本次工作得到了四川省重大研发专项（2022YFS043）和成都中医药大学青年基金会发展人才专项（QJJJ2022029）的支持。

该动物实验方案经成都中医药大学实验动物福利伦理委员会审核通过（备案号：2023-04）。本研究使用雄性 Sprague Dawley （SD） 大鼠（280 ± 20 g，8-10 周龄）。老鼠被关在动物室里，可以自由饮水和进食。
1.溶液制备
<ol><li>准备 0.9% NaCl 溶液，用于保持工作区域充分湿润。</li>
	<li>要制备 20% 高渗 NaCl 溶液，将 2 g NaCl 溶解在 10 mL 双蒸水 （ddH2O） 中。为了确定心肌的平行电导率，有必要改变脑室内液体的电导率。</li>
	<li>制备1%的酶活性粉末洗涤剂溶液。在实验完成时使用它，将压力容积导管浸入溶液中1-2小时。</li>
	<li>通过将 10 mg 阿魏酸溶解在 20 mL ddH2O 中来制备 FA 溶液，通过 0.22 μm 膜过滤溶液。向大鼠注射1mL / kg阿魏酸溶液。</li>
</ol>2.传感器的准备
<ol><li>在实验开始前，将压力体积传感器浸入37°C的0.9%NaCl溶液中约30-60分钟，这有助于实验数据的稳定性。</li>
	<li>连接实验设备。测量压力-容积回路的系统由一根压力-容积导管、两个控制单元、一个记录单元和计算机运行软件组成。软件中的压力-体积回路模块将提供参考实验程序。</li>
	<li>按 下“开始 ”按钮，软件将自动记录来自压力体积传感器的监测数据。</li>
	<li>使用 Miro-Tip 压力体积 （MPVS） 软件校准压力和电导率。</li>
</ol>3.实验前大鼠制备
<ol><li>通过肌肉注射给大鼠氯胺酮（50mg / kg）和芬太尼（0.25mg / kg）5。</li>
	<li>捏住大鼠的脚趾，通过没有反射来验证麻醉深度。情绪会影响大鼠的生理状态，疼痛会导致心脏功能的改变16.使用小动物剃须刀和脱毛膏去除手术部位的毛发。使用碘磷和 75% 酒精擦拭皮肤以保持无菌。</li>
	<li>将完全麻醉的大鼠固定在等温加热板上，背部与加热板接触。</li>
	<li>将涂有凡士林的温度探头插入大鼠的直肠中。通过调节加热板将大鼠体温保持在37°C±0.5。 注意：在实验过程中必须保持气道畅通。</li>
</ol>4. 将导管插入右颈动脉
<ol><li>纵向切开大鼠颈部正中线右侧的皮肤。做一个 4 厘米的切口，用镊子分离肌肉和结缔组织。位于气管右侧的颈动脉是可见的。大鼠的右颈动脉呈暗红色，脉动强烈，并有一条与之平行的白色迷走神经。</li>
	<li>使用镊子将颈动脉与其他组织和神经分开。在干净的颈动脉下方放置三条 5-0 手术线。将无菌的0.9%氯化钠溶液滴入手术区域，以保持颈动脉的湿润。</li>
	<li>切开左锁骨上方的皮肤，剥离颈静脉周围的组织。然后，在左颈静脉下方放置一个 5-0 手术线。</li>
	<li>使用动脉夹暂停近端的血流，使用微型剪刀剪断血管中血流停止的部分。伤口横截面出现少量血液是正常的。如果血液快速间歇性地流出血管，请抬起近端手术管并再次使用动脉钳。</li>
	<li>将导管从横截面沿颈动脉深入左心室。确保进入左心室后的最低收缩压值接近 0 mmHg。</li>
	<li>为了获得合理的压力-容积关系，稍微调整心室中的压力-容积导管。为防止大量失血和导管因心跳而改变位置，请结扎手术管路的近端。 注意：在此过程中，大鼠的体温、麻醉水平、压力信号和电导信号应保持稳定。大鼠的呼吸道应保持畅通。</li>
</ol>5.药物注射和电导率校准
<ol><li>保持压力容积导管在心室腔室中的位置，数据稳定后，结扎颈静脉远端的手术管线结扎并缓慢注射至1mL / kg阿魏酸溶液。观察5-10分钟。</li>
	<li>从左颈静脉注射 50 μL 20% NaCl 溶液以去除心肌产生的平行电导。平行电导的体积范围约为 130-280 μL5。以 2 分钟的间隔重复此操作 3 次。</li>
	<li>在大鼠进行心室压力和容量测试后，使用采血针从大鼠腹主动脉抽血。将收集的血液放入肝素钠收集管中，上下倒置 2 次以防止血液凝固。通过左颈静脉注射120mg / kg戊巴比妥钠对实验大鼠实施安乐死。</li>
	<li>使用大鼠容量校准管将测得的电导转换为实际血容量。将血液与肝素钠混合的血液依次放入校准管的孔中，导管检测不同孔中血液的电导值并将其记录在压力-容积监测模块中。</li>
</ol>6. 数据分析
<ol><li>通过将已知体积血液的测量电导率值添加到指定位置，软件会自动绘制曲线并推断血液的电导率。使用至少三组血液电导率值来推断被测大鼠的血液电导率。血液电导率是个体化的。对于测试下的每只大鼠，分别执行此程序。</li>
	<li>高渗校准：通过将三次高渗盐水注射获得的数据添加到指定位置，软件计算平行电导平均值并自动校准实验数据。</li>
	<li>利用血压和电导值稳定的区域分析大鼠的左心室功能。</li>
	<li>点击 “分析 ”，软件会根据所选区域自动计算各种参数，包括EF（左心室射血分数）、SW（卒中功）和CO（心输出量）等。</li>
</ol>

