Name: a cryo-pulverization protocol for processing mouse paws to evaluate molecular pathways of tissue inflammation in a collagen induced arthritis model
Uploaded: 2019-10-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cryo-pulverization Protocol for Processing Mouse Paws to Evaluate Molecular Pathways of Tissue Inflammation in a Collagen Induced Arthritis Model at JoVE.co

The authors wish to thank Edith Janssen for the critical review of the manuscript and Navin Rao and Jennifer Towne for their support of the publication of this manuscript.

All animal experiments were conducted in accordance within the policies of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Janssen R&#38;D.
1. Cryogenic Freezer Mill-based Pulverization Method
<ol>
	<li>At termination of the CIA study, sacrifice mice with 1.5% isoflurane followed by cervical dislocation.</li>
	<li>On the day of tissue processing, pre-chill all instruments (spatulas, grinding vials, etc.) on dry ice for a minimum of 10 min. Wear thermal gloves to avoid freeze damag...

<ol>
	<li>Firestein, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunologic+mechanisms+in+the+pathogenesis+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Immunologic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 11, S39-S44 (2005).</li><li>McInnes, I. B., Schett, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 365, 2205-2219 (2011).</li><li>Ahlqvist, E., Hultqvist, M., Holmdahl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+value+of+animal+models+in+predicting+genetic+susceptibility+to+complex+diseases+such+as+rheumatoid+arthritis.">The value of animal models in predicting genetic susceptibility to complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Arthritis Research and Therapy. 11, 226 (2009).</li><li>David, C. S., Taneja, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+major+histocompatibility+complex+genes+in+murine+collagen-induced+arthritis:+a+model+for+human+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Role of major histocompatibility complex genes in murine collagen-induced arthritis: a model for human rheumatoid arthritis.</a> American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 327, 180-187 (2004).</li><li>Tarkowski, A., Holmdahl, R., Klareskog, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheumatoid+factors+in+mice.">Rheumatoid factors in mice.</a> Monographs in Allergy. 26, 214-229 (1989).</li><li>Schurgers, E., Billiau, A., Matthys, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen-induced+arthritis+as+an+animal+model+for+rheumatoid+arthritis:+focus+on+interferon-gamma.">Collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis: focus on interferon-gamma.</a> Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research. 31, 917-926 (2011).</li><li>Joosten, L. A., Helsen, M. M., van de Loo, F. A., van den Berg, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticytokine+treatment+of+established+type+II+collagen-induced+arthritis+in+DBA/1+mice.+A+comparative+study+using+anti-TNF+alpha+anti-IL-1+alpha/beta,+and+IL-1Ra.">Anticytokine treatment of established type II collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. A comparative study using anti-TNF alpha anti-IL-1 alpha/beta, and IL-1Ra.</a> Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology. 39, 797-809 (1996).</li><li>Asquith, D. L., Miller, A. M., McInnes, I. B., Liew, F. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 39, 2040-2044 (2009).</li><li>Williams, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen-induced+arthritis+as+a+model+for+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Collagen-induced arthritis as a model for rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Methods in Molecular Medicine. 98, 207-216 (2004).</li><li>Shen, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+Blockade+of+TNF-alpha+and+IL-17A+Alleviates+Progression+of+Collagen-Induced+Arthritis+without+Causing+Serious+Infections+in+Mice.">Combined Blockade of TNF-alpha and IL-17A Alleviates Progression of Collagen-Induced Arthritis without Causing Serious Infections in Mice.</a> Journal of Immunology. 202, 2017-2026 (2019).</li></ol>

