我们要感谢马修 F S 拉什沃思博士 (牛津大学实验心理学系) 和 Sakagami 博士正道 (脑科学研究中心, 玉川大学), 他们对项目的启动和细节的宝贵意见的协议。我们感谢百合博士的批评和编辑手稿。该项目由山本理奖励研究项目 (100226201701100443) 支持 q. z, 脑科学项目, 新科学倡议中心, 国立自然科学研究院 (BS291003) 到 q. Z, 山本理老化项目 (10026-201701100263-340120) 到 Q Z 和 jsp Kakenhi 资助为年轻科学家 (B) (17841749) 到 Q.Z。
作者贡献: Q. Z 构思并启动该项目, 进行了实验和数据分析, 协调了实验室与奥哈拉 & 有限公司的工作, q. z 和 Y 写的手稿, S. 我监督了这个项目。

所有实验性的协议都由山本理脑科学研究所的动物护理和使用委员会批准。
1. 动物制剂
<ol><li>根据实验目的, 选择实验小鼠 (或大鼠) 的性别、年龄、基因型和药理治疗。 注: 在这里我们展示了四只雄性 C57B/6 小鼠2月大的表现。</li>
	<li>把老鼠放在标准条件下的房间里 (12 小时 light/12 h 黑暗循环, 上午8:00 至下午8:00 之间的灯, 22 1°C)。 注: 如果目的是比较两种基因型之间的差异, 每笼4小鼠, 并包括每个基因型的2小鼠。</li>
	<li>处理鼠标2分钟/天5天, 使他们熟悉人类接触。喂养他们与测量的口粮, 使他们的体重大致维持在80–85% 的自由喂养重量在整个实验。提供水上广告随意。</li>
	<li>习惯老鼠到实验室, 把所有老鼠从老鼠屋里转移到实验室, 每天实验前30分钟。</li>
	<li>每天在同一时间开始实验, 以避免昼夜节律对动物性能的影响。</li>
</ol>2. 动物适应迷宫
<ol><li>与鼠标处理同时开始适应迷宫 (2 分钟/天)。在这个阶段保持所有的门打开。在5天内进行习惯性的适应。</li>
	<li>1天, 在迷宫中分散食物颗粒。</li>
	<li>在2和3天, 将小球分散在两个目标臂上。</li>
	<li>在4和5天, 把球团只在两个目标框。</li>
	<li>每天, 在放置小球后, 将小鼠放在 T 迷宫的起始箱中四组, 并允许老鼠探索迷宫10分钟。 注: Habituating 四组的老鼠会帮助他们互相学习, 加快训练。</li>
</ol>3. 对上帝抵抗军的 HRA 的动物歧视
注意: 此协议包括基于延迟和基于工作的决策测试。然而, 根据目的, 研究人员只能测试其中之一, 或两者。控制软件 (材料表) 用于在以下步骤中自动控制 T 迷宫设置。如果要对基于努力的决策进行测试, 在强行进入阶段给 HRA 和上帝抵抗军带来障碍。然后动物将被训练为歧视和障碍攀登同时。饥饿的老鼠积极攀登障碍, 在这个阶段之后, 他们都能熟练地攀爬。因此, 没有必要从较低的屏障开始使用此协议。
<ol><li>
强制臂进入阶段
	<ol>
<li>打开控制软件的参数注册窗口, 然后按如下方式设置参数 (图 3)。<ol>
<li>选择 "阶段选项"。将 "试用号" 设置为 10, 以便每只动物每天进行10次试验, 持续5天。 注: 在他/她自己的实验中, 你可以选择一个不同的试验编号。</li>
			<li>将 "持续时间" 设置为 900s, 以便每天对一只鼠标的训练不会超过 900s. 将 "默认启动延迟时间" 设置为3秒, 以便在开始区域检测到动物后, 启动门将打开3秒。</li>
			<li>为 hra 和上帝抵抗军设置 "颗粒数", 以便在 hra 中总自动分配4个小球, 并在上帝抵抗军中配发1粒。 注: 在我们的实验中, 我们发现1:4 是最佳的比率时, 10 毫克糖丸使用。如果我们使用6到10粒, 老鼠不能吃完所有的, 并会有遗漏发生。</li>
			<li>将 "延迟时间" 设置为0秒, 以便在这一阶段不会延迟 HRA 和上帝抵抗军。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>打开控制软件的 "ID 注册" 窗口。根据 HRA 的位置, 无论是左侧还是右侧, 将每个鼠标的 ID 注册到软件。(图 4)。 注意: 位置应与基因型组相对应。对于每个基因组中的 50%, HRA 总是在左边, 而上帝抵抗军总是在右边。对于其他 50%, HRA 总是在右边, 上帝抵抗军总是在左边。</li>
		<li>打开软件的应用程序窗口, 从下拉 "任务" 列表中选择 "决策"。输入主题 ID 并从 "阶段" 下拉列表中选择 "阶段 2"。从 "日" 下拉列表中选择日编号。按 "确定" 按钮进入实验界面窗口。</li>
		<li>在实验界面窗口中, 按 "GetBG" 来注册迷宫的背景信息, 以便在不考虑环境背景的情况下准确跟踪动物。按 "会话开始" 按钮 (图 5)。</li>
		<li>将鼠标放在 "开始" 框中, 然后按遥控器的 "开始" 按钮开始训练。<ol>
<li>注意, 启动门, 一个连接门 (左或右) 将自动打开后3秒;一旦鼠标进入连接区, 起始门就会自动关闭。</li>
			<li>观察, 一旦鼠标进入延迟区域 (无论是左或右), 连接门将自动关闭, 目标门将自动打开。</li>
			<li>观察到一旦鼠标拿起小球, 后门和预启动门就会自动打开。一旦鼠标进入后区, 后门就会自动关闭。</li>
			<li>请注意, 一旦鼠标进入 "开始" 框, 预启动门将自动关闭, 新的试用将开始。 注: 在本训练阶段每天10次的试验中, 该软件将自动确保每只老鼠访问 HRA 5 试验和上帝抵抗军5项试验。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>每天彻底清扫迷宫。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
自由臂进入阶段
	<ol>
<li>注册参数和主题 ID 的方式与在强制进入阶段 (步骤3.1.1 和 3.1.2) 中完成的方法相同。选择"阶段选项"。将 "试用号" 设置为 20, 使每只动物每天进行20次试验, 每日持续7天。</li>
		<li>在 "应用程序" 窗口中, 从 "阶段" 下拉列表中选择 "阶段 3"。根据步骤3.1.3 设置其他参数。</li>
		<li>在 "实验界面" 窗口中, 将 "成功率" 值设置为 80%, 以使训练自动继续, 直到鼠标在80% 的试验中选择 HRA, 或者当鼠标每天完成20次试验 (如在参数设置中注册)。按步骤3.1.4 应用其他操作。</li>
		<li>允许鼠标自由选择一只手臂, 无论是 HRA 还是上帝抵抗军。<ol>
<li>注意, 起始门、两个接线门将在3秒后自动打开;一旦鼠标进入连接区, 起始门就会自动关闭。</li>
			<li>观察, 一旦鼠标选择一只手臂进入延迟区域 (无论是左或右), 连接门将自动关闭, 目标门将自动打开。</li>
			<li>观察到一旦鼠标拿起小球, 后门和预启动门就会自动打开。一旦鼠标进入后区, 后门就会自动关闭。</li>
			<li>请注意, 一旦鼠标进入 "开始" 框, 预启动门将自动关闭, 新的试用将开始。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 基于延迟的决策测试
<ol><li>注册参数和主题 ID 与在自由臂进入阶段 (步骤 3.2.1) 中完成的方法相同。将 "延迟时间" 设置为5、1015天1、2天和3天, 以便在5天的 hra 上有1秒的延迟, 十年代延迟为 hra 的 2, 十五年代为 hra 的延迟为3天。</li>
	<li>在 "应用程序" 窗口中, 从 "阶段" 下拉列表中选择 "阶段 4"。以与3.2.2 相同的方式设置其他参数。</li>
	<li>在 "实验界面" 窗口中, 按步骤3.2.3 应用所有操作。</li>
	<li>
允许鼠标自由选择一只手臂, 无论是 HRA 还是上帝抵抗军。
	<ol>
<li>注意, 起始门、两个接线门将在3秒后自动打开;一旦鼠标进入连接区, 起始门就会自动关闭。</li>
		<li>观察到一旦鼠标选择一只手臂进入延迟区域 (无论是左还是右), 接合门就会自动关闭。 注: 如果鼠标选择上帝抵抗军, 球门门将立即自动打开。但是, 如果鼠标选择 HRA, 目标门将在5秒、十年代和十五年代之后自动打开, 分别在1、2、3天。</li>
		<li>观察到一旦鼠标拿起小球, 后门和预启动门就会自动打开。一旦鼠标进入后区, 后门就会自动关闭。</li>
		<li>请注意, 一旦鼠标进入 "开始" 框, 预启动门将自动关闭, 新的试用将开始。 注意: 在这里, 我们训练的老鼠5–7天的每一个延迟条件。然而, 根据我们对转基因或突变小鼠多行检测的经验, 1 天 (20 项试验) 绝对足以看出不同基因型小鼠之间的差异, 并且没有意义延长训练时间 (见图 6为一个例子)。因此, 目前我们只适用于每一个延迟时间1天, 它的工作很好。如果研究人员想根据自己的目的延长训练日, 就没有问题了。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>可选: 执行与 HRA 反转的测试。要测试鼠标的选择是否是方向首选项的结果, 请切换 HRA 和上帝抵抗军的左/右位置 (可以由软件自动完成), 并允许鼠标自由选择一只手臂, 如4.4。</li>
	<li>可选: 执行延迟控制测试。测试是否有任何赤字是由于空间记忆或奖赏敏感性的改变, 而不是决策的变化造成的结果, 给上帝抵抗军和 HRA 引入十五年代的延迟, 并允许老鼠自由选择一只手臂, 就像在4.4。</li>
</ol>5. 基于努力的决策测试
<ol><li>将屏障引入到 HRA 中, 如图所示 (图 1)。</li>
	<li>设置所有的参数, 并应用所有的操作, 按步骤 3.2-自由臂进入阶段, 并测试动物连续3天。</li>
	<li>允许老鼠自由选择一只手臂, 无论是 HRA 还是上帝抵抗军。 注意: 在这里, 我们训练了老鼠14天。然而, 根据我们对转基因或突变小鼠多行检测的经验, 3 天绝对足以看出不同基因型小鼠之间的差异, 而且没有意义延长训练时间 (见图 6为例).因此, 目前我们只应用3天的努力为基础的测试, 它的工作很好。如果研究人员想根据自己的目的延长训练日, 就没有问题了。</li>
	<li>可选: 执行与 HRA 反转的测试。要测试鼠标的选择是否是方向首选项的结果, 请切换 HRA 和上帝抵抗军的左/右位置 (可以由软件自动完成), 并允许鼠标自由选择一只手臂, 如步骤5.3 所做的那样。</li>
	<li>可选: 执行努力控制测试。测试是否有任何赤字是由于空间记忆或奖赏敏感性的改变, 而不是决策的变化所造成的, 给上帝抵抗军和 HRA 带来障碍, 并允许老鼠自由地选择一只手臂, 就像在步骤5.3 中一样。</li>
</ol>6. 数据分析
<ol><li>
直接从控制软件获取数据和结果。
	<ol>
<li>请注意, 该软件将自动记录实验日期、开始和完成时间、工期、试用编号、hra 的位置、hra 和上帝抵抗军中的颗粒数、位置 (X、Y) 和移动跟踪等,这些数据文件夹中的每个鼠标.</li>
		<li>检查软件是否自动分析下列项目, 并在每个动物 ID 下的 "结果" 文件夹中记录它们: 持续时间、试用编号、hra 选择号、上帝抵抗军选择号码、hra 选择百分比、上帝抵抗军选择百分比、总移动距离、和总连接时间。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对来自所有实验的数据进行统计分析 (分块变异因子), 以天/期为内标因子和群体因素 (基因组或不同实验条件的群体) 作为主题因子。</li>
	<li>分析了群体因素的主要影响, 如果白天/会话与群体因素之间没有交互作用。如果日/会话与组因子之间有显著的交互作用, 则应用后向比较。</li>
</ol>

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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+perceptual+decisions+in+rodents.">Probing perceptual decisions in rodents.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 16 (7), 824-831 (2013).</li><li>Denk, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+involvement+of+serotonin+and+dopamine+systems+in+cost-benefit+decisions+about+delay+or+effort.">Differential involvement of serotonin and dopamine systems in cost-benefit decisions about delay or effort.</a> Psychopharmacology. 179 (3), 587-596 (2005).</li><li>Walton, M. E., Bannerman, D. M., Rushworth, M. F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Rat+Medial+Frontal+Cortex+in+Effort-Based+Decision+Making.">The Role of Rat Medial Frontal Cortex in Effort-Based Decision Making.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (24), 10996-11003 (2002).</li><li>Bardgett, M. E., Depenbrock, M., Downs, N., Points, M., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+Modulates+Effort-Based+Decision-Making+in+Rats.">Dopamine Modulates Effort-Based Decision-Making in Rats.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 123 (2), 242-251 (2009).</li><li>Floresco, S. B., Tse, M. T., Ghods-Sharifi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+and+glutamatergic+regulation+of+effort-+and+delay-based+decision+making.">Dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of effort- and delay-based decision making.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (8), 1966-1979 (2008).</li><li>Assadi, S. M., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+modulates+neural+networks+involved+in+effort-based+decision-making.">Dopamine modulates neural networks involved in effort-based decision-making.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3), 383-393 (2009).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

决策是在进化15中高度保守的认知过程。人类和动物可以评估相对于潜在报酬的竞争行动选择的成本, 然后做出选择。患有多种神经系统疾病和心理疾病的患者表现出16不同形式的决策赤字。因此, 重要的是要调查的神经生物学和病理生理机制的基础上的决策过程。在过去的几年中, 基于延迟和努力的决策正在吸引越来越多的研究兴趣。此外, 啮齿类动物, 特别是大鼠已广泛用于研究这两种形式的决策17。
许多研究导致了有趣的发现使用一个行为任务涉及一个 T 迷宫设备与 HRA 和上帝抵抗军2,6,7,8,9,10,18,19,20,21,22. 在任务中, HRA 将大量奖励与时间延迟或努力劳累联系在一起。在上帝抵抗军, 动物可以立即获得一个小的奖励, 没有任何时间延迟和体力的努力。传统的方法依赖于人类实验者的人工干预。在每次试验中, 实验者都需要数出小球并将它们放在 hra 和上帝抵抗军的食物托盘中, 将目标门放在 hra 和上帝抵抗军上, 然后将动物放在开始臂的末端。当动物进入任何一个武器, 需要放置一个连接门, 以限制动物的目标手臂。根据协议, 实验者需要计算时间并在设定的延迟后打开目标门。在动物进入目标区并获得球团后, 实验者需要将其返回笼子, 记录动物的手臂选择和行为。然后实验者需要为下一次试验准备 T 迷宫门和小球。整个训练和测试过程是极大的时间和劳力密集。此外, 在不同的实验室中缺乏标准化是另一个值得关注的问题。
本文提出了一种基于视频跟踪系统 (图 7) 的改进的自动 T 迷宫装置的协议, 以解决传统协议的问题。通过引入一个 "后门" 和 "后廊" 到传统的 T 迷宫, 我们得到了一个 "一分为二等腰三角形三角形" 形状的迷宫。此设置的优点是 (1) 全面自动化的行为训练和测试。这就消除了实验者主体性的影响, 最大限度地减少了人类的时间和劳动承诺。我们在实验室有四个设置, 这样四只老鼠可以由一个实验者同时训练或测试, 这是不可能用传统的协议来完成的。(2) 软件具有灵活性, 因为控制软件允许实验者自由地设置多个参数, 包括颗粒数、延迟时间、门开和闭合、试数、持续时间和跟踪模式。因此, 该系统可以满足不同类型的实验需要。(3) 有广泛的兼容性, 因为 T 迷宫的所有滑动门都被设计成在迷宫的基础上储存时, 它们是开放的。因此, 该装置可以很容易地集成到不同的生理系统, 包括 optogenetic/光操作,在体内电生理记录和微透析。此外, 为了排除小鼠由于位置偏好而选择 HRA 的可能性, 我们建议对延迟和努力为基础的检测应用一个控制测试。通过均衡两个目标武器的成本, 动物们有机会以同样的成本体验两种奖励结果。选择可以简单地根据奖励差异, 从而消除了在决定之前兼顾成本和效益的需要。这也检验了动物的选择是否有任何改变是由于无法扩大成本或报酬, 或记忆力不足, 而不是他们评估决定的方式发生了变化。
在我们的实验室, 我们已经分析了大约10株小鼠与此设置。有一个例子显示在代表性数据中, 缰: DTA 小鼠在延迟和基于努力的决策中表现出强健的表型。即, 在缰的时间和努力中, 奖励价值被强烈的贴现: DTA 小鼠。结果揭示了缰在冲动控制中的重要作用。此外, 我们在决策过程中对自由移动小鼠应用了硅探针记录 (未发布的数据)。所有的实验都为自动化安装的能力提供了验证基准。因此, 基于 T 迷宫的自动化设备决策标准化协议适用于检测遗传效应、药理效应和神经回路对啮齿动物延迟和努力贴现的影响。总之, 该设置具有许多优点, 可以作为基于延迟和努力的决策检测的理想系统。

人类和其他动物评估成本 (包括延迟, 努力和风险) 得到奖励, 然后作出决定选择某种行动的过程。决策赤字出现在许多精神疾病, 包括精神分裂症 (深圳), 注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD), 强迫症 (强迫), 帕金森病 (PD) 和成瘾1。对人类和猴子的研究显示, 几个关键的大脑区域参与决策2,3,4。虽然灵长类动物从事更复杂的决策, 但据报道, 啮齿类动物能够做出自适应的决定, 在一个奖励意外变化频繁的环境中生存。此外, 由于 chemogenetic 工具、optogenetic 工具和基因工程小鼠的可用性, 可以对小鼠模型中的神经回路机制和分子机制进行深入研究。在评价啮齿动物决策行为时, 有多种任务, 包括注意设置移位任务、刻苦或延迟型 T 迷宫任务、爱荷华州赌博任务、视觉识别反转学习任务5等。类似的 T 迷宫成本效益协议最初是由皮埃尔集团6开发的, 并被用来检查两种类型的决策成本 (延迟和努力) 对自由移动啮齿目动物7,8的影响, 9,10。这项任务的特殊好处是, 动物不需要被训练, 以按杠杆或挖碗。相反, 动物在一只手臂 (HRA) 中选择高奖赏高成本选项, 或者在另一只手臂 (上帝抵抗军) 中进行低报酬低成本选择。因此, 此任务更易于执行。
在基于延迟的范式中, 一旦实验动物进入目标臂, 就会引入一个结门, 使动物保持在目标臂中。如果动物选择了上帝抵抗军, 上帝抵抗军的目标门立即被收回, 少量的食物交付。如果动物选择 hra, hra 上的目标门在所需的延迟后被收回, 并且大量的食物颗粒被交付 (图 1A)。在基于努力的范式中, HRA 被屏障阻挡, 动物必须爬过它才能获得大量的小球 (图 1B)。一般而言, 基于延迟的范式对于测试动物模型的冲动性非常有用, 并且基于努力的方法可以帮助找出冷漠的动物2,4,11,12,13. 迄今为止, 研究人员一直在进行这种化验, 方法是手动计算延时、插入和撤门、操纵努力屏障、计算颗粒数、将小球放入位置、放置和返回动物。, 记录动物对每项试验的选择。这些劳动和时间成本给研究人员造成了严重的实验瓶颈, 阻碍了这种行为分析的广泛应用。在目前的工作中, 我们开发了一个基于 T 迷宫的设置来评估啮齿类动物的延迟或基于努力的决策, 具有完全自动化、标准化和高通量能力。
装置
与商业制造商 (见材料表) 合作, 我们开发了一种使用基于软件的仪器控制的改进的自动 T 迷宫设备 (图 2)。特别是, 我们引入了一个 "后门" 和 "后退方式" 相比, 传统的 T 迷宫 (图 2), 使动物可以回到起点自己和开始一个新的试验。T 型迷宫为哑光灰色, 当实验条件和软件设置得当时, 可以检测出黑白小鼠。它由三胳膊组成: 一开始胳膊和二个目标胳膊, 每410毫米长度以 V 形墙壁155毫米在高度, 一个30毫米宽度的基地和一个开放顶部155毫米宽度。V 形走廊可以有效地防止老鼠跳跃。此外, V 型走廊更容易在体内使用电缆进行录音。开始框连接到开始臂的末尾。目标框附加到每个目标臂的末尾。每个目标框中都安装了自动食品分配器, 以提供预定义数量的甜食品颗粒。通过红外传感器检测颗粒进气量, 并由计算机自动记录。每个目标框都通过直线通道连接到 "开始" 框。动物一旦完成试验, 就可以通过走廊自主返回到起始箱。有滑动门在高度155毫米在起点和目标箱子的入口和出口。另外, 滑动门位于每个目标臂的入口处, 以防止动物在做出选择后向后移动 (图 2A)。所有滑动门均由计算机控制, 可自动开启和关闭。一个高灵敏度 1/2 "电荷耦合器件 (CCD) 戴高相机设置在仪器之上, 以跟踪动物的行为。透镜的焦距为2.8–12毫米。相机的位置大约是1.9 米高。由于迷宫的高度是 0.5 m 从地板, 照相机和迷宫之间的距离是大约 1.4 m (图 2B)。从 CCD 相机获得的跟踪数据被用来控制 T 迷宫, 当动物进入某些感兴趣的区域时, 打开和关闭特定的门 (ROIs)。用于基于努力的范式的障碍是三维直角三角形的形状 (图 2C), 它完全适合于 V 形墙体, 身高约为155毫米。动物必须缩放垂直一侧, 但能够下降45°斜坡。在实验中, 该仪器在100勒克斯照明。实验中使用的糖丸 (见材料表) 和硅胶 (见材料表) 用于保持颗粒干燥。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1063">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="93">
			<td height="93" style="height:93px;width:328px;">automated t-maze for decion making testing</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">O&#8217;HARA &#38; Co.,ltd</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">no catalog number, customorized</td>
			<td style="width:371px;">Address requested by the reviewer: 4-28-16 Ekoda, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 165-0022 
			TEL: 81-3-3389-2451 FAX:81-3-3389-2453</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">slica gel&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>1709155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">AIN-76A Rodent Tablet 10mg</td>
			<td>Test Diet</td>
			<td>1811213(5TUL)</td>
			<td>Manufactured for Japan,SLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Time TM1 software&#160;</td>
			<td>O&#8217;HARA &#38; Co.,ltd</td>
			<td>no catalog number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SPSS statistics V21.0</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an automated t-maze based apparatus and protocol for analyzing delay- and effort-based decision making in  free moving rodents

许多神经和精神病患者在决策中表现出困难和/或缺陷。啮齿类动物模型有助于加深对决策问题背后的神经生物学原因的理解。基于成本效益的 T 迷宫任务用于测量决策, 在这种情况下, 啮齿动物可以在高奖赏臂 (HRA) 和低奖赏臂 (上帝军) 之间进行选择。T 迷宫决策任务有两种范式, 即成本是时间延迟, 另一种是体力工作。这两种范式都需要对实验动物、多门、球团奖励和手臂选择记录进行繁琐和劳动密集型的管理。在目前的工作中, 我们发明了一种基于传统的 T 形迷宫的设备, 用于颗粒输送, 门管理和选择记录的全自动。这种自动设置可用于评估啮齿类动物的延迟和基于努力的决策。通过本文所述的协议, 我们的实验室研究了多基因修饰小鼠的决策表型。在代表性数据中, 我们发现, 消融内侧缰的小鼠表现出厌恶的延迟和努力, 并倾向于选择立即和毫不费力的奖励。该协议有助于减少实验者干预引起的变异性, 提高试验效率。此外, 使用此处描述的设置, 可以很容易地在决策任务中应用慢性硅探针或微电极记录、光纤成像和/或操作神经活动。

图 6显示了缰消融小鼠 (缰: DTA 小鼠)14与野生型 littermate 控制小鼠 (CT 小鼠) 进行延迟和努力的决策任务的例子。两个缰: DTA 小鼠和两个 CT 小鼠在断奶后在一个笼子里共同居住。
在基于延迟的决策测试中 (图 6A), 在任何阶段, 基因型和会话之间没有显著的交互作用, 包括歧视训练阶段 (HRA 延迟时间为 0) 和基于延迟的决策测试阶段 (当 HRA 的延迟时间分别为5秒、十年代和十五年代) 时。当延迟时间为5时, 基因型的主要作用不显著。然而, 当延迟时间延长到十年代和十五年代, 缰: DTA 小鼠显示, 与 CT 小鼠相比, HRA 访问的百分比显著降低。这些结果表明, 缰的消融降低了小鼠的偏爱, 等待更大的奖赏, 相反, 当等待时间是10秒甚至更长时, 就会立即选择一个小的奖赏。数据表明, 缰可能是控制冲动和/或时间成本/效益评估的一个重要的大脑结构, 使动物更容易容忍延迟获得大奖励。
在基于努力的决策测试 (图 6B) 中, 缰中 hra 访问的百分比显著降低: DTA 小鼠在 hra 中放置屏障时, 不管 hra 的左/右定位 (1x 屏障相位和反转相位)).这意味着缰的表型: DTA 小鼠不是由于空间偏好和记忆的缺陷。在努力控制试验中, 在两个目标武器 (2×障碍阶段) 都设置了障碍, 而上帝抵抗军和 HRA 都与高的努力联系在一起。因此, 对于选择低奖赏或高奖赏的动物来说, 付出的代价是相同的。缰: DTA 小鼠比上帝抵抗军更频繁地访问了 hra, 并在最后一届会议上达到了可比的 hra 访问号码 (会议 5)。这一结果表明, 缰的奖励敏感性和空间记忆: DTA 小鼠是完整的。数据阐明, 缰可能在努力成本/效益评估中发挥重要作用, 允许动物投入更多的工作获得更大的回报。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 传统的用于决策测试的 T 迷宫设备示意图.(A) 基于延迟的决策测试装置。动物被放置在开始臂, 并选择两个目标武器, HRA 和上帝抵抗军。当动物选择了 HRA, 他们必须等待 (取决于延迟时间秒) 得到一个更大的奖励。研究人员需要手动处理每项试验的动物、小球和门。(B) 基于努力的决策测试装置。动物被放置在开始臂, 并选择两个目标武器, HRA 和上帝抵抗军。当动物选择了 HRA 时, 他们不得不爬过一个三角形的屏障来获得更大的奖赏。研究人员需要手工处理动物, 小球, 门和障碍的每一个试验。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 用于决策测试的自动化 T 迷宫设置.(A) 自动安装的顶级视图。(B) 自动设置的侧面视图。(C) 3D 直角三角形屏障, 用于基于努力的决策测试, 从左到右, 分别是侧面视图、相对侧面视图和斜边侧面视图。在商业制造商的许可下编辑的原始技术照片。GBL: 目标箱子 (左), 英国: 目标箱子 (正确), GDL: 目标门 (左), GDR: 目标门 (右), DAL: 延迟区域 (左), DAR: 延迟区域 (右), JDL: 接线门 (左), JDR: 接线门 (右), BDL: 后门 (左), BDR: 后门 (右), CCD: 电荷耦合设备摄像头)。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig3v2.jpg"> 图 3: 参数注册窗口.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig4v2.jpg"> 图 4: 主题 ID 注册窗口.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig4v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig5v2.jpg"> 图 5: 实验界面窗口.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig5v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig6v2.jpg"> 图 6: 缰中基于延迟和基于努力的决策: DTA 小鼠.(A) 缰的基于延迟的决策测试: DTA 小鼠 (小鼠12–14月大, n = 8/基因型)。当延迟时间为0和5秒时, HRA 选择的百分比与基因型比较, 但缰: DTA 小鼠的延迟时间为十年代和十五年代。当延迟时间为5秒时, genotype×day 相互作用: F (114) = 0.594, p = 0.236;基因型的影响: F (114) = 0.61, p = 0.45;当延迟时间是十年代: genotype×day 相互作用: F (114) = 37.5, p = 0.346;基因型的影响: F (114) = 32.4, p < 0.0001;当延迟时间是十五年代: F (114) = 38.7, p = 0.243;基因型的影响: F (114) = 31.6, p ≤0.0001。(B) 缰的基于努力的决策测试: DTA 小鼠 (小鼠12-14 月大, n = 9/基因型)。在1x 屏障阶段, 基因型与会话之间有显著的交互作用 (genotype×day 相互作用: F (116) = 2.11, p = 0.015),后组配对比较显示缰的 HRA%: DTA 小鼠显著下降会话。在逆转阶段, 基因型与会话之间没有显著的交互作用 (genotype×day 相互作用: F (116) = 1.61, p = 0.08)。缰: DTA 小鼠对 HRA 的访问量明显低于 CT 小鼠 (主要基因型效应: F (116) = 8.18, p = 0.01)。在2×barriers 阶段, 基因型和会话之间存在着显著的交互作用, 在3和会话 4 (2x 屏障阶段: genotype×day 交互作用: F (116) = 3.9, p = 0.0067) 中有显著差异。缰: DTA 小鼠在最后一届会议5达到了与 CT 小鼠相比的 HRA 访问数字。数据代表的是 "电子扫描电镜" ** < 0.01;p < 0.001。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig6v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57895/57895fig7v2.jpg"> 图 7: 决策测试流程图 (延迟或基于工作量)。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents at JoVE.com

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

本文介绍了我们发明的一种自动化的 T 迷宫装置, 并在此基础上对自由移动啮齿动物的基于时延的决策和基于努力的决策进行了分析。

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

an-automated-t-maze-based-apparatus-protocol-for-analyzing-delay

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.4K 次观看.  RIKEN. 本文介绍了我们发明的一种自动化的 T 迷宫装置, 并在此基础上对自由移动啮齿动物的基于时延的决策和基于努力的决策进行了分析。

视频: An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

科研

行为学

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression have been reported, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is an established translationally-relevant model for inducing behavioral symptoms commonly associated with clinical depression, such as anhedonia, altered grooming behavior, and learned helplessness in rodents. The UCMS protocol also induces physiological (e.g., hypercortisolemia, hypertension) and neurological (e.g., anhedonia, learned helplessness) changes that are clinically associated with depression. Importantly, UCMS-induced depressive symptoms can be ameliorated through chronic, but not acute, treatment with common SSRIs. As such, the UCMS protocol offers many advantages over acute stress protocols or protocols that utilize more extreme stressors. Our protocol involves randomized, daily exposures to 7 distinct stressors: damp bedding, removal of bedding, cage tilt, alteration of light/dark cycles, social stresses, shallow water bath, and predator sounds/smells. By subjecting rodents 3-4 hr daily to these mild stressors for 8 weeks, we demonstrate both significant behavioral changes and poor health outcomes to the cardiovascular system. This approach allows for in-depth interrogation of the neurological, behavioral, and physiological alterations associated with chronic stress-induced depression, as well as for testing of new potential therapeutic agents or intervention strategies.

The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is a validated method for studying behavioral and physiological changes associated with chronic stress and depressive symptoms. Eight weeks of imposition of the UCMS protocol induces behavioral changes and poor health outcomes in rodents of either gender.

煽动抑郁症状，行为变化和不利健康结果鼠害一个不可预知的慢性轻度应激协议

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression ...

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks are used to identify indifference points, which reflect equal preference for two dichotomous reward alternatives differing in both delay and magnitude. Indifference points are key to assessing the shape of a delay-discounting gradient because they allow us to isolate the effect of delay on value. For example, if at a 1 week delay and a maximum of $1,000, the indifference point is at $700 we know that, for that participant, a 1-week delay corresponds to a 30% reduction in value. This video outlines an adjusting amount delay-discounting task that identifies indifference points relatively quickly and is inexpensive and easy to administer. Once data have been collected, non-linear regression techniques are typically used to generate discounting curves. The steepness of the discounting curve reflects the degree of impulsive choice of a group or individual. These techniques have been used with a wide range of commodities and have identified populations that are relatively impulsive. For example, people with substance abuse problems discount delayed rewards more steeply than control participants. Although degree of discounting varies as a function of the commodity examined, discounting of one commodity correlates with discounting of other commodities, which suggests that discounting may be a persistent pattern of behavior1.

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

An Automated Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis Assay for Analyzing Adult Climbing Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegeneration

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with a progressive loss of movement ability, reduced life span, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. To understand the mechanism of these cellular events, and their causal relationships with each other, Drosophila melanogaster, with its sophisticated genetic tools and diverse behavioral features, are used as disease models for assessing neurodegenerative phenotypes. Here we describe a high-throughput method to analyze Drosophila adult negative geotaxis behavior, as an indication for possible motor defects associated with neurodegeneration. An automated machine is designed and developed to drive fly synchronization using an initial electric impulse, later allowing the recording of negative geotaxis behavior over a course of secs to mins. Images from the digitally recorded video are then processed with the self-designed RflyDetection software for statistical data manipulation. Different from the manually controlled negative geotaxis assay based on single fly, this precise, fast, and high-throughput protocol allows data acquisition from more than hundreds of flies simultaneously, providing an efficient approach to advance our understanding in the underlying mechanism of locomotor deficits associated with neurodegeneration.

An Automated Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis Assay for Analyzing Adult Climbing Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegeneration

This step-by-step protocol analyzes Drosophila negative geotaxis behavior using an automated multi-cylinder system that hosts hundreds of flies and synchronizes their action by an electric motor. Upon synchronization, fly negative geotaxis behavior is assayed, digitally recorded, and analyzed using the self-designed RflyDetection software.

一种自动快速迭代阴性 Geotaxis 分析方法在神经的果蝇模型中的成人攀爬行为

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with a progressive loss of movement ability, reduced life span, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. ...

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor locomotion after surgery. For example, rats who undergo surgical procedures and are subjected to the Morris water maze may not be able to swim, thus voiding the experiment.
New Method: We established a modified behavioral spontaneous alternation T-maze test. The major advantage of the modified T-maze protocol is its relatively simple design that is powerful enough to assess functional learning/memory after ischemia. Additionally, the data analysis is simple and straightforward. We used the T-maze to determine the rats&#39; learning/memory deficits both in the presence or absence of mild to moderate (6 min) asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA). Rats have a natural tendency for exploration and will explore the alternate arms in the T-maze, whereas hippocampal-lesioned rats tend to adopt a side-preference resulting in decreased spontaneous alternation ratios, revealing the hippocampal-related functional learning/memory in the presence or absence of ACA.
Results: ACA groups have higher side-preference ratios and lower alternations as compared to control.
Comparison with Existing Method(s): The Morris water and Barnes maze are more prominent for assessing learning/memory function. However, the Morris water maze is more stressful than other mazes. The Barnes maze is widely used to measure reference (long-term) memory, while ACA-induced neurocognitive deficits are more closely related to working (short-term) memory.
Conclusions: We have developed a simple, yet effective strategy to delineate working (short-term) memory via the T-maze in our global cerebral ischemia model (ACA).

This protocol describes the use of a modified T-maze to evaluate functional learning/memory in asphyxia cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia.

应用改良 T 迷宫评估心脏骤停后的功能记忆结果

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

一种自动测定果蝇在空间和时间温度变化中的性能的方法

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

设计和使用用于在 3D 工作区中呈现可抓握对象的设备

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...