使用压力-体积电导技术监测大鼠的心脏功能

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作者声明，该研究是在没有任何可被解释为潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系的情况下进行的。

对于不同的心脏功能状态，必须采用合理的给药策略。压力-容积电导导管技术是研究左心室功能最直观的方法5.这种方法可以从整体角度研究药物对心脏功能的影响。我们详细描述了实验的各个阶段。这将为心脏功能的研究提供一些便利。
压力容积电导率导管技术是最全面、最严格的方法。在一次实验中可以获得多达30个指标的信息，包括绝对值（压力和体...

心血管疾病是世界上死亡率最高的国家 1.其病因包括冠状动脉狭窄（心肌缺血）、冠状动脉阻塞（心肌梗死）和缺血再灌注损伤2。由于心脏处于恒定的收缩期和舒张期，它是身体最需要能量的部位之一。因此，当冠状动脉难以维持足够的能量和氧气时，心脏功能不可避免地下降，从而对其他器官产生负面影响3,4。心脏是循环系统中的动力源，需要理性评估心脏功能。
通过心室压力和容量关系评估心脏功能被认为是一种综合方法5。在整个心动周期中，心室压力和容积的实时变化构成了压力-容积环。心室压力-容积环可以根据心室的不同阶段和能量对心脏功能和储备能力进行定量分析。正常心室收缩末期容积小，搏动功好，效率高5,6,7。
压力容积传导导管技术是一种检测左心室状态的侵入性方法。它可用于获得连续的实时压力-体积回路8。 压力容积电导率导管是强大的工具，良好的处理程序对于可重复和可靠的结果至关重要，包括在生理盐水校准期间对心肌平行电导率进行 体内 分析，以及在比色皿校准中对血液电导率进行 体外 测量3。
阿魏酸（FA）是一种酚酸，广泛分布于植物界，如燕麦和女贞子9,10。阿魏酸具有降低血压和心律失常的药理作用。FA是一种具有多种功能的生物活性天然产物。FA能抵抗氧化损伤，减少炎症反应，抑制血小板聚集，预防冠心病和动脉粥样硬化11。然而，大多数关于阿魏酸的研究都集中在心脏的一个方面，很少评估阿魏酸在循环系统中的作用12,13,14,15。在这里，我们描述了一种异氟醚麻醉联合氯胺酮 （50 mg/kg） 的闭胸方法，重点是颈静脉注射过程中对阿魏酸溶液的心脏反应。
我们将描述在闭胸条件下使用该工具的完整程序，包括溶液制备、换能器制备、实验前大鼠制备、导管插入右颈动脉和数据分析。实验的持续时间通常小于4小时，由不同的实验方案决定。在单个实验中，我们可以获得详细的心脏信息，例如左心室压力、容量和心率。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Sartorius AG, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal temperature maintainer</td>
			<td>Rayward Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>69020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Bio Amp</td>
			<td>Millar, Inc., USA</td>
			<td>DA-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzyme-Active Powdered Detergent</td>
			<td>Alconox Inc., USA</td>
			<td>1104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferulic acid</td>
			<td>&#160;Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd,Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>F900027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mikro-Tip Catheter Transducers, SPR-838NR</td>
			<td>Millar, Inc., USA</td>
			<td>SPR-838NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millar Miro-Tip Pressure Volume (MPVS) Ultra</td>
			<td>Millar, Inc., USA</td>
			<td>SPR-869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pet electric clippers</td>
			<td>Jinyun County New Concept Home Supplies Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Lab 8 / 35</td>
			<td>Millar, Inc., USA</td>
			<td>PL3508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride, NaCl</td>
			<td>&#160;Kelong Chemical Reagent, Chengdu, China</td>
			<td>KX829463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veet hair removal cream</td>
			<td>Shanghai Songqi E-commerce Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>3226470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time detection of ferulic acid effects on rat left ventricle using pressure-volume conductivity catheter

