这项工作是由NINDS授予＃NS054148支持。

所有涉及动物的程序批准了美国密歇根州立大学实验动物管理和使用委员会（IACUC）。 1，实验装置<ol><li>使用操作条件反射箱，由一个五孔nosepoke墙一侧和另一侧一个送外卖的低谷。 <ol><li>该中心nosepoke孔被认为是一个"固定"孔和其他四个孔（两个固定孔的每一侧）被认为是电动机目标孔。每个孔都配有一个三色LED和红外光束发射器 - 检测器系统，当动物进入和从固定孔缩回检测。 </li><li>使用可编程音调发生器来产生单一频率的音调精确到毫秒，并将其连接到安装在里面的操作性箱扬声器。通过使用适当的软件行为跟踪系统控制音调发生器和nosepokes。使用硬件和软体是系统提供的行为和事件线索和响应控制的毫秒时间尺度的监测。 注:两个音调和噪音线索的幅度应保持在60±3分贝声压级。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，早期的习惯化<ol><li>限制对象的食物摄取量逐步〜5个每100克主体的正常体重（ 如超过3天的课程）的。主体应维持其自由采食量85-90％。 </li><li>习惯于将受处理由实验者和从起动时起的食物剥夺协议的第一天的装置和阅读的主题。开始处理的动物，并把它在操作性条件反射箱，同时提供在沉淀槽的食物颗粒，鼓励学科探索笼和熟悉的奖励交货地点。 </li></ol> 3，主题培训<ol><li> 一般注意事项<ol><li>此处建议的任务需要精确协调感知的听觉线索之间，尽量减少在延迟期间和运动执行的动作。 </li><li>逐步培养对象一步一步的让他们做好准备的最后期望的行为。 </li><li>确保在每一步结束时，受试者维持&gt; 75％的行为表现为前进到下一个阶段之前至少三个连续的阶段。 </li><li>一旦最后阶段达到时，保持对协议进行为期一周的主体，以确保性能保持在所希望的水平。 </li></ol></li><li> 开始:熟悉的主题与nosepoke孔，送外卖端口和闪烁的孔和报酬之间的关联。 <ol><li>选择一个出一个随机调度的四个目标。 </li><li>围棋的打球杆（白听觉噪声），并保持小孔内的LED闪烁（0.3秒脉冲持续时间）。 </li><li>设置S在参观孔oftware奖励对象。 </li><li>超时30秒后，试用，如果孔不参观，并开始一个新的审判。 </li><li>不奖励不正确的孔的任何访问。 </li></ol></li><li> 目标选择:惩治以非选择性孔错误的访问。 <ol><li>当访问不正确孔，终止试用后5秒黑了。 注意:在一个遮光时代，固定孔LED灯在笼子里关闭。这意味着，这个问题不能启动试验，需要等到固定孔LED灯开始闪烁。 </li><li>选择一个新的漏洞，并开始​​了新的尝试。 </li></ol></li><li> Nosepoke:培训对象捅固定孔内部开始试用。 <ol><li>闪烁黄色的固定孔内LED。 </li><li>当来访的固定孔立即进行围棋的打球杆，并开始一个新的审判。 </li><li> 5秒处罚不正确的访问黑出;。 </li></ol></li><li> 延迟:教对象，以维持自己的鼻子的固定孔内的时间（延迟时间）设定时间内即逐渐增加训练的进行。 <ol><li>等待被摄对象访问的固定孔。 </li><li>终止审理，如果被摄体在500毫秒缩回。否则，玩围棋线索。 </li><li>通过禁售期为7秒惩罚过早撤稿。 </li><li>通过提供食物颗粒奖励正确的访问。 </li></ol></li><li> 两个线索（带灯光）:增加和随机延迟时间的长度和引进听觉指令提示。 <ol><li>增加延迟周期的长度，以平均1.5秒。 </li><li>请根据1.3-1.8秒之间的密度均匀的随机延迟时间的长度在每个审判。 </li><li>引入指令球杆作为单一频率的听觉音调脉冲在三重峰，以150毫秒的脉冲持续时间和100毫秒脉冲间隔。 <ol><li>立即播放指令提示受试者进入固定孔之后。 </li><li>分配两个指令线索的每个目标。 </li><li>只使用一个在这个阶段相关联的每个目标线索。 </li></ol></li><li>让受试者同时使用听觉和视觉线索来选择目标孔。 </li></ol></li><li> 两个线索（无灯）:培训对象只使用听觉线索。 <ol><li>关闭目标孔里面的LED指示灯闪烁，使拍摄对象只会用听觉指令线索。 </li></ol></li><li> 四个线索:介绍其他两个线索的随机赠送的指令提示的顺序和重复部分3.5.3-3.6.1。 </li></ol> 4，行为数据分析<ol><li> 成功率:定义成功率受审判的总数除以该指标正确访问的百分比。 <ol><li&gt;测量成功率在训练的每个阶段。 </li></ol></li><li> 错误类型: <ol><li>过早回缩:测量试验的超时由于早期撤消从固定孔的百分比。 </li><li>佣金错误:计算试验失败的百分比时，受访问的uninstructed目标</li><li>遗漏错误:计算错误的百分比时，受审判开始后不访问任何的目标。 </li></ol></li><li> 测量变量: <ol><li>反应时间（RT）:对于每一个试验中，测量的开始转到球杆的和从固定孔的主体缩回之间的延迟。 </li><li>时间到目标（TT）:测量从固定孔的主体缩回并进入靶孔之间的持续时间。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称没有竞争的财务权益。

