这项工作在财政上得到了资助, 为特别促进研究从日本促进科学学会 (jsp) KAKENHI 授予数字 24000010, 17H04969 和 JP17J02602, 美国海军研究全球办公室 (N62909-17-1-2038)。Y.T. 是一个 jsp 研究研究员, 并通过该项目的领导研究生学校 (功绩) 支持的 jsp。

1. 在 ITO 电极上形成oneidensis MR-1 的单层生物膜 (图 1)
注: 为了防止电化学反应器与其他微生物的污染, 电化学反应器的所有介质、装置和元件应预先消毒。当使用oneidensis MR-1 单元格并构造电化学反应器时, 所有程序都应在干净的工作台上进行。
<ol><li>oneidensis MR-1 细胞的培养 注: 在以前报告的4的条件下, 在 ITO 电极上形成了一个oneidensis MR-1 的单层生物膜。<ol>
<li>要增长oneidensis MR-1 单元格, 请添加一个 s 的殖民地. oneidensis MR-1 在含有 Luria Bertani (磅) (20 克/升) 和 bacto 琼脂 (15 克/升) 的琼脂盘上生长, 在有氧条件下为30摄氏度的15毫升的 LB 培养基 (20 克/升), 在小时内以 24 rpm 摇晃。</li>
		<li>离心细胞悬浮在 6000 x g为10分钟, 并并用重悬在15毫升的被定义的培养基 (pH 7.8) 的结果细胞颗粒 (DM: NaHCO3 [2.5 克/升], CaCl2· 2H2O [0.08 克/升], NH4Cl [1.0 克/升], 氯化镁2·6H2O [0.2 克/升], 氯化钠 [10 克/升], 和 2-[4-(2-羟乙基) 1-哌嗪基] 磺酸 [HEPES; 7.2 克/升]), 辅以10毫米乳酸和0.5 克/升酵母萃取物作为碳源,以及 S . oneidensis 的跟踪元素 MR-1分别。</li>
		<li>进一步培养细胞悬浮有氧在30°c 为 12 h 与震动在 160 rpm 和离心机再在 6000 x g 为10分钟. 用 DM 介质将所合成的细胞颗粒洗净两次, 然后在 10 x g 的电化学前进行离心处理. 实验。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>三电极电化学反应器的构造 (图 1)<ol>
<li>在反应器底部放置一个 ITO 基体作为工作电极。</li>
		<li>随后, 插入一个玻璃圆筒 (直径2厘米) 和聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 盖子。然后将银/AgCl (氯化钾饱和) 和铂丝插入反应器中, 分别作为参考和反电极。 注: 为防止空气和溶液泄漏, 请在各组件之间插入丁基橡胶板。</li>
		<li>添加4.0 毫升 DM 补充10毫米乳酸和0.5 克/升酵母萃取物进入电化学反应器。</li>
		<li>在确认电化学反应器没有泄漏的情况下, 将氮气流入电化学反应器中20分钟, 以维持电化学反应器内的厌氧条件。 注: 为防止其他微生物污染, 应在气体流入电化学反应器之前对其进行过滤。</li>
		<li>将电化学反应器连接到恒电位仪, 并将 +0.4 V (与标准氢电极, 她) 应用于 ITO 电极, 使用外部水循环系统将电化学反应器的温度保持在30摄氏度。 注: 为了防止外部电场的影响, 电化学反应器应放置在法拉第笼中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>oneidensis MR-1 单元格的电化学培养 (图 1和图 2)<ol>
<li>将步骤1.1 中获得的悬浮液的细胞密度调整为1.43 在 600 nm (OD600) 的光密度, 用 DM 补充10毫米乳酸和0.5 克/升酵母萃取物。 注意: 要获得正确的 od600, 请在调整 od600至1.43 之前, 将 od600 ≤0.8 的单元格悬浮应用于紫外-可见光光谱仪。</li>
		<li>使用注射器将0.3 毫升的电池悬浮液注入电化学反应器中: 反应器中的外径600变为0.1。 注意: 增加0.3 毫升细胞悬浮与 od600 = 1.43 入电化学反应器包含 4.0 mL 媒介结果4.3 毫升解答与 od600 = 0.1。当使用不同体积的其他反应器时, 需要计算细胞密度。</li>
		<li>继续潜在的应用在 +0.4 V (与她) 到 ITO 电极25小时。 注: 为在 ITO 电极上形成单层生物膜, 请确保所产生的电流与图 2中的偏差小于50%。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 用新鲜 DM 培养基替换上清液, 10 毫米乳酸 (图 3)
<ol><li>停止潜在的应用, 并断开电化学反应器从恒电位仪和水循环系统。</li>
	<li>新鲜 DM 培养基替换上清液10毫米乳酸<ol>
<li>将氮气放入含有10毫米乳酸的 DM 的瓶子中, 从培养基中除去氧气。</li>
		<li>用注射器缓慢地将电化学反应器内的所有上清液取出, 在流动的氮气下 (图 3a, b)。 注: 为了避免氮气对 ITO 电极上的生物膜进行破坏, 气体应在液体表面上方流动。</li>
		<li>使用注射器添加4.0 毫升含有10毫米乳酸的新鲜 DM (图 3c)。 注意: 为了避免破坏 ITO 电极上的生物膜, 慢慢地将介质沿电化学反应器的壁上注入。为了保持生物膜湿润, 应在清除清液后立即添加培养基。在清除清液后1分钟内注射, 不会影响来自oneidensis MR-1 生物膜的当前生产。</li>
		<li>倾斜电化学反应器, 以除去附着在电化学反应器壁上的所有上清液。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 2.2. 2-2. 2.4 三次共计。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>停止气体流动, 再将电化学反应器连接到恒电位仪, 在 303 K 上应用 +0.4 V (vs 她) 到 ITO 电极上。</li>
</ol>3. 增加氘水来测量 EET 过程中的绢 (图 4)
<ol><li>确认来自oneidensis MR-1 的单层生物膜的当前生产是稳定的, 不会迅速增加。如果电流急剧增加, 请等到电流稳定在5% 以内, 增加10分钟。 注: 在 ito 电极上形成单层生物膜, 不受其他微生物菌株的污染, 经 rDNA 序列和 ITO 电极上生物膜的扫描电子显微图像证实, 如前所述4。为确定 EET 过程的速率限制, 监测添加穿梭电子介质的效果, 如100µM anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (α AQS)。有关详细信息, 请参阅代表结果和参考15一节。</li>
	<li>使用注射器将40µL 缺氧 50% (v/v) d2o 添加到电化学反应器中, 这样在反应器中浓度为 0.5% (v/v) d2o。 注: 为了防止 d2o 添加对生物膜的损坏, 请插入 d2o。</li>
	<li>等待当前稳定, 然后将 D2O 增加到 4.0% (v/v)。 注意: 要获取绢值 (在 D2o 和 H2o 的存在下当前生产的比率), 请检查同一容量的 H2O 加法对当前生产的影响。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nealson, K. H., Saffarini, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+and+Manganese+in+Anaerobic+Respiration+-+Environmental+Significance,+Physiology,+and+Regulation.">Iron and Manganese in Anaerobic Respiration - Environmental Significance, Physiology, and Regulation.</a> Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48, 311-343 (1994).</li><li>Bretschger, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+production+and+metal+oxide+reduction+by+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1+wild+type+and+mutants.">Current production and metal oxide reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 wild type and mutants.</a> Appl Environ Microb. 73 (21), 7003-7012 (2007).