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1. 整流离子输送引起的 EHD 流量
<ol><li>一种用于整流离子输送通路的流道装置的研制
	<ol>
<li>制作一层聚四氟乙烯模具:<ol>
<li>使用铣削机从聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 块中切割 13 x 30 x 10 mm3模具 (见图 2)。或者, 购买定制产品。</li>
			<li>在 PTFE 模具两端的 15 x 18 x 1 毫米3的丙烯酸板与一个塑料胶粘剂, 这将使裂缝在水库解决偏置电极。这些零件可以从一个大盘子里剪下来或购买。</li>
			<li>将 13 x 30 x 1 毫米3的丙烯酸板材粘在聚四氟乙烯模具的顶部和底部表面, 用塑料粘合剂使平面表面清晰地观察。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>将硅胶弹性体底座和固化剂混合在50毫升管中的比例为 10:1, 并用手摇动管子。</li>
		<li>将液体在真空容器中, 用旋转泵加气。</li>
		<li>把管子从船上取下。将其倒入 40 x 50 x 24 毫米3塑料容器中, 以塑造储层的外层形状, 并将储层模 (见步骤 1.1.1) 放入其中。</li>
		<li>在80摄氏度的热板上烘烤液体的整个身体, 大约4小时。</li>
		<li>烘烤后, 用手将其从 PTFE 模具和外容器中分离出来。用一把手术刀在水库的中心缝上。这将被用来把阴离子交换膜的边缘 (在步骤1.1.16 中准备) 使用镊子。 注: 在以后的电解质溶液中填充了该聚合物, 如图 2所示。</li>
		<li>获得玻璃板 (由特殊顺序) 与圆形18毫米直径或在正方形与18毫米边缘。</li>
		<li>用丙酮、乙醇和纯净水 (按顺序) 在超声波浴中浸泡15分钟, 清洗玻璃板材。</li>
		<li>用气枪将任何残留液体吹走, 或将玻璃板加热5分钟, 约 473 K。</li>
		<li>使用射频溅射, 将镀铬或 Ti 暴露在 Ar 等离子体上的玻璃表面涂上1分钟, 并连续 75 w, 在 75 w 处沉积金薄膜5分钟, 将厚度设置为大约 100 nm。 注: 在用靶金属涂装玻璃表面之前, 样品被设置在真空室中, 用旋转泵和分子扩散泵进行疏散, 直到压力降到 1 x 10−2宾夕法尼亚州。</li>
		<li>用烙铁在金电极表面焊铅。 注: 金电极的形状可能被正方形和螺旋线所取代, 维持足够大的表面积以产生离子电流。</li>
		<li>用镊子, 在储层两端设置涂有金薄膜的玻璃板。这些是偏置电极。</li>
		<li>用剪刀将阴离子交换膜切成 20 x 18 毫米2的长方形。表面面积为13毫米, 高度为10毫米, 暴露于液体中。在这里, 一个箱子刀或手术刀也可以用来切割膜。</li>
		<li>切出一个长方形的 3 x 5.5 毫米2从一个边缘的膜与剪刀。 注: 阴离子膜的厚度为220µm。该膜易于切割与剪刀或框刀。膜的边缘部分固定在腔内的狭缝上。</li>
		<li>用 1 x 1 mm2横截面的不锈钢棒凝固一个1.1.4 块, 其方法与步骤中的1.1.5 相同, 以创建渗透膜的流通道。一夜之间离开建筑, 然后将不锈钢棒拉出外推块。</li>
		<li>用一把手术刀把一个方形的流道切割成 3 x 6 x 4.5 毫米片 (见图 2)。沿外边缘做狭缝, 然后将其附着在矩形切口内的膜上。 注意: 通道的顶面必须水平设置, 以便通过透明壁对流道中的颗粒进行清晰的观察。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>实验的制备及预处理方法