大鼠已广泛应用于神经科学的研究了一个多世纪。由于桑代克的引进效果猫34法的概念，操作条件一直是标准的方法来测试动物的行为的不同方面。涉及决策和运动准备许多神经科学实验，包括指令线索和动作间隔之间的延迟时间。这是可取的，在这延迟期间尽量减少运动，以减少任何的困惑，以被收购神经的数据。而传统的迷宫导航实验啮齿动物的利用啮齿类动物的巨大能力，觅食，它...

<html>研究神经生理学和行为之间的关系是系统神经科学的终极目标。在历史上，出现了动物模型的选择和行为剧目1-5之间的权衡。而简单的生物如海蛞蝓6或鱿鱼7已被广泛用于研究单个离子通道，神经元和简单的神经回路的性能，需要更高阶的物种，研究更复杂的功能，诸如空间导航，决策8-11和认知控制12-14。尽管是一个标准的动物模型，为人类行为一样，使用非人类灵长类动物的提示，排除其使用在广泛的实验，化验单设置15-18成本和伦理方面的考虑。简单的动物模型，如啮齿类动物，一般首选19，只要有利益的行为基本相似的神经基础。 "&gt;有充足的证据表明，啮齿动物有着相似的皮层和皮层下结构与在灵长类20-22找到。鼠害也被称为跨多个感官的方式整合信息来指导自己的行动23-25，例如，通过协调搅打和嗅探在探索行为26或通过整合听觉和视觉/嗅觉事件25,27。 在这里，我们描述了用于测试的认知任务28-32啮齿动物的操作性条件反射的框架。在这个框架中，受试者被要求注视一个nosepoke孔内并维持其吻部的孔内，直到一展身手提示的呈现。的行为的任务是常规用于5 - 选择序列反应时任务的研究五孔nosepoke设计。在延迟期间，一系列指令线索呈现给引导的主语要执行的操作。这个框架可以很容易地修改，以适应需要广泛的实验，其中训练受到了一个短暂的间隔尽量减少其明显的运动。这允许研究在何种程度上在此间隔内的单个神经元的尖峰活动是受特定的线索。该协议可以减少培训时间，可以减少跨学科学习的变异。该任务的流程示意图示于图1。

<table><tbody><tr><td>5-holed Nose Poke with 3 Stim Cue Light Rat Cage</td><td>Coulbourn</td><td>H21-06M/R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Test cage</td><td>Coulbourn</td><td>H10-11R-TC</td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Graphic State Software</td><td>Coulbourn</td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Programmable tone/noise generator</td><td>Coulbourn</td><td>A12-33</td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless precision pellets</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Speaker module</td><td>Coulbourn</td><td>H12-01R</td><td>&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

a fully automated rodent conditioning protocol for sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments

啮齿动物已被传统上用作涉及的感官，认知和运动任务无数实验室实验的标准动物模型。需要精确控制感觉反应，如决策和注意调控较高的认知功能，但是，通常在评估非人类灵长类动物。尽管灵长类动物的行为，使这些功能加以研究多个变种的丰富性，啮齿动物模型仍然是一个有吸引力的，具有成本效益的替代灵长类动物模型。此外，完全自动化操作条件在啮齿类动物的能力，在非人灵长类动物的劳动密集的训练增加了独特的优势，在研究范围广泛的这些复杂的功能。 在这里，我们介绍一个协议operantly调节大鼠上进行工作记忆任务。在任务的关键时期，该协议确保了动物的显性运动被最小化，热曲爱菱动物为&#39;凝视&#39;，直到转到线索传递，类似于非人灵长类实验设计。一个简单的两种可供选择的被迫选择任务的实施是为展示了其性能。我们讨论这个范例的应用到其他任务。

建议的框架使培训对象在一系列的认知任务。在这里，我们实现了一个指令延迟任务旨在调查在啮齿动物前额叶皮层目标导向动作的机制。 图1显示了实验设计的流程图。 为了确保受试者理解任务要求，步步为营，绩效指标应持续评估。 图2显示了在多个会话一个课题的例子表现。一旦受试者获取的任务，它被植入的前度区域的32通道微电极阵列（对?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments at JoVE.com

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

一种啮齿动物操作性条件反射完全自动化的协议被提出。该协议依赖于行为事件的精确时间控制，调查的程度，这种控制影响神经活动基本感觉整合和认知控制实验。

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

a-fully-automated-rodent-conditioning-protocol-for-sensorimotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K 次观看.  Michigan State University. 一种啮齿动物操作性条件反射完全自动化的协议被提出。该协议依赖于行为事件的精确时间控制，调查的程度，这种控制影响神经活动基本感觉整合和认知控制实验。 

视频: A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

小鼠自动化，定量认知/行为筛选:对于遗传学，药理学，动物认知与本科教学

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

神经科学

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their consequences. This process is integral to the normal human behavior and has been shown to be disrupted by neurological and psychiatric disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia, and depression. Rodents have long been used to uncover the neurobiology of human cognition. To this end, several behavioral tasks have been developed; however, most are non-automated and are labor-intensive. The recent development of the open-source microcontroller has enabled researchers to automate operant-based tasks for assessing a variety of cognitive tasks, standardizing the stimulus presentation, improving the data recording and consequently, improving the research output. Here, we describe an automated delay-based reinforcement-guided decision-making task, using an operant T-maze controlled by custom-written software programs. Using these decision-making tasks, we show the changes in the local field potential activities in the anterior cingulate cortex of a rat whilst it performs a delay-based cost-and-benefit decision-making task.

A cost-benefit analysis is a weighing-scale approach that the brain performs during the course of decision making. Here, we propose a protocol to train rats on an operant-based decision-making paradigm where rats choose higher rewards at the expense of waiting for 15 s to receive them.

啮齿动物强化决策中成本效益分析的操作协议

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in head-fixed mice facilitates the use of imaging, electrophysiological, and optogenetic methods. Here, a low-cost behavioral platform (~$1000) was developed that allows tracking of associative learning in head-fixed mice that locomote freely on a running wheel. The platform incorporates two common associative learning paradigms: eyeblink conditioning and delayed tactile startle conditioning. Behavior is tracked using a camera and the wheel movement by a detector. We describe the components and setup and provide a detailed protocol for training and data analysis. This platform allows the incorporation of optogenetic stimulation and fluorescence imaging. The design allows a single host computer to control multiple platforms for training multiple animals simultaneously.

We have developed a single platform to track animal behavior during two climbing fiber-dependent associative learning tasks. The low-cost design allows integration with optogenetic or imaging experiments directed towards climbing fiber-associated cerebellar activity.

用于监测小脑依赖性感觉联想学习的灵活平台

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in ...