</li><li>Richter, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+voltammetry+of+biofilms+of+wild+type+and+mutant+Geobacter+sulfurreducens+on+fuel+cell+anodes+indicates+possible+roles+of+OmcB,+OmcZ,+type+IV+pili,+and+protons+in+extracellular+electron+transfer.">Cyclic voltammetry of biofilms of wild type and mutant Geobacter sulfurreducens on fuel cell anodes indicates possible roles of OmcB, OmcZ, type IV pili, and protons in extracellular electron transfer.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 2 (5), 506-516 (2009).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Nakamura, R., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+identification+of+direct+electron+transfer+from+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1+to+electrodes+via+outer-membrane+OmcA-MtrCAB+protein+complexes.">In-vivo identification of direct electron transfer from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to electrodes via outer-membrane OmcA-MtrCAB protein complexes.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 56 (16), 5526-5531 (2011).</li><li>Strycharz, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+cyclic+voltammetry+to+investigate+enhanced+catalytic+current+generation+by+biofilm-modified+anodes+of+Geobacter+sulfurreducens+strain+DL1+vs.+variant+strain+KN400.">Application of cyclic voltammetry to investigate enhanced catalytic current generation by biofilm-modified anodes of Geobacter sulfurreducens strain DL1 vs. variant strain KN400.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (3), 896-913 (2011).</li><li>Lovley, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bug+juice:+harvesting+electricity+with+microorganisms.">Bug juice: harvesting electricity with microorganisms.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 (7), 497-508 (2006).</li><li>Coursolle, D., Gralnick, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+extracellular+respiratory+pathways+for+iron(III)+reduction+in+Shewanella+oneidensis+strain+MR-1.">Reconstruction of extracellular respiratory pathways for iron(III) reduction in Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1.</a> Front. Microbiol. 3, (2012).</li><li>Franks, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+strategy+for+three-dimensional+real-time+imaging+of+microbial+fuel+cell+communities:+monitoring+the+inhibitory+effects+of+proton+accumulation+within+the+anode+biofilm.">Novel strategy for three-dimensional real-time imaging of microbial fuel cell communities: monitoring the inhibitory effects of proton accumulation within the anode biofilm.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 2 (1), 113-119 (2009).</li><li>McLean, J. S., Ona, O. N., Majors, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlated+biofilm+imaging,+transport+and+metabolism+measurements+via+combined+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+and+confocal+microscopy.">Correlated biofilm imaging, transport and metabolism measurements via combined nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal microscopy.</a> ISME J. 2 (2), 121-131 (2008).</li><li>Busalmen, J. P., Esteve-Nunez, A., Berna, A., Feliu, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C-type+cytochromes+wire+electricity-producing+bacteria+to+electrodes.">C-type cytochromes wire electricity-producing bacteria to electrodes.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (26), 4874-4877 (2008).</li><li>Nakamura, R., Ishii, K., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+Absorption+Spectra+and+Redox+Properties+of+C+Type+Cytochromes+in+Living+Microbes.">Electronic Absorption Spectra and Redox Properties of C Type Cytochromes in Living Microbes.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (9), 1606-1608 (2009).</li><li>Myers, C. R., Nealson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiration-Linked+Proton+Translocation+Coupled+to+Anaerobic+Reduction+of+Manganese(IV)+and+Iron(III)+in+Shewanella+putrefaciens+MR-1.">Respiration-Linked Proton Translocation Coupled to Anaerobic Reduction of Manganese(IV) and Iron(III) in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1.</a> J. Bacteriol. 172 (11), 6232-6238 (1990).</li><li>Tokunou, Y., Hashimoto, K., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Electron+Transport+Scarcely+Accumulates+Proton+Motive+Force+in+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Extracellular Electron Transport Scarcely Accumulates Proton Motive Force in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 88 (5), 690-692 (2015).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Tokunou, Y., Saito, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cation-limited+kinetic+model+for+microbial+extracellular+electron+transport+via+an+outer+membrane+cytochrome+C+complex.">Cation-limited kinetic model for microbial extracellular electron transport via an outer membrane cytochrome C complex.</a> Biophysics and physicobiology. 13, 71-76 (2016).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Tokunou, Y., Shafeer, K., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proton+Transport+in+the+Outer-Membrane+Flavocytochrome+Complex+Limits+the+Rate+of+Extracellular+Electron+Transport.">Proton Transport in the Outer-Membrane Flavocytochrome Complex Limits the Rate of Extracellular Electron Transport.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 9082-9086 (2017).</li><li>Hammes-Schiffer, S., Stuchebrukhov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Coupled+Electron+and+Proton+Transfer+Reactions.">Theory of Coupled Electron and Proton Transfer Reactions.</a> Chem. Rev. 110 (12), 6939-6960 (2010).</li><li>Cleland, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+isotope+effects+to+determine+enzyme+mechanisms.">The use of isotope effects to determine enzyme mechanisms.</a> J Biol. Chem. 278 (52), 51975-51984 (2003).</li><li>Kouzuma, A., Kasai, T., Hirose, A., Watanabe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catabolic+and+regulatory+systems+in+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1+involved+in+electricity+generation+in+microbial+fuel+cells.">Catabolic and regulatory systems in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 involved in electricity generation in microbial fuel cells.</a> Front. Microbiol. 6, (2015).</li><li>Kushner, D. J., Baker, A., Dunstall, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+uses+and+perspectives+of+heavy+water+and+deuterated+compounds.">Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds.</a> Can. J Physiol. Pharm. 77 (2), 79-88 (1999).</li><li>Xie, X. S., Zubarev, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Low-Level+Deuterium+Enrichment+on+Bacterial+Growth.">Effects of Low-Level Deuterium Enrichment on Bacterial Growth.</a> Plos One. 9 (7), e102071 (2014).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Hashimoto, K., Nealson, K. H., Nakamura, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rate+enhancement+of+bacterial+extracellular+electron+transport+involves+bound+flavin+semiquinones.">Rate enhancement of bacterial extracellular electron transport involves bound flavin semiquinones.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110 (19), 7856-7861 (2013).</li><li>Edwards, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+Linked+Flavin+Sites+in+Extracellular+Decaheme+Proteins+Involved+in+Microbe-Mineral+Electron+Transfer.">Redox Linked Flavin Sites in Extracellular Decaheme Proteins Involved in Microbe-Mineral Electron Transfer.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 11677 (2015).</li><li>Saito, J., Hashimoto, K., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+as+an+Indicator+of+the+Rate-Limiting+Factor+for+Microbial+Current+Production+in+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Flavin as an Indicator of the Rate-Limiting Factor for Microbial Current Production in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 216, 261-265 (2016).</li><li>Guo, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+Cr(VI)+by+Escherichia+coli+BL21+in+the+presence+of+redox+mediators.">Reduction of Cr(VI) by Escherichia coli BL21 in the presence of redox mediators.</a> Bioresource Technol. 123, 713-716 (2012).