	<ol>
<li>在 1 x 10−1、1 x 10−2和 1 x 10−3摩尔/升的浓度下, 通过稀释库存溶液制备氢氧化钠水溶液。</li>
		<li>通过将浓度设置为 4.2 x 10−3体积%, 在步骤1.2.1 中制备的每种氢氧化钠溶液中, 分散2.93 µm 的聚苯乙烯颗粒的平均直径。 注意: 可以适当改变示踪粒子的大小, 以改善可观测性。</li>
		<li>Ultrasonicate 格式的阴离子交换膜 20 x 18 毫米2与一狭缝 3 x 5.5 毫米2 2x 为10分钟在纯净的水中以 100 W 的力量。</li>
		<li>用镊子, 将阴离子交换膜与聚硅烷的流动通道结合到了聚硅烷储层。用微填充4毫升的氢氧化钠溶液。 注: 膜表面和流道浸入溶液中, 所暴露于溶液中的膜表面至少比流道的横断面大100x。</li>
		<li>利用直流电源在2小时的前后向方向应用 2.2 V 的电势, 以提高膜在观测前的电导率。</li>
		<li>用镊子拔出金电极。使用微从储层中取出溶液。</li>
		<li>用镊子在储层中设置新的金电极。用微填充4毫升的氢氧化钠溶液。在解决方案平衡时开始观察。 注意: 它可能需要几分钟的等待时间, 直到自然对流定居下来, 这可以通过观察跟踪粒子的行为来判断。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>实验设置和测量系统
	<ol>
<li>将高速互补金属氧化物半导体 (CMOS) 相机的帧速率和曝光时间分别设置为 500 fps 和1毫秒。 注: 如图 1所示, 实验装置设置在与高速 CMOS 相机相连接的显微镜阶段, 以记录粒子运动。该视图在显示器上放大 15, 100X 透镜。</li>
		<li>在应用电势之前, 将微的尖端插入通道端, 将其从通道中移除, 以推动或拉出。</li>
		<li>外部应用电位为 2.2 V 的 Au 偏置电极。使用恒电位仪或直流电源与数字万用表同时监测电气响应。 注: 电压值确定为上限, 避免在溶液中产生 O2和 H2气泡的水电解。</li>
		<li>记录跟踪粒子在计算机上的行为。</li>
		<li>用 Au 探针电极和数字万用表测量流道两端的电位差, 以确认离子浓度梯度触发 EHD 流38,39。</li>
		<li>确定笛卡尔坐标系在通道中心的原点。 注: x轴沿流通道的纵向方向, y轴和z坐标轴分别位于通道横断面的水平和垂直方向, 如图 2所示。透明的双通道允许液体流沿x轴可视化。通过控制焦点的深度, 视图聚焦在z = 0 的xy平面上。流数据独立于测试部分中的x , 但仅在通道的入口和出口附近, 观测点设置在大约0.75 毫米从原点下游, 例如x = 0.75、 y = 0 和z= 0 毫米。</li>
		<li>在一次测量 (十五年代) 以后, 短路电极通过连接他们互相以铅20分钟, 直到解答是平衡的。</li>
		<li>接下来, 将解决方案的整体移动到另一条船上 (例如, 一个10毫升的样品瓶), 并用微搅拌。</li>
		<li>迭代执行实验时, 再次使用微将搅拌溶液倒入腔室。 注: 观察后, 利用粒子图像测速 (PIV) 方法39对 EHD 流速进行评价, 可以利用相应的软件对粒子的位移进行跟踪, 并对速度进行数值计算。在这里省略了 piv 方法的详细说明以及如何使用它们, 因为 piv 分析已被广泛使用, 计算过程取决于所使用的软件和操作系统。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 阳离子诱导 EHD 流的观察