Although there is strong scientific rationale to evaluate molecular pathways in synovial tissues, many reports on immune profiling of murine CIA model were focused on peripheral blood, while protein and RNA analysis data of inflamed paws are rather limited. There are several possible reasons for this bias: murine ankle joints are no larger than ~2 cm; the affected areas consist of skin, bone and connective tissues which are often difficult to homogenize using traditional methods like tissue grinders, pestle and mortar, s...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease with persistent symmetric synovitis in joints and extra articular involvement of organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, and eyes1. Although the systemic manifestations of the immune response are evident in human patients, one of the hallmarks of RA pathology is infiltration of immune cells in synovial tissue and proliferation of synovial fibroblast cells2.
Similar to human RA, mouse collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model elicits strong tissue inflammation with active immune responses in synovial tissues and systemic compartments. The susceptibility of different mouse strains to CIA model links to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) haplotype and antigen specific T cell and B cell interactions3,4. In addition, many pathogenic pathways in human RA, including autoantibody production, immune complex deposition, myeloid cell activation, polyarticular manifestations and pannus formation with synovial immune infiltration, are also evident in this model5,6. Investigators have employed this well-established CIA model to investigate effects of anti-inflammatory cytokine treatments7. Many biologics approved for autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, such as anti-TNF&#945; and anti-IL-6, are found to be efficacious in the CIA model8,9.
Profiling the interactions of the immune system in synovial tissue is crucial to elucidate molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of RA. In the human clinical setting, a common practice is to perform needle synovial biopsies under the guidance of ultrasound imaging. In the preclinical settings, the smaller architecture of the murine joints makes biopsy procedures much more difficult if not impossible. Recently, we demonstrated the utilization of the murine CIA model to evaluate combinations of drugs to impact disparate end-points and resolve disease in a combinatorial approach10. A cryogenic freezer mill-based pulverization method was employed to process inflamed murine paws into homogeneous fine powders and established downstream processes to extract RNA and proteins. This method protects RNA and protein from enzymatic and chemical degrative processes and enables us to apply multiple analytical methods to a single homogenized sample source.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mm stainless steel bead</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beta-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td>Sample reducing agent that inhibits RNASE enzymes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanalyzer Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-1511</td>
			<td>RNA qualification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Grade Water</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-055-CI</td>
			<td>Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell lysis stock solution</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22363204</td>
			<td>Microfuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tube centrifuge box</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>5055</td>
			<td>Box for holding eppendorf tubes in horizontal tube arrangement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Everlast 247 Variable Speed Rocker</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>BR5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer Mill</td>
			<td>Spex Sample Prep</td>
			<td>6875</td>
			<td>Freezer/Mill for processing paws into pulverized powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinding Vial</td>
			<td>Spex Sample Prep</td>
			<td>6801</td>
			<td>Polycarbonate vial for processing paws into pulverized powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>Kit for Total Protein Quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail set 1</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>539131</td>
			<td>Protease Inhibitors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein BCA Kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantigene Kit</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>QP1013</td>
			<td>bDNA analysis Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5417R</td>
			<td>Centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RLT Buffer</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79216</td>
			<td>RNA extraction buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>including RNeasy column, RLT Buffer and RW1 Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>BR5000</td>
			<td>Rocker/Shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-412</td>
			<td>Spatula for powder transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Bead</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69989</td>
			<td>Bead for mixing during protein extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Extractor</td>
			<td>Spex Sample Prep</td>
			<td>6884</td>
			<td>Extractor for removing the top of grinding vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortexer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10153-838</td>
			<td>Sample mixing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cryo-pulverization protocol for processing mouse paws to evaluate molecular pathways of tissue inflammation in a collagen induced arthritis model

Profiling molecular changes in local tissues is crucial to understand the mechanism(s) of action of therapeutic candidates in vivo. In the field of arthritis research, many studies are focused on inflamed joints that are composed of a complex mixture of bone, cartilage, muscle, stromal cells and immune cells. Here, we established a reliable and robust mechanical method to disrupt inflamed mouse paws into homogeneous pulverized samples in a cryogenically controlled environment. Protein and RNA lysates were processed to enable proteomic and transcriptional endpoints and molecular characterization of relevant disease pathways in local tissue.

Here, we show a representative gel image visualization of RNA extracted from front paws of CIA mice in Figure 2A. The 28S rRNA and the 18S rRNA band indicate all samples have sufficient amount of intact RNA. Next, we show a representative scatter plot of total protein concentrations based on protein BCA analysis in Figure 2B. Total protein concentrations from na&#239;ve mice, CIA mice or CIA mice...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cryo-pulverization Protocol for Processing Mouse Paws to Evaluate Molecular Pathways of Tissue Inflammation in a Collagen Induced Arthritis Model at JoVE.co

A Cryo-pulverization Protocol for Processing Mouse Paws to Evaluate Molecular Pathways of Tissue Inflammation in a Collagen Induced Arthritis Model

A cryogenic pulverization method to process murine paws using a liquid nitrogen freezer mill was developed to improve the yield and quality of RNA or protein extracted from the tissues and enable the analysis of molecular profiles associated with inflammatory responses.

Profiling molecular changes in local tissues is crucial to understand the mechanism(s) of action of therapeutic candidates in vivo. In the field of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Application of a Mouse Ligated PeyerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue (NALT) in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue NALT in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

The nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues (NALT) found in humans, rodents, and other mammals, contribute to immunity in the nasal sinuses1-3. ...

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Reporter mice have been widely used to observe the localization of expression of targeted genes. This protocol focuses on a strategy to establish a new ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells iTregs from NaÃƒÆ’Ã†'Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â¯ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced ...