这项工作是由NINDS授予＃NS054148支持。

所有涉及动物的程序批准了美国密歇根州立大学实验动物管理和使用委员会（IACUC）。 1，实验装置<ol><li>使用操作条件反射箱，由一个五孔nosepoke墙一侧和另一侧一个送外卖的低谷。 <ol><li>该中心nosepoke孔被认为是一个“固定”孔和其他四个孔（两个固定孔的每一侧）被认为是电动机目标孔。每个孔都配有一个三色LED和红外光束发射器 - 检测器系统，当动物进入和从固定孔缩回检测。 </li><li>使用可编程音调发生器来产生单一频率的音调精确到毫秒，并将其连接到安装在里面的操作性箱扬声器。通过使用适当的软件行为跟踪系统控制音调发生器和nosepokes。使用硬件和软体是系统提供的行为和事件线索和响应控制的毫秒时间尺度的监测。 注：两个音调和噪音线索的幅度应保持在60±3分贝声压级。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，早期的习惯化<ol><li>限制对象的食物摄取量逐步〜5个每100克主体的正常体重（ 如超过3天的课程）的。主体应维持其自由采食量85-90％。 </li><li>习惯于将受处理由实验者和从起动时起的食物剥夺协议的第一天的装置和阅读的主题。开始处理的动物，并把它在操作性条件反射箱，同时提供在沉淀槽的食物颗粒，鼓励学科探索笼和熟悉的奖励交货地点。 </li></ol> 3，主题培训<ol><li> 一般注意事项<ol><li>此处建议的任务需要精确协调感知的听觉线索之间，尽量减少在延迟期间和运动执行的动作。 </li><li>逐步培养对象一步一步的让他们做好准备的最后期望的行为。 </li><li>确保在每一步结束时，受试者维持&gt; 75％的行为表现为前进到下一个阶段之前至少三个连续的阶段。 </li><li>一旦最后阶段达到时，保持对协议进行为期一周的主体，以确保性能保持在所希望的水平。 </li></ol></li><li> 开始：熟悉的主题与nosepoke孔，送外卖端口和闪烁的孔和报酬之间的关联。 <ol><li>选择一个出一个随机调度的四个目标。 </li><li>围棋的打球杆（白听觉噪声），并保持小孔内的LED闪烁（0.3秒脉冲持续时间）。 </li><li>设置S在参观孔oftware奖励对象。 </li><li>超时30秒后，试用，如果孔不参观，并开始一个新的审判。 </li><li>不奖励不正确的孔的任何访问。 </li></ol></li><li> 目标选择：惩治以非选择性孔错误的访问。 <ol><li>当访问不正确孔，终止试用后5秒黑了。 注意：在一个遮光时代，固定孔LED灯在笼子里关闭。这意味着，这个问题不能启动试验，需要等到固定孔LED灯开始闪烁。 </li><li>选择一个新的漏洞，并开始​​了新的尝试。 </li></ol></li><li> Nosepoke：培训对象捅固定孔内部开始试用。 <ol><li>闪烁黄色的固定孔内LED。 </li><li>当来访的固定孔立即进行围棋的打球杆，并开始一个新的审判。 </li><li> 5秒处罚不正确的访问黑出;。 </li></ol></li><li> 延迟：教对象，以维持自己的鼻子的固定孔内的时间（延迟时间）设定时间内即逐渐增加训练的进行。 <ol><li>等待被摄对象访问的固定孔。 </li><li>终止审理，如果被摄体在500毫秒缩回。否则，玩围棋线索。 </li><li>通过禁售期为7秒惩罚过早撤稿。 </li><li>通过提供食物颗粒奖励正确的访问。 </li></ol></li><li> 两个线索（带灯光）：增加和随机延迟时间的长度和引进听觉指令提示。 <ol><li>增加延迟周期的长度，以平均1.5秒。 </li><li>请根据1.3-1.8秒之间的密度均匀的随机延迟时间的长度在每个审判。 </li><li>引入指令球杆作为单一频率的听觉音调脉冲在三重峰，以150毫秒的脉冲持续时间和100毫秒脉冲间隔。 <ol><li>立即播放指令提示受试者进入固定孔之后。 </li><li>分配两个指令线索的每个目标。 </li><li>只使用一个在这个阶段相关联的每个目标线索。 </li></ol></li><li>让受试者同时使用听觉和视觉线索来选择目标孔。 </li></ol></li><li> 两个线索（无灯）：培训对象只使用听觉线索。 <ol><li>关闭目标孔里面的LED指示灯闪烁，使拍摄对象只会用听觉指令线索。 </li></ol></li><li> 四个线索：介绍其他两个线索的随机赠送的指令提示的顺序和重复部分3.5.3-3.6.1。 </li></ol> 4，行为数据分析<ol><li> 成功率：定义成功率受审判的总数除以该指标正确访问的百分比。 <ol><li&gt;测量成功率在训练的每个阶段。 </li></ol></li><li> 错误类型： <ol><li>过早回缩：测量试验的超时由于早期撤消从固定孔的百分比。 </li><li>佣金错误：计算试验失败的百分比时，受访问的uninstructed目标</li><li>遗漏错误：计算错误的百分比时，受审判开始后不访问任何的目标。 </li></ol></li><li> 测量变量： <ol><li>反应时间（RT）：对于每一个试验中，测量的开始转到球杆的和从固定孔的主体缩回之间的延迟。 </li><li>时间到目标（TT）：测量从固定孔的主体缩回并进入靶孔之间的持续时间。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Goldstein, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. , (2008).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4th+edition.">4th edition.</a> Principles of neural science. , (2000).</li><li>Cisek, P., Kalaska, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+for+interacting+with+a+world+full+of+action+choices.">Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices.</a> Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 33, 269-298 (2010).</li><li>Kalat, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biological psychology. , (2012).</li><li>Banich, M. T., Compton, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cognitive neuroscience. , (2010).</li><li>Carew, T. J., Pinsker, H. M., Kandel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+habituation+of+a+defensive+withdrawal+reflex+in+aplysia.">Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in aplysia.</a> Science. 175, 451-454 (1972).</li><li>Hodgkin, A. L., Huxley, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+description+of+membrane+current+and+its+application+to+conduction+and+excitation+in+nerve.">A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve.</a> J. Physiol. 117, 500 (1952).</li><li>Romo, R., Salinas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flutter+discrimination:+neural+codes,+perception,+memory+and+decision+making.">Flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 203-218 (2003).</li><li>Romo, R., de Lafuente, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+sensory+signals+into+perceptual+decisions.">Conversion of sensory signals into perceptual decisions.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 10, (2012).</li><li>Shadlen, M. N., Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T., Movshon, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computational+analysis+of+the+relationship+between+neuronal+and+behavioral+responses+to+visual+motion.">A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual motion.</a> J. Neurosci. 16, 1486-1510 (1996).</li><li>Beck, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probabilistic+Population+Codes+for+Bayesian+Decision+Making.">Probabilistic Population Codes for Bayesian Decision Making.</a> Neuron. 60, 1142-1152 (2008).</li><li>Goldman-Rakic, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circuitry+of+primate+prefrontal+cortex+and+regulation+of+behavior+by+representational+memory.">Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory.</a> Compr. Physiol. , (1987).</li><li>Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A., Desimone, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+of+visual+working+memory+in+prefrontal+cortex+of+the+macaque.">Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque.</a> J. Neurosci. 16, 5154-5167 (1996).</li><li>Fuster, J. M., Alexander, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuron+activity+related+to+short-term+memory.">Neuron activity related to short-term memory.</a> Science. 173, 652-654 (1971).</li><li>Fetz, E. E., Baker, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Operantly Conditioned Patterns of Activity and Correlated Responses Cells and Contralateral Muscles. , (1973).</li><li>Carmena, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+to+control+a+brain--machine+interface+for+reaching+and+grasping+by+primates.">Learning to control a brain--machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates.</a> PLoS Biol. 1, e42 (2003).</li><li>Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B., Kettner, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+population+coding+of+movement+direction.">Neuronal population coding of movement direction.</a> Science. 233, 1416-1419 (1986).</li><li>Donoghue, J. P., Sanes, J. N., Hatsopoulos, N. G., Ga&#225;l, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+discharge+and+local+field+potential+oscillations+in+primate+motor+cortex+during+voluntary+movements.">Neural discharge and local field potential oscillations in primate motor cortex during voluntary movements.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 79, 159-173 (1998).</li><li>Abbott, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+animals:+the+Renaissance+rat.">Laboratory animals: the Renaissance rat.</a> Nature. 428, 464-466 (2004).</li><li>Fuster, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The prefrontal cortex. , (2008).</li><li>Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T., Movshon, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+analysis+of+visual+motion:+a+comparison+of+neuronal+and+psychophysical+performance.">The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance.</a> J. Neurosci. 12, 4745-4765 (1992).</li><li>Abbott, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience:+The+rat+pack.">Neuroscience: The rat pack.</a> Nature. 465, 282-283 (2010).</li><li>Uchida, N., Mainen, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speed+and+accuracy+of+olfactory+discrimination+in+the+rat.">Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1224-1229 (2003).</li><li>Jaramillo, S., Zador, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+auditory+cortex+mediates+the+perceptual+effects+of+acoustic+temporal+expectation.">The auditory cortex mediates the perceptual effects of acoustic temporal expectation.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 14, 246-251 (2010).</li><li>Cohen, L., Rothschild, G., Mizrahi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+integration+of+natural+odors+and+sounds+in+the+auditory+cortex.">Multisensory integration of natural odors and sounds in the auditory cortex.</a> Neuron. 72, 357-369 (2011).</li><li>Desch&#234;nes, M., Moore, J., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sniffing+and+whisking+in+rodents.">Sniffing and whisking in rodents.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22, 243-250 (2012).</li><li>Raposo, D., Sheppard, J. P., Schrater, P. R., Churchland, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+decision-making+in+rats+and+humans.">Multisensory decision-making in rats and humans.</a> J. Neurosci. 32, 3726-3735 (2012).</li><li>Bari, A., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+application+of+the+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task+for+the+assessment+of+visual+attentional+processes+and+impulse+control+in+rats.">The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 759-767 (2008).</li><li>Brasted, P. J., Dunnett, S. B., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+lesions+of+the+medial+agranular+cortex+impair+responding+on+a+lateralised+reaction+time+task.">Unilateral lesions of the medial agranular cortex impair responding on a lateralised reaction time task.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 111, 139-151 (2000).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Stoetzner, C. R., Wiltschko, A. B., Berke, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+activation+of+striatal+fast-spiking+interneurons+during+choice+execution.">Selective activation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during choice execution.</a> Neuron. 67, 466-479 (2010).</li><li>Erlich, J. C., Bialek, M., Brody, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cortical+substrate+for+memory-guided+orienting+in+the+rat.">A cortical substrate for memory-guided orienting in the rat.</a> Neuron. 72, 330-343 (2011).</li><li>Mohebi, A., Oweiss, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+ensemble+correlates+of+working+memory+in+the+rat+medial+prefrontal+cortex.">Neural ensemble correlates of working memory in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.</a> 41 st Ann. Meet. Soc. Neurosci. , (2011).</li><li>Oweiss, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical signal processing for neuroscience and neurotechnology. , (2010).</li><li>Thorndike, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+intelligence:+An+experimental+study+of+the+associative+processes+in+animals.">Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.</a> Psychol. Monographs: Gen. Appl. 2, 1-109 (1898).</li></ol>

作者宣称没有竞争的财务权益。

大鼠已广泛应用于神经科学的研究了一个多世纪。由于桑代克的引进效果猫34法的概念，操作条件一直是标准的方法来测试动物的行为的不同方面。涉及决策和运动准备许多神经科学实验，包括指令线索和动作间隔之间的延迟时间。这是可取的，在这延迟期间尽量减少运动，以减少任何的困惑，以被收购神经的数据。而传统的迷宫导航实验啮齿动物的利用啮齿类动物的巨大能力，觅食，它...

<html>研究神经生理学和行为之间的关系是系统神经科学的终极目标。在历史上，出现了动物模型的选择和行为剧目1-5之间的权衡。而简单的生物如海蛞蝓6或鱿鱼7已被广泛用于研究单个离子通道，神经元和简单的神经回路的性能，需要更高阶的物种，研究更复杂的功能，诸如空间导航，决策8-11和认知控制12-14。尽管是一个标准的动物模型，为人类行为一样，使用非人类灵长类动物的提示，排除其使用在广泛的实验，化验单设置15-18成本和伦理方面的考虑。简单的动物模型，如啮齿类动物，一般首选19，只要有利益的行为基本相似的神经基础。 “&gt;有充足的证据表明，啮齿动物有着相似的皮层和皮层下结构与在灵长类20-22找到。鼠害也被称为跨多个感官的方式整合信息来指导自己的行动23-25，例如，通过协调搅打和嗅探在探索行为26或通过整合听觉和视觉/嗅觉事件25,27。 在这里，我们描述了用于测试的认知任务28-32啮齿动物的操作性条件反射的框架。在这个框架中，受试者被要求注视一个nosepoke孔内并维持其吻部的孔内，直到一展身手提示的呈现。的行为的任务是常规用于5 - 选择序列反应时任务的研究五孔nosepoke设计。在延迟期间，一系列指令线索呈现给引导的主语要执行的操作。这个框架可以很容易地修改，以适应需要广泛的实验，其中训练受到了一个短暂的间隔尽量减少其明显的运动。这允许研究在何种程度上在此间隔内的单个神经元的尖峰活动是受特定的线索。该协议可以减少培训时间，可以减少跨学科学习的变异。该任务的流程示意图示于图1。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;"> 5-HOLED NOSE POKE WITH 3STIM CUE LIGHT - RAT CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> H21-06M/R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">TEST CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H10-11R-TC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Graphic State Software</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROGRAMMABLE TONE/NOISE GENERATOR</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F0165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;"> SPEAKER MODULE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H12-01R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fully automated rodent conditioning protocol for sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments

啮齿动物已被传统上用作涉及的感官，认知和运动任务无数实验室实验的标准动物模型。需要精确控制感觉反应，如决策和注意调控较高的认知功能，但是，通常在评估非人类灵长类动物。尽管灵长类动物的行为，使这些功能加以研究多个变种的丰富性，啮齿动物模型仍然是一个有吸引力的，具有成本效益的替代灵长类动物模型。此外，完全自动化操作条件在啮齿类动物的能力，在非人灵长类动物的劳动密集的训练增加了独特的优势，在研究范围广泛的这些复杂的功能。 在这里，我们介绍一个协议operantly调节大鼠上进行工作记忆任务。在任务的关键时期，该协议确保了动物的显性运动被最小化，热曲爱菱动物为&#39;凝视&#39;，直到转到线索传递，类似于非人灵长类实验设计。一个简单的两种可供选择的被迫选择任务的实施是为展示了其性能。我们讨论这个范例的应用到其他任务。

建议的框架使培训对象在一系列的认知任务。在这里，我们实现了一个指令延迟任务旨在调查在啮齿动物前额叶皮层目标导向动作的机制。 图1显示了实验设计的流程图。 为了确保受试者理解任务要求，步步为营，绩效指标应持续评估。 图2显示了在多个会话一个课题的例子表现。一旦受试者获取的任务，它被植入的前度区域的32通道微电极阵列（对?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments at JoVE.com

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

一种啮齿动物操作性条件反射完全自动化的协议被提出。该协议依赖于行为事件的精确时间控制，调查的程度，这种控制影响神经活动基本感觉整合和认知控制实验。

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

a-fully-automated-rodent-conditioning-protocol-for-sensorimotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K 次观看.  Michigan State University. 一种啮齿动物操作性条件反射完全自动化的协议被提出。该协议依赖于行为事件的精确时间控制，调查的程度，这种控制影响神经活动基本感觉整合和认知控制实验。 

视频: A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated systems require upper limb amputees to learn complex control schemes. Humans have the ability to learn new movements through imitation and other learning strategies. This protocol describes a structured rehabilitation method, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning, and aims to assess if this method can improve multifunctional prosthetic control. A left below elbow amputee, with 4 years of experience in prosthetic use, took part in this case study. The prosthesis used was a Michelangelo hand with wrist rotation, and the added features of wrist flexion and extension, which allowed more combinations of hand movements. The participant&#8217;s Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 58 to 71 following structured training. This suggests that a structured training protocol of imitation, repetition and reinforcement may have a role in learning to control a new prosthetic hand. A larger clinical study is however required to support these findings.

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

结构化的康复协议改进的多功能假肢控制：一个案例研究

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

面向多参与者的决策科学与导航实验的网络化桌面虚拟现实设置

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蚁视觉经典调理

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...