<ol><li>
实验装置的研制
	<ol>
<li>根据类似于步骤 1.1.5 1.1.7 中描述的程序, 在底部玻璃板上形成 26 x 10 毫米2表面的 Au 偏置电极。</li>
		<li>使用射频溅射, 将镀铬或 Ti 的玻璃表面涂上2分钟, 在 75 w 处, 将金薄膜沉积在 75 w 的5分钟。 注: 这种电极形状是为了在最窄的通道区域内高度集中电场而确定的。电极表面的比率, 10 x 10 毫米2被暴露对液体, 到渠道的横断面是理想地 100:1;预计这一比例将足以使该通道的电势下降16。</li>
		<li>用烙铁在电极的边缘焊一条引线。</li>
		<li>从大型硅橡胶板, 切出2室, 每一个由 1 x 1 x 1 毫米3流通道放置在两个 10 x 10 x 1 毫米3水库之间, 使用一把外科刀 (见图 3)。这些部件可能会被采用。</li>
		<li>用盒刀或手术刀切割出一个平均厚度为127µm 到 20 x 30 毫米的阳离子交换膜, 如图 3所示。</li>
		<li>通过应用 100 W, 在纯净水中 Ultrasonicate 每部分15分钟。</li>
		<li>用镊子在腔间插入阳离子交换膜, 如图 3所示。这将分离2种不同浓度的电解质溶液。</li>
		<li>按下和密封的分庭和阳离子交换膜的玻璃板, 其尺寸是26毫米的宽度和38毫米长。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
解决方案的准备
	<ol>
<li>在 1 x 10−2摩尔/升三 (羟甲基) 氨基甲烷乙二胺 (三 EDTA) 缓冲液中制备平均直径为1.01 µm 的聚苯乙烯微粒的分散体, 其中体积比调整为 1 x 10−2体积%。</li>
		<li>准备1摩尔/升的氯化钾和 1 x 10−2摩尔/升的三 EDTA 混合物。</li>
		<li>将三 edta/聚苯乙烯颗粒和三 edta/氯化钾溶液分别注入下部和上部的腔内,通过从腔体的侧壁插入注射器针。 注: 每室注入的溶液的数量约为210µL。</li>
		<li>等待大约18小时, 直到溶液被平衡, 因为离子的扩散使上层和下层之间的离子浓度差得以放松。 注: 在扩散过程中, 在上部溶液中的 K+和在膜中的 H+将首先穿透膜, 而 Cl−有望跟随它们。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
实验设置和测量系统
	<ol>
<li>将在步骤2.1 中开发的实验装置用手放在倒置显微镜的舞台上, 如图 3所示。将显微镜连接到高速 CMOS 相机上, 监测粒子运动的轨迹, 并在计算机上记录观测数据。</li>
		<li>使用函数发生器作为电源, 在两个电极之间应用电位差为6秒的2伏。</li>
		<li>为了证实 EHD 流动是由离子传输引起的, 使用电流表40同时测量离子电流。</li>
		<li>用粒子跟踪测速仪 (PTV) 法分析了粒子的记录轨迹39。 注: 观察后, 用 PTV 法对 EHD 流速进行了评价, 利用适当的软件, 可以对颗粒的位移进行跟踪, 并对速度进行数值计算。这里省略了 PTV 方法的详细说明以及如何使用它们, 因为 PTV 分析已被广泛使用, 计算过程取决于所使用的软件和操作系统。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