</li><li>Nealson, K., Saffarini, D., Moser, D., Smith, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Spectrophotometric+Method+for+Monitoring+Tactic+Responses+of+Bacteria+under+Anaerobic+Conditions.">A Spectrophotometric Method for Monitoring Tactic Responses of Bacteria under Anaerobic Conditions.</a> J Microbiol. Meth. 20 (3), 211-218 (1994).</li><li>Myers, C. R., Myers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+exposure+of+the+outer+membrane+cytochromes+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Cell surface exposure of the outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37 (3), 254-258 (2003).</li><li>Lower, B. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+Recognition+Force+Microscopy+Shows+that+Outer+Membrane+Cytochromes+OmcA+and+MtrC+Are+Expressed+on+the+Exterior+Surface+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Antibody Recognition Force Microscopy Shows that Outer Membrane Cytochromes OmcA and MtrC Are Expressed on the Exterior Surface of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (9), 2931-2935 (2009).</li><li>Chen, X. X., Ferrigno, R., Yang, J., Whitesides, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+properties+of+cytochrome+c+adsorbed+on+self-assembled+monolayers:+A+probe+for+protein+conformation+and+orientation.">Redox properties of cytochrome c adsorbed on self-assembled monolayers: A probe for protein conformation and orientation.</a> Langmuir. 18 (18), 7009-7015 (2002).</li><li>McMillan, D. G. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+enzyme+orientation+and+electrode+topology+on+the+catalytic+activity+of+adsorbed+redox+enzymes.">The impact of enzyme orientation and electrode topology on the catalytic activity of adsorbed redox enzymes.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 110, 79-85 (2013).</li><li>Dinh, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+corrosion+by+novel+anaerobic+microorganisms.">Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms.</a> Nature. 427 (6977), 829-832 (2004).</li><li>McGlynn, S. E., Chadwick, G. L., Kempes, C. P., Orphan, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+activity+reveals+direct+electron+transfer+in+methanotrophic+consortia.">Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia.</a> Nature. 526 (7574), 531-535 (2015).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Nakamura, R., Nealson, K. H., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bound+Flavin+Model+Suggests+Similar+Electron-Transfer+Mechanisms+in+Shewanella+and+Geobacter.">Bound Flavin Model Suggests Similar Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter.</a> Chemelectrochem. 1 (11), 1808-1812 (2014).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Hashimoto, K., Nealson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+Redox+Bifurcation+as+a+Mechanism+for+Controlling+the+Direction+of+Electron+Flow+during+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer.">Flavin Redox Bifurcation as a Mechanism for Controlling the Direction of Electron Flow during Extracellular Electron Transfer.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (41), 10988-10991 (2014).</li><li>Tokunou, Y., Hashimoto, K., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acceleration+of+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer+by+Alternative+Redox-Active+Molecules+to+Riboflavin+for+Outer-Membrane+Cytochrome+c+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Acceleration of Extracellular Electron Transfer by Alternative Redox-Active Molecules to Riboflavin for Outer-Membrane Cytochrome c of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> J Phys. Chem. C. 120 (29), 16168-16173 (2016).</li><li>Rowe, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+electron+uptake+from+a+cathode+into+Shewanella+cells:+implications+for+generating+maintenance+energy+from+solid+substrates.">Tracking electron uptake from a cathode into Shewanella cells: implications for generating maintenance energy from solid substrates.</a> bioRxiv. , 116475 (2017).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

与蛋白质电化学相比, 我们的全细胞电化学检测具有多种技术优势。蛋白质纯化需要多步骤的耗时程序, 但我们的全细胞方法在细胞培养后需要一天的自组织生物膜形成。为了实现 OM c-青旅和电极之间的稳定交互, 我们只需要对电极表面进行杀菌和清洗;它不需要电极修改来组织蛋白质的方向4,例如, S. oneidensis MR-1 本质上附着在电极上, 同时将 OM c-青旅定?...

在一个完整的细菌细胞中, 直接表征氧化还原蛋白的电化学技术最近出现, 自从发现了金属还原微生物菌株, 如S. oneidensis MR-1 或地杆菌能 sulfurreducens PCA,其中有外膜 c 型细胞色素复合体 (OM c-青旅) 暴露于细胞外部1,2,3,4,5。OM c-青旅介导从呼吸道链到位于 extracellularly 的固体基底的电子传输。此传输称为胞外电子传输 (EET)1,6 , 是新兴生物技术 (如微生物燃料电池6) 的关键过程。因此, 为了了解潜在的 EET 动力学和机制, 以及它与微生物生理学的联系, OM c-中青旅已使用全细胞电化学47, 结合显微术进行了研究。8,9, 光谱学10,11, 分子生物学2,4。相比之下, 研究 EET 相关的阳离子传输 (例如,质子) 对活细胞中 EET 动力学的影响的方法几乎没有建立, 尽管质子在细菌膜中的转运具有关键作用, 在信号、稳态和能源生产12,13,14。在本研究中, 我们描述了一个技术, 以检查质子传输对 EET 动力学的影响, 在S. oneidensis MR-1 细胞使用全细胞电化学测量, 这需要确定的速率限制步骤在微生物电流生产15。
一个直接的方法来评估质子传输对相关 EET 的贡献是氘动能同位素效应 (绢)。绢是可观察的作为电子转移动力学的变化在替换质子与氘离子, 代表质子传输对电子转移动力学的影响16。绢本身的理论已得到很好的建立使用电化学测量与纯化酶17。但是, 由于oneidensis中的当前生产 MR-1 来自多个、不同和波动的进程18, 因此不能简单地将 EET 标识为速率限制过程。为了观察质子传输过程与 EET 耦合的绢, 我们需要确认微生物电流的产生是通过 OM c-中青旅对电极的电子传输来限制的。为此, 在绢测量前, 我们在最佳 pH 值和温度条件下, 用含有高浓度乳酸的新鲜培养基取代上清液;这个替换服务两个角色: (1) 它提高了上游代谢过程的速率与 EET 相比, (2) 省略了在工作电极上从S. oneidensis MR-1 的单层生物膜上释放的上清液中的游泳细胞 (铟锡掺杂氧化物 (ITO) 电极)。所提供的详细协议旨在帮助新的从业者保持并确认 EET 过程是速率确定步骤。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE cover and base</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buthyl rubber</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septa</td>
			<td>GL Science</td>
			<td>3007-16101</td>
			<td>Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td>
			<td>GEOMATEC</td>
			<td>No.0001</td>
			<td>Used as a working electrode, 5&#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HX-R5</td>
			<td>Used as a reference electrode, &#934;0.30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td>PT-351325</td>
			<td>Used as a counter electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth, Miller</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>244620</td>
			<td>Medium for precultivation of S. oneidensis MR-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (&#945;-AQS)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>A1428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>184-00831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01305</td>
			<td>Used for defined medium (DM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-00435</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>011-03015</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 &#183; 6H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>135-00165</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>DOJINDO</td>
			<td>346-08235</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Lactate Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>195-02305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>DLM-4-PK</td>
			<td>Additive for kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LTI-601SD</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>TAITEC</td>
			<td>NR-3</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave machine</td>
			<td>TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LSX-500</td>
			<td>Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clean bench</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>MCV-91BNF</td>
			<td>Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge separator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5430R</td>
			<td>Rotational speed upto 6000&#215;g is required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas generator</td>
			<td>Puequ CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>PNTN-2</td>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>SHIMADZU</td>
			<td>UV-1800</td>
			<td>Used for optimization of cell density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>BioLogic</td>
			<td>VMP3</td>
			<td>Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal water circulator</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>TR-1A</td>
			<td>Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HS-201S</td>
			<td>Used for electrochemical experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1

