损失和与水混合形成油水乳剂 (例如, AMAP17)。蒸发和乳化是影响原油可燃性的两个主要的风化过程18和模拟这些风化过程的协议包括在讨论的方法中。
在此, 我们提出了一种新的实验室方法, 确定原油的可燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。以往对原油可燃性和燃烧效率的研究具有可比性和不同的方法。在水的19和北极温度20下, 研究了新鲜和风化原油作为外热流作用的可燃性。燃烧效率研究通常侧重于不同类型的新鲜和风化的原油和环境条件的固定规模 (例如, Fritt-拉斯穆森, et al.8Bech、Sveum、 et。21). 最近一项关于化学牧民所含原油燃烧的研究, 以作者的知识为基础, 首先研究了类似条件下的小型、中型和大型实验的燃烧效率13。然而, 由于进行此类实验所需的大量时间和资源, 大规模的实验并不容易用于参数研究。所提出的方法的主要优点是, 它允许同时研究在半现实条件下原油的可燃性和燃烧效率。通过容易重复的实验, 将这两种原油参数作为不同油型和 (模拟) 池直径的函数结合起来, 在实践中是行不通的。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="943">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">DUC Crude Oil</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Maersk</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Light crude oil with r = 0.853 g/ml and h = 6.750 mPa*s.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Grane Crude Oil</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Statoil</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Heavy crude oil with r = 0.925 g/ml and h = 133.6 mPa*s.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Anton Paar</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">C18IP007EN-P</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Viscosity and density meter for the fresh and weathered crude oils.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Laboshake RO500</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Gerhardt</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">11-0002</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Rotary shaking table for emulsifying water and oil mixtures.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Jebao Wave Maker RW-4</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Jebao</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Propeller (flow of 500-4000 L/h) used in the COFA setup to generate a current.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Aquabee UP 3000</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Aquabee</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">UP 3000</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Aquarium pump for cooling of heat flux gauge.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Adventurer Precision Electronic Balance</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">OHAUS</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">AX5205</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Load scale used to weigh the oil for the COFA experiments and in the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">3M Oil Sorbent Pads</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">VWR</td>
			<td>MMMAHP156</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Hydrophobic absorption pads used to collect oil residues to determine the burning efficiency of the fire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="66">
			<td height="66" style="height:66px;width:208px;">Mass Loss Calorimeter</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">B11325-650-1-1608</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">A custom-made, circular holder was used for the testing of crude oil rather than the standard square sample holder. Includes a heat flux gauge with a range up to 100 kW/m2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit</td>
			<td>RS Components Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">702-7958</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Produced by Keysight Technologies. Operated by Keysight benchLink data logger 3 software and equipped with a 20-channel multiplexer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:208px;">Keysight Technologies 34901A 20-channel multiplexer</td>
			<td>RS Components Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">702-7939</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Produced by Keysight Technologies.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Bellows-Sealed Valve</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">SS-1GS6MM</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Toggle valve to open/close the water in- and outlet of the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Kronos 50 Peristaltic Pump</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SEKO</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">KRFM0210M6000</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Peristaltic pump used to cool the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:208px;">ARCTIC A28 Refrigerated Circulater</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>152-5281</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Water cooling reservoir used to cool the cooling water that flows through the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup. Includes a SC 100 Immersion Circulator controller.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:208px;">Gas Analysis Instrumentation Console with Duct Insert</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">B11328-650-1-1609</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Gas analyzer for O2, CO2 and CO. Uses a 34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:208px;">Ceramic &#38; Stainless Steel 2.5mm Electrode</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">M015-4</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Spark igniter from the Mass Loss Calorimeter. Used in the COFA setup to measure the surface temperature upon ignition.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:208px;">Infrared Emitter-Module M110/348</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">80046199</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Original Infrared heaters on which the new design with a water-cooled holder for the heating elements was based. Includes two short wave twin tube emitters (09751751). Operated by a type CB1x25 P power controller.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Power Controller Heratron&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">80055836</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Type CB1x25 P power controller for the infrared heaters.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental procedure for laboratory studies of in situ burning : flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil

提出了通过两个实验实验室设置同时研究新鲜风化原油可燃性和燃烧效率的新方法。实验是容易重复的与操作的规模实验 (水池直径≥2 m), 同时仍然具有相当现实的就地燃烧条件原油在水。实验条件包括一个流动的水分层, 冷却浮油和外部热流 (高达50千瓦/米2), 模拟高热量反馈到燃料表面的操作规模原油池火灾。这些条件使对原油池火灾的燃烧效率进行控制的实验室研究相当于操作规模试验。该方法还根据临界热流、点火延迟时间、入射热流的作用、点火时的表面温度和热惯量等方面提供了对原油点火要求的定量数据。此类数据可用于确定点火源的所需强度和持续时间, 以点燃某种新鲜或风化的原油。该方法的主要局限性是, 流动水分层对燃烧原油作为外热流作用的冷却效果尚未完全量化。实验结果清楚地表明, 流动的水分层确实改善了该安装程序在原位燃烧条件下的代表性, 但在何种程度上, 这种表示是准确的目前还不确定。然而, 该方法具有最逼真的就地燃烧实验室条件, 目前可同时研究原油在水中的可燃性和燃烧效率。

图 5显示了使用步骤2中描述的方法在多天内蒸发掉的轻质原油的蒸发曲线, 损失为 30 wt%。这一数字清楚地表明, 在蒸发风化的第一天 (19 小时) 之后, 蒸发率大大降低, 这就使得协议中提到的停顿。
图 6显示了点火延迟时间, 它是由锥形加热器 (步骤7、图 2-3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil at JoVE.com

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 同时研究新鲜和风化原油的易燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

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Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

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12.3K 次观看.  Technical University of Denmark. 在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 同时研究新鲜和风化原油的易燃性和燃烧效率的条件下, 模拟就地燃烧作业在海上。

视频: Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

Supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength range) frequency combs1, 2 for applications such as molecular fingerprinting, 3 trace gas detection, 4 laser-driven particle acceleration, 5 and x-ray production via high harmonic generation. 6 Achieving efficient SCG in a tapered optical fiber requires precise control of the group velocity dispersion (GVD) and the temporal properties of the optical pulses at the beginning of the fiber, 7 which depend strongly on the geometry of the taper. 8 Due to variations in the tapering setup and procedure for successive SCG experiments-such as fiber length, tapering environment temperature, or power coupled into the fiber, in-situ spectral monitoring of the SCG is necessary to optimize the output spectrum for a single experiment.
	In-situ fiber tapering for SCG consists of coupling the pump source through the fiber to be tapered to a spectral measurement device. The fiber is then tapered while the spectral measurement signal is observed in real-time. When the signal reaches its peak, the tapering is stopped. The in-situ tapering procedure allows for generation of a stable, octave-spanning, mid-IR frequency comb from the sub harmonic of a commercially available near-IR frequency comb. 9 This method lowers cost due to the reduction in time and materials required to fabricate an optimal taper with a waist length of only 2 mm.
	The in-situ tapering technique can be extended to optimizing microstructured optical fiber (MOF) for SCG10 or tuning of the passband of MOFs, 11 optimizing tapered fiber pairs for fused fiber couplers12 and wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs), 13 or modifying dispersion compensation for compression or stretching of optical pulses.14-16

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

We describe a method for in-situ tapering of As2S3 fibers to achieve efficient mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. By tapering while monitoring the supercontinuum&#x2019;s spectrum, the spectral width can be maximized for a fiber taper. In-situ fiber tapering can be applied to optimize the performance of other fiber-based devices.

原位减量硫系中红外光纤产生超连续谱

Supercontinuum  generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared  (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength ...

科研

工程学

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust aggregates with sizes up to ~10 cm and porosities up to 70% can be collided. One of the drop towers is primarily used for very low impact speeds down to below 0.01 m/sec and makes use of a double release mechanism. Collisions are recorded in stereo-view by two high-speed cameras, which fall along the glass vacuum tube in the center-of-mass frame of the two dust aggregates. The other free-fall tower makes use of an electromagnetic accelerator that is capable of gently accelerating dust aggregates to up to 5 m/sec. In combination with the release of another dust aggregate to free fall, collision speeds up to ~10 m/sec can be achieved. Here, two fixed high-speed cameras record the collision events. In both drop towers, the dust aggregates are in free fall during the collision so that they are weightless and match the conditions in the early Solar System.

We present a technique to achieve low-velocity to intermediate-velocity collisions between fragile dust aggregates in the laboratory. For this purpose, two vacuum drop-tower setups have been developed that allow collision velocities between &#60;0.01 and ~10 m/sec. The collision events are recorded by high-speed imaging.

实验室落塔的粉尘聚集在碰撞早期太阳系的实验模拟

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust ...

SSVEP-based Experimental Procedure for Brain-Robot Interaction with Humanoid Robots

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in helping the disabled in their daily lives. The overall goal of our method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs, such as OpenViBE, Choregraph, and Central software as well as user developed programs written in C++ and MATLAB, to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots.
This is achieved by first placing EEG electrodes on a human subject to measure the brain responses through an EEG data acquisition system. A user interface is used to elicit SSVEP responses and to display video feedback in the closed-loop control experiments. The second step is to record the EEG signals of first-time subjects, to analyze their SSVEP features offline, and to train the classifier for each subject. Next, the Online Signal Processor and the Robot Controller are configured for the online control of a humanoid robot. As the final step, the subject completes three specific closed-loop control experiments within different environments to evaluate the brain-robot interaction performance.
The advantage of this approach is its reliability and flexibility because it is developed by integrating multiple software programs. The results show that using this approach, the subject is capable of interacting with the humanoid robot via brain signals. This allows the mind-controlled humanoid robot to perform typical tasks that are popular in robotic research and are helpful in assisting the disabled.

The overall goal of this method is to establish an SSVEP-based experimental procedure by integrating multiple software programs to enable the study of brain-robot interaction with humanoid robots, which is prospective in assisting the sick and elderly as well as performing unsanitary or dangerous jobs.

SSVEP基础实验步骤与人形机器人脑机器人互动

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI), which provides an innovative communication pathway between human and a robotic device via brain signals, is prospective in ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

在稳定层流边界层扩散火焰本地热通量和燃烧率的估计实验方法

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to improve material properties. With a wide array of processing parameters which can affect both the shape attained and resulting material properties, this type of processing is notoriously difficult to commission. A simplified, light-duty version of the process has been designed and implemented for full-size automotive wheels. The apparatus is intended to assist in understanding the deformation mechanisms and the material response to this type of processing. An experimental protocol has been developed to prepare for, and subsequently perform forming trials and is described for as-cast A356 wheel blanks. The thermal profile attained, along with instrumentation details are provided. Similitude with full-scale forming operations which impart significantly more deformation at faster rates is discussed.

An experimental protocol for instrumented warm rotary forming of cast aluminum alloys employing a bespoke industrially scaled apparatus is presented. Experimental considerations including thermal and mechanical effects are discussed, as well as similitude with full-scale processing of automotive wheels.

铸铝零部件的暖纺纱实验程序

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

在油样品的相行为在炼油工艺条件的原位可视化

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

一种新的方法<em&gt;原位</em&gt;纳米级样品的机电表征

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.