本研究的目的是将阳离子和阴离子与水溶液中的空间分布和传输数分开。使用阴离子交换膜, 阴离子和阳离子的传输可以在膜和渗透膜的流动通道中得到矫正。二者择一地, 分离高和低浓度解决方案的阳离子交换膜工作, 在相当长的等待时间后产生电极化溶液。因此, 整流离子电流成功地降低了应用电压, 以诱导离子拖动 EHD 流。
在这里提出的方法是适用于低应用电压的水溶液, ...

近年来, 液体流量控制技术引起了人们的广泛关注, 因为它对微 nanofluidic 器件的应用有很大的兴趣1、2、3、4、5、6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. 在极性溶液中, 如水溶液和离子液体, 离子和带电粒子通常会在液体流动中产生电荷。这种极化粒子的传输提供了各种应用的扩展, 如单分子操作6、10、11、13、14,15,16,17、离子二极管器件12、18、液体流量控制19、20、21、22。EHD 流是 Stuetzer 1 以来液体流量控制系统的一个适用现象,2发明了离子拖动泵。Melcher 和泰勒3发表了一篇重要文章, 其中 EHD 流的理论框架进行了很好的回顾和一些突出的实验也证明。萨维尔4和他的工友23,24贡献了 EHD 技术的以下扩展在液体。然而, 有一些限制, 以诱导液体流驱动的电力, 因为有数以万计的 kV 必须应用在液体中注入电荷的非极性溶液, 如油, 极化他们1,2,3. 这是水溶液的一个缺点, 因为电位高于 1.23 V 的电电解会改变溶液的特性, 使溶液不稳定。
在微和 nanofluidic 通道中, 通道壁的表面电荷导致 counterions 在外部应用电场25、26、27 下有效诱导渗流 (EOFs) 的浓度. ,28,29。使用 EOFs, 一些液体泵浦技术已应用于水溶液中, 降低了电压30,31,32。另一方面, EOFs 被限制在微观和 nanospaces 中产生, 而表面区域比液体体积更具优势。此外, 由于高度集中离子的传输非常接近壁面, 如在电双层, 滑移边界只导致液体流动, 这可能不足以使压力梯度7,8,22,26,27. 用于 EOF 的应用需要微调, 如通道尺寸和盐浓度。相比之下, 如果可以降低应用电压, 以避免降解溶剂, 则由身体力量驱动的 EHD 流似乎可以用于运输质量和能量。最近, 一些研究人员提出了低电压33、34、35、36EHD 流的应用。虽然这些技术尚未实施, 但预计边界将会扩大。
在以前的研究中, 我们还对水溶液37、38、39、40中的 EHD 流进行了实验和理论研究。在电场作用下, 离子传输通路的校正是产生带电的溶液的有效方法。通过使用离子交换膜和通过膜的流动通道, 我们能够矫正离子电流。在应用阴离子交换膜时, 离子集中在流道上, 将溶剂拖走, 形成了 EHD 流37、38、39。离子和阴离子电流分离的一个重要的因素是在不同类型的阳离子和阴离子的流动。离子交换膜由于离子选择性而有效地调节了流动性。从41应用电场影响的离子电流密度的角度研究了离子传输现象。这些研究为发展单一分子的操作技术, 即微粒子和纳米微粒, 产生了丰硕的成果, 其运动受到热涨落11、16、17 的强烈影响..EOFs 和 EHD 流量预计将扩大精确流量控制方法和压力梯度的各种。
在本研究中, 我们演示了两种在水溶液中驱动 EHD 流的方法。首先, 氢氧化钠溶液用于工作流体驱动 EHD 流37,38,39。阴离子交换膜将液体分离成两部分。一个烷的流通道, 其截面为 1 x 1 毫米, 长度为3毫米, 穿透膜。利用 2.2 V 的电势, 沿电场诱导 Na+、H+和 OH−离子的电泳传输。阴离子交换膜和流道有效地分离出离子传输通路, 在那里, 阴离子主要通过膜和阳离子集中在流道中, 虽然两种通常在相反方向移动,维护 electroneutrality。因此, 这种情况不会造成液体流动的驱动力。这种结构对于产生一个 EHD 流, 其流速达到1毫米/秒在通道中的顺序是至关重要的, 因为由外部电场加速的高浓度阳离子会拖累溶剂分子。EHD 流是通过显微镜和高速相机观察和记录的, 如图 1所示。第二, 由离子交换膜分离的两个液相之间的浓度差导致了通过离子交换膜40产生的电极化条件。在这项研究中, 我们发现了相当长的等待时间的重要性, 平衡离子分布和相应的电势, 这会导致更好的条件适用于身体的力量在液体中。通过离子交换膜, 实现了弱极化条件。在这种情况下, 外部应用电场诱导定向离子传输, 在液体中产生体力, 因此, 从离子到溶剂的动量转移发展出 EHD 流。
如上所述, 目前的装置成功地大幅度降低了应用电压差到几个伏特, 因此这种方法可以用于水溶液, 虽然传统的电荷注入方法需要数伏和仅限于非水溶液的应用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:915px;" width="914">
	<colgroup>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">0.1 mol/L Sodium Hydroxide Solution</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">NR-500, NR-HA08</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Laser displacement meter</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">LK-G5000, LK-H008W</td>
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			<td style="width:187px;">IX73</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">High-speed CMOS camera</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Andor Technology Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Zyla 5.5 sCMOS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">NF Corp.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">WF1945B</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">NF Corp.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">WF1973</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">AS ONE Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AS22GTU</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Rotary pump</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">ULVAC, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">G-100S</td>
			<td>Degas liquid PDMS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Rotary pump</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">ULVAC, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GLD-201A</td>
			<td>Sputtering&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Molecular diffusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">ULVAC, Inc.</td>
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</table>