在细菌外膜中嵌入的c型细胞色素复合物的直接电化学检测 (外膜c型细胞色素复合物;OM c-青旅) 最近出现作为一种新的全细胞分析方法来表征细菌电子运输从呼吸道链到细胞外部, 称为细胞外电子转运 (EET)。研究了 EET 反应过程中电子流的途径和动力学, 研究了与 EET 相关的阳离子输送的影响的全细胞电化学方法尚未建立。在本研究中, 本文介绍了通过 OM c-中青旅使用模型微生物 (希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1) 检测 EET 上氘动力学同位素效应 (绢) 的生物化学技术的例子。如果 EET 通过 OM c-青旅作为微生物电流生产中的速率限制步骤, 则可以获得 EET 过程的绢。为此, 在添加 D2O 之前, 将上清液替换为含有足够数量的电子捐献者的新鲜介质, 以支持上游代谢反应的速率, 并从统一的浮游细胞中移除工作电极上的单层生物膜。此外, 还介绍了通过 OM c-青旅法确定微生物电流生产中 EET 速率限制步骤的替代方法。研究质子转运动力学的全细胞电化学检测技术可应用于其它活性微生物菌株。

25 h 的潜在应用在 +0.4 V (对她), 在 ITO 玻璃的工作电极上形成单层生物膜, 以前是通过扫描电子显微镜或共聚焦显微镜4确认的。在单层生物膜形成过程中, 从oneidensis MR-1 的当前生产的代表性时间过程显示在图 2中。尽管电流在每次测量中都有改变, 但如果单层生物膜均匀形成, 则产生的电流不会从图 2中的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

电化学检测氘动力学同位素对希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1 细胞外电子传输的影响

在这里, 我们提出了一个全细胞电化学实验的协议, 以研究质子传输的贡献, 通过外膜细胞色素复合体在希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1 的细胞外电子转运率。

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

electrochemical-detection-deuterium-kinetic-isotope-effect-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

9.9K 次观看.  University of Tokyo. 在这里, 我们提出了一个全细胞电化学实验的协议, 以研究质子传输的贡献, 通过外膜细胞色素复合体在希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1 的细胞外电子转运率。

视频: Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones

Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes contain the two copies of a histone (sister histones) decorated with distinct sets of Post-translational Modifications (PTMs). They are newly identified species with unknown means of establishment and functional implications. Current analytical methods are inadequate to detect the copy-specific occurrence of PTMs on the nucleosomal sister histones. This protocol presents a biochemical method for the in vitro reconstitution of nucleosomes containing differentially isotope-labeled sister histones. The generated complex can be also asymmetrically modified, after including a premodified histone pool during refolding of histone subcomplexes. These asymmetric nucleosome preparations can be readily reacted with histone-modifying enzymes to study modification cross-talk mechanisms imposed by the asymmetrically pre-incorporated PTM using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Particularly, the modification reactions in real-time can be mapped independently on the two sister histones by performing different types of NMR correlation experiments, tailored for the respective isotope type. This methodology provides the means to study crosstalk mechanisms that contribute to the formation and propagation of asymmetric PTM patterns on nucleosomal complexes.

This protocol describes the reconstitution of nucleosomes containing differentially isotope-labeled sister histones. At the same time, asymmetrically post-translationally modified nucleosomes can be generated after using a premodified histone copy. These preparations can be readily used to study modification crosstalk mechanisms, simultaneously on both sister histones, by using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy.

核小体的重建与差异同位素标记的姐妹组蛋白

Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes contain the two copies of a histone (sister histones) decorated with distinct sets of Post-translational Modifications ...

科研

生物化学

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX) measured at rapid time scales is uniquely suited to detect structures and hydrogen bonding networks that are briefly populated, allowing for the characterization of transient conformers in native ensembles. Coupling of HDX to mass spectrometry offers several key advantages, including high sensitivity, low sample consumption and no restriction on protein size. This technique has advanced greatly in the last several decades, including the ability to monitor HDX labeling times on the millisecond time scale. In addition, by incorporating the HDX workflow onto a microfluidic platform housing an acidic protease microreactor, we are able to localize dynamic properties at the peptide level. In this study, Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) coupled to HDX was used to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in the tau protein, as well as the conformational shifts induced upon hyperphosphorylation.

Conformational flexibility plays a critical role in protein function. Herein, we describe the use of time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to hydrogen-deuterium exchange for probing the rapid structural changes that drive function in ordered and disordered proteins.

时间分辨电喷雾电离氢氘交换质谱用于研究蛋白质结构与动态

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the cell, ATP. The ETC is composed of 5 massive protein complexes, which also assemble into supercomplexes called respirasomes (C-I, C-III, and C-IV) and synthasomes (C-V) that increase the efficiency of electron transport and ATP production. Various methods have been used for over 50 years to measure ETC function, but these protocols do not provide information on the assembly of individual complexes and supercomplexes. This protocol describes the technique of native gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), a method that was modified more than 20 years ago to study ETC complex structure. Native electrophoresis permits the separation of ETC complexes into their active forms, and these complexes can then be studied using immunoblotting, in-gel assays (IGA), and purification by electroelution. By combining the results of native gel PAGE with those of other mitochondrial assays, it is possible to obtain a completer picture of ETC activity, its dynamic assembly and disassembly, and how this regulates mitochondrial structure and function. This work will also discuss limitations of these techniques. In summary, the technique of native PAGE, followed by immunoblotting, IGA, and electroelution, presented below, is a powerful way to investigate the functionality and composition of mitochondrial ETC supercomplexes.

This protocol describes the separation of functional mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes (Cx) I-V and supercomplexes thereof using native electrophoresis to reveal information about their assembly and structure. The native gel can be subjected to immunoblotting, in-gel assays, and purification by electroelution to further characterize individual complexes.