generation and control of electrohydrodynamic flows in aqueous electrolyte solutions

为了驱动 electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 在水溶液中的流动, 阳离子和阴离子传输通路的分离是必不可少的, 因为在液体中离子运动必须诱导出定向的电体力。另一方面, 正负电荷相互吸引, electroneutrality 在平衡条件下处处保持。此外, 必须抑制施加电压的增加, 以避免水电解, 从而使溶液变得不稳定。通常, 在非水溶液中, EHD 流可以通过应用极高的电压 (如伏伏特) 来注入电荷来诱导。在这项研究中, 引入两种方法来产生由电荷分离引起的 EHD 流, 在水溶液中, 两个液相由离子交换膜分离。由于膜离子流动的不同, 膜的两侧产生离子浓度极化。在本研究中, 我们演示了两种方法。(i) 离子浓度梯度的松弛是通过渗透离子交换膜的流道而产生的, 在这种通道中, 膜中较慢的物种在流动通道中有选择性地成为主导。这是在液体中产生 EHD 流的驱动力。(二) 通过离子交换膜传播离子的时间长, 可以通过外部应用电场产生离子拖曳流。离子集中在流道的 1 x 1 毫米2剖面上, 确定液流方向, 对应于电泳输送通路。在这两种方法中, 通过整流离子传输通路, EHD 流产生的电压差急剧降低到接近 2 V。

图 4(视频图) 显示了 EHD 流产生的一个代表性结果, 这是由于在该协议的步骤1中, 离子传输通路和高度集中的阳离子的整流导致了通道内的液体流动。图 5显示了 PIV 分析的结果, 其中20个数据点靠近通道中心 (y = z = 0 毫米) 的平均值。在 1 x 10−1摩尔/L 氢氧化钠溶液的情况下, 当在t = 5 s 上应用 2.2 V 的电...

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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

离子传输通路的校正是产生单向离子拖曳 electrohydrodynamic 流的有效方法。通过在流道中设置离子交换膜, 产生电极化条件, 并在外部应用电场时使液体流动被驱动。

水电解质溶液中 Electrohydrodynamic 流的产生与控制

To drive electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flows in aqueous solutions, the separation of cation and anion transport pathways is essential because a directed ...