用天然电泳，凝胶电泳和电解法分析线粒体电子传递链的超复合物

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

Semi-automated Biopanning of Bacterial Display Libraries for Peptide Affinity Reagent Discovery and Analysis of Resulting Isolates

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. Peptide affinity reagents can be used for similar applications to antibodies, including sensing and therapeutics, but are more robust and able to perform in more extreme environments. Specific enrichment of peptide capture agents to a protein target of interest is enhanced using semi-automated sorting methods which improve binding and wash steps and therefore decrease the occurrence of false positive binders. A semi-automated sorting method is described herein for use with a commercial automated magnetic-activated cell sorting device with an unconstrained bacterial display sorting library expressing random 15-mer peptides. With slight modifications, these methods are extendable to other automated devices, other sorting libraries, and other organisms. A primary goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive methodology and expound the thought process applied in analyzing and minimizing the resulting pool of candidates. These techniques include analysis of on-cell binding using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), to assess affinity and specificity during sorting and in comparing individual candidates, and the analysis of peptide sequences to identify trends and consensus sequences for understanding and potentially improving the affinity to and specificity for the target of interest.

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for discovery of peptide affinity reagents, a robust alternative to antibodies. The semi-automated sorting method herein has streamlined biopanning to decrease the occurrence of false positives. Here we illustrate the thought process and techniques applied in evaluating candidates and minimizing downstream analysis.

细菌显示文库的半自动化筛选肽亲和试剂的发现与分离结果分析

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Here we describe a simple protocol for rapidly producing hundreds of nematode growth media agar, 96-well culture plates with consistent numbers of Caenorhhabditis elegans per well. These cultures are useful for the phenotypic screening of whole organisms. We focus here on using these cultures to screen chemicals for pro-longevity effects.

一种简单的高通量化学筛选方法在秀丽线虫中的应用

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Variations on Negative Stain Electron Microscopy Methods: Tools for Tackling Challenging Systems

Negative stain electron microscopy (EM) allows relatively simple and quick observation of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes through the use of contrast enhancing stain reagent. Although limited in resolution to a maximum of ~18 - 20 &#197;, negative stain EM is useful for a variety of biological problems and also provides a rapid means of assessing samples for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The negative stain workflow is straightforward method; the sample is adsorbed onto a substrate, then a stain is applied, blotted, and dried to produce a thin layer of electron dense stain in which the particles are embedded. Individual samples can, however, behave in markedly different ways under varying staining conditions. This has led to the development of a large variety of substrate preparation techniques, negative staining reagents, and grid washing and blotting techniques. Determining the most appropriate technique for each individual sample must be done on a case-by-case basis and a microscopist must have access to a variety of different techniques to achieve the highest-quality negative stain results. Detailed protocols for two different substrate preparation methods and three different blotting techniques are provided, and an example of a sample that shows markedly different results depending on the method used is shown. In addition, the preparation of some common negative staining reagents, and two novel Lanthanide-based stains, is described with discussion regarding the use of each.

Negative stain EM is a powerful technique for visualizing macromolecular structure, but different staining techniques can produce varying results in a sample dependent manner. Here several negative staining approaches are described in detail to provide an initial workflow for tackling the visualization of challenging systems.

负染色电子显微镜方法的变化: 处理具有挑战性的系统的工具

Negative stain electron microscopy (EM) allows relatively simple and quick observation of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes through the use of ...

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage by extracellular oxidants. This process of transporting electrons from intracellular reductants to extracellular oxidants is not well defined. Here we present spectrophotometric assays by C2C12 myotubes to monitor tPMET utilizing the extracellular electron acceptors: water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP or DCIP). Through reduction of these electron acceptors, we are able to monitor this process in a real-time analysis. With the addition of enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase (AO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the assays, we can determine which portion of tPMET is due to ascorbate export or superoxide production, respectively. While WST-1 was shown to produce stable results with low background, DPIP was able to be re-oxidized after the addition of AO and SOD, which was demonstrated with spectrophotometric analysis. This method demonstrates a real-time, multi-well, quick spectrophotometric assay with advantages over other methods used to monitor tPMET, such as ferricyanide (FeCN) and ferricytochrome c reduction.

The goal of this protocol is to spectrophotometrically monitor trans-plasma membrane electron transport utilizing extracellular electron acceptors and to analyze enzymatic interactions that may occur with these extracellular electron acceptors.