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8.8K 次观看.  Osaka University. 离子传输通路的校正是产生单向离子拖曳 electrohydrodynamic 流的有效方法。通过在流道中设置离子交换膜, 产生电极化条件, 并在外部应用电场时使液体流动被驱动。

视频: Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

高压直流电桥从极地介电液的制备

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

科研

工程学

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational analysis. Testing of lithium-ion batteries in an academic setting has taken on several forms, but at the most basic level lies the coin cell construction. In traditional LIB electrode preparation, a multi-phase slurry composed of active material, binder, and conductive additive is cast out onto a substrate. An electrode disc can then be punched from the dried sheet and used in the construction of a coin cell for electrochemical evaluation. Utilization of the potential of the active material in a battery is critically dependent on the microstructure of the electrode, as an appropriate distribution of the primary components are crucial to ensuring optimal electrical conductivity, porosity, and tortuosity, such that electrochemical and transport interaction is optimized. Processing steps ranging from the combination of dry powder, wet mixing, and drying can all critically affect multi-phase interactions that influence the microstructure formation. Electrochemical probing necessitates the construction of electrodes and coin cells with the utmost care and precision. This paper aims at providing a step-by-step guide of non-aqueous electrode processing and coin cell construction for lithium-ion batteries within an academic setting and with emphasis on deciphering the influence of drying and calendaring.

Non-aqueous electrode processing is central to the construction of coin cells and the evaluation of new electrode chemistries for lithium-ion batteries. A step-by-step guide to the basic practices needed as an electrochemical engineer working with batteries in an academic experimental setting is furnished.

锂离子纽扣电池的非水电极加工和施工

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

Free-form Light Actuators &#8212; Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted researchers&#39; attention in many fields. Most of the studies focused on macroscopic LCE structures (films, fibers) and their miniaturization is still in its infancy. Recently developed lithography techniques, e.g., mask exposure and replica molding, only allow for creating 2D structures on LCE thin films. Direct laser writing (DLW) opens access to truly 3D fabrication in the microscopic scale. However, controlling the actuation topology and dynamics at the same length scale remains a challenge.
In this paper we report on a method to control the liquid crystal (LC) molecular alignment in the LCE microstructures of arbitrary three-dimensional shape. This was made possible by a combination of direct laser writing for both the LCE structures as well as for micrograting patterns inducing local LC alignment. Several types of grating patterns were used to introduce different LC alignments, which can be subsequently patterned into the LCE structures. This protocol allows one to obtain LCE microstructures with engineered alignments able to perform multiple opto-mechanical actuation, thus being capable of multiple functionalities. Applications can be foreseen in the fields of tunable photonics, micro-robotics, lab-on-chip technology and others.

Here, we fabricate 3D polymeric micro/nano structures in which both the shape and the molecular alignment can be engineered with nanometer scale accuracy by the use of direct laser writing. Light induced deformation of several types of liquid crystalline elastomer microstructures can be controlled in the microscopic scale.

自由形式的光驱动器 - 制作和开动控制在微观尺度

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

量子干涉效应在硅谐振环光子源测量

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. However, the responsiveness of a galvanometer mirror is limited by its inertia; hence, the gain of a galvanometer mirror is reduced when the control path is steep. In this research, we propose a method to extend the corresponding frequency using a pre-emphasis technique to compensate for the gain reduction of galvanometer mirrors in sine-wave path tracking using proportional-integral-differential (PID) control. The pre-emphasis technique obtains an input value for a desired output value in advance. Applying this method to control the galvanometer mirror, the raw gain of a galvanometer mirror in each frequency and amplitude for sine-wave path tracking using a PID controller was calculated. Where PID control is not effective, maintaining a gain of 0 dB to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy, it is possible to expand the speed range in which a gain of 0 dB can be obtained without tuning the PID control parameters. However, if there is only one frequency, amplification is possible with a single pre-emphasis coefficient. Therefore, a sine wave is suitable for this technique, unlike triangular and sawtooth waves. Hence, we can adopt a pre-emphasis technique to configure the parameters in advance, and we need not prepare additional active control models and hardware. The parameters are updated immediately within the next cycle because of the open loop after the pre-emphasis coefficients are set. In other words, to regard the controller as a black box, we need to know only the input-to-output ratio, and detailed modeling is not required. This simplicity allows our system to be easily embedded in applications. Our method using the pre-emphasis technique for a motion-blur compensation system and the experiment conducted to evaluate the method are explained.

We propose a method to extend the corresponding frequency by using a pre-emphasis technique. This method compensates for the gain reduction of a galvanometer mirror in sine-wave path tracking using proportional-integral-differential control.

使用预加重技术增益补偿方法论电流镜的比例 - 积分 - 微分控制正弦扫描

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

研究堆虹吸断路器试验与仿真研究

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental sciences and industrial applications owing to their periodic arrangement of nanopores with relatively high aspect ratio. However, the techniques reported so far, which could be only valid for mono-surface anodization, show critical disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming as well as complicated procedures, requiring toxic chemicals, and wasting valuable natural resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile, efficient, and environmentally clean method to fabricate nanoporous AAOs in sulfuric and oxalic acid electrolytes, which can overcome the limitations that result from conventional AAO fabricating methods. First, plural AAOs are produced at one time through simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization (SMSA), indicating mass-producibility of the AAOs with comparable qualities. Second, those AAOs can be separated from the aluminum (Al) substrate by applying stair-like reverse biases (SRBs) in the same electrolyte used for the SMSAs, implying simplicity and green technological characteristics. Finally, a unit sequence consisting of the SMSAs sequentially combined with SRBs-based detachment can be applied repeatedly to the same Al substrate, which reinforces the advantages of this strategy and also guarantees the efficient usage of natural resources.

A protocol for fabricating nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides via simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization followed by stair-like reverse biases detachments is presented. It can be applied repeatedly to the same aluminum substrate, exhibiting a facile, high-yield, and environmentally clean strategy.

阳极氧化铝在硫酸和草酸电解质中的同时多表面 Anodizations 和阶梯式反向偏置剥离

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental ...

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape method or individual WS2 nanotubes by dispersing the suspension of WS2 nanotubes. The selected samples have been fabricated into devices by the use of the electron beam lithography and electrolyte is put on the devices. We have characterized the electronic properties of the devices under applying the gate voltage. In the small gate voltage region, ions in the electrolyte are accumulated on the surface of the samples which leads to the large electric potential drop and resultant electrostatic carrier doping at the interface. Ambipolar transfer curve has been observed in this electrostatic doping region. When the gate voltage is further increased, we met another drastic increase of source-drain current which implies that ions are intercalated into layers of WS2 and electrochemical carrier doping is realized. In such electrochemical doping region, superconductivity has been observed. The focused technique provides a powerful strategy for achieving the electric-filed-induced quantum phase transition.

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Here, we present a protocol to control the carrier number in solids by using the electrolyte.

用电解质浇注法对 WS2纳米器件电子态的电场控制

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape ...

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

We present a method for the generation and coherent manipulation of pulsed quantum frequency combs. Until now, methods of preparing high-dimensional states on-chip in a practical way have remained elusive due to the increasing complexity of the quantum circuitry needed to prepare and process such states. Here, we outline how high-dimensional, frequency-bin entangled, two-photon states can be generated at a stable, high generation rate by using a nested-cavity, actively mode-locked excitation of a nonlinear micro-cavity. This technique is used to produce pulsed quantum frequency combs. Moreover, we present how the quantum states can be coherently manipulated using standard telecommunications components such as programmable filters and electro-optic modulators. In particular, we show in detail how to accomplish state characterization measurements such as density matrix reconstruction, coincidence detection, and single photon spectrum determination. The presented methods form an accessible, reconfigurable, and scalable foundation for complex high-dimensional state preparation and manipulation protocols in the frequency domain.

A protocol is presented for the practical generation and coherent manipulation of high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photon states using integrated micro-cavities and standard telecommunications components, respectively.

脉冲量子频率梳的产生与相干控制

We present a method for the generation and coherent manipulation of pulsed quantum frequency combs. Until now, methods of preparing high-dimensional ...

水电解质溶液中 Electrohydrodynamic 流的产生与控制

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