C2C12 Myotubes 测量反式等离子体膜电子传输

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and more. These fluctuations can lead to a widespread protein unfolding, aggregation, and cell death. Therefore, cells have evolved a dynamic and stress-specific network of molecular chaperones, which maintain a "healthy" proteome during stress conditions. ATP-independent chaperones constitute one major class of molecular chaperones, which serve as first-line defense molecules, protecting against protein aggregation in a stress-dependent manner. One feature these chaperones have in common is their ability to utilize structural plasticity for their stress-specific activation, recognition, and release of the misfolded client. 
In this paper, we focus on the functional and structural analysis of one such intrinsically disordered chaperone, the bacterial redox-regulated Hsp33, which protects proteins against aggregation during oxidative stress. Here, we present a toolbox of diverse techniques for studying redox-regulated chaperone activity, as well as for mapping conformational changes of the chaperone, underlying its activity. Specifically, we describe a workflow which includes the preparation of fully reduced and fully oxidized proteins, followed by an analysis of the chaperone anti-aggregation activity in vitro using light-scattering, focusing on the degree of the anti-aggregation activity and its kinetics. To overcome frequent outliers accumulated during aggregation assays, we describe the usage of Kfits, a novel graphical tool which allows easy processing of kinetic measurements. This tool can be easily applied to other types of kinetic measurements for removing outliers and fitting kinetic parameters. To correlate the function with the protein structure, we describe the setup and workflow of a structural mass spectrometry technique, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, that allows the mapping of conformational changes on the chaperone and substrate during different stages of Hsp33 activity. The same methodology can be applied to other protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions.

One of the most challenging stress conditions that organisms encounter during their lifetime involves the accumulation of oxidants. During oxidative stress, cells heavily rely on molecular chaperones. Here, we present methods used to investigate the redox-regulated anti-aggregation activity, as well as to monitor structural changes governing the chaperone function using HDX-MS.

用氢-氘交换质谱法定义 Hsp33's 氧化还原调节陪护活动和 Hsp33 映射构象变化

Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation of ...

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling cascades during homeostasis and disease, and as such represent prime therapeutic targets. Despite their relevance, these interaction networks remain significantly underrepresented in current databases; therefore, most extracellular proteins have no documented binding partner. This discrepancy is primarily due to the challenges associated with the study of the extracellular proteins, including expression of functional proteins, and the weak, low affinity, protein interactions often established between cell surface receptors. The purpose of this method is to describe the printing of a library of extracellular proteins in a microarray format for screening of protein-protein interactions. To enable detection of weak interactions, a method based on multimerization of the query protein under study is described. Coupled to this microbead-based multimerization approach for increased multivalency, the protein microarray allows robust detection of transient protein-protein interactions in high throughput. This method offers a rapid and low sample consuming-approach for identification of new interactions applicable to any extracellular protein. Protein microarray printing and screening protocol are described. This technology will be useful for investigators seeking a robust method for discovery of protein interactions in the extracellular space.

Here, we present a protocol to screen extracellular protein microarrays for identification of novel receptor-ligand interactions in high throughput. We also describe a method to enhance detection of transient protein-protein interactions by using protein-microbead complexes.

低亲和力受体-配体相互作用的细胞外蛋白微阵列技术

Secreted factors, membrane-tethered receptors, and their interacting partners are main regulators of cellular communication and initiation of signaling ...

Analysis of &#946;-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and structure by spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A&#946;, which forms neurotoxic amyloid aggregates in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), has been shown to interact with fibrinogen. This A&#946;-fibrinogen interaction makes the fibrin clot structurally abnormal and resistant to fibrinolysis. A&#946;-induced abnormalities in fibrin clotting may also contribute to cerebrovascular aspects of the AD pathology such as microinfarcts, inflammation, as well as, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Given the potentially critical role of neurovascular deficits in AD pathology, developing compounds which can inhibit or lessen the A&#946;-fibrinogen interaction has promising therapeutic value. In vitro methods by which fibrin clot formation can be easily and systematically assessed are potentially useful tools for developing therapeutic compounds. Presented here is an optimized protocol for in vitro generation of the fibrin clot, as well as analysis of the effect of A&#946; and A&#946;-fibrinogen interaction inhibitors. The clot turbidity assay is rapid, highly reproducible and can be used to test multiple conditions simultaneously, allowing for the screening of large numbers of A&#946;-fibrinogen inhibitors. Hit compounds from this screening can be further evaluated for their ability to ameliorate A&#946;-induced structural abnormalities of the fibrin clot architecture using SEM. The effectiveness of these optimized protocols is demonstrated here using TDI-2760, a recently identified A&#946;-fibrinogen interaction inhibitor.

Presented here are two methods that can be used individually or in combination to analyze the effect of beta-amyloid on fibrin clot structure. Included is a protocol for creating an in vitro fibrin clot, followed by clot turbidity and scanning electron microscopy methods.

β-淀粉脂质诱导纤维蛋白斑点结构异常的光谱分析

This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and ...