心脏功能下降会对其他器官产生负面影响。左心室压力-容积关系被认为是评估心脏功能的有效方法。心脏功能的实时监测对于药物评估非常重要。在闭胸条件下，微型换能器是压力容积导管的重要组成部分，通过右颈动脉进入大鼠的左心室。该设备以压力-容积环的形式可视化实验过程中心脏功能的变化。通过将50μL20%氯化钠溶液注射到大鼠的左颈静脉中来改变血液的电导率来计算心室的实际体积。通过使用压力 - 体积电导导管测量已知体积中血液的电导率来计算大鼠心室腔的实际体积。该协议允许持续观察药物对心脏的影响，并将促进在心血管疾病中使用特殊种族药物的基本原理。

Cardiovascular disease has the highest mortality rate in the world1. Its causes include coronary artery stenosis (myocardial ischemia), coronary artery blockage (myocardial infarction), and ischemia-reperfusion injury2. As the heart is in a constant systolic and diastolic cycle, it is one of the most energy-demanding parts of the body. Therefore, when the coronary arteries have difficulty maintaining sufficient energy and oxygen, cardiac function inevitably decreases, which has a negative impact on other organs3,4. The heart is a powerhouse in the circulatory system, and cardiac function needs to be assessed rationally.
Assessment of cardiac function by ventricular pressure and volume relationships is considered to be a comprehensive method5. Real-time changes in ventricular pressure and volume during the complete cardiac cycle make up the pressure-volume loop. The ventricular pressure-volume loop allows quantitative analysis of cardiac function and reserve capacity in terms of different phases and energies of the ventricle. The normal ventricle has a small end-systolic volume with good beat work and efficiency5,6,7.
The pressure-volume conduction catheter technique is an invasive method for detecting the status of the left ventricle. It can be used to obtain a continuous real-time pressure-volume loop8. Pressure volumetric conductivity catheters are powerful tools, and sound handling procedures are essential for reproducible and reliable results, including in vivo analysis of myocardial parallel conductivity during saline calibration and in vitro measurement of blood conductivity in cuvette calibration3.
Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic acid, is widely distributed in plant kingdoms such as Avena sativa and Ligusticum chuanxiong hort9,10. Ferulic acid has pharmacological effects of lowering blood pressure and arrhythmia. FA is a bioactive natural product with multiple functions. FA can resist oxidative damage, reduce inflammatory responses, inhibit platelet aggregation, and prevent coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis11. However, most studies on ferulic acid have focused on one aspect of the heart and rarely have the effects of ferulic acid been evaluated in the circulatory system12,13,14,15. Here we describe a closed-chest approach to isoflurane anesthesia combined with Ketamine (50 mg/kg) with a focus on the cardiac response to ferulic acid solution during jugular vein injection.
We will describe the complete procedure for using the tool under closed-chest conditions, including solution preparation, preparation of the transducer, pre-experimental rat preparation, catheter insertion into the right carotid artery and data analysis. The duration of the experiment is usually less than 4 h and it is determined by the different experimental protocols. In a single experiment, we can obtain detailed cardiac information such as left ventricular pressure, volume, and heart rate.

作者聚焦：压力-体积环测量方法在心血管研究中的优势

使用压力-容积电导导管实时检测阿魏酸对大鼠左心室的影响

Anesthesia is an unavoidable issue in animal experiments. In this experiment, the different levels of anesthesia have a significant impact on the experimental results. This pressure-volume loop measurement method is easier to learn compared to the open-chest method, including fewer experimental tools and less learning time for experimenters.Our lab will research traditional Chinese medicine's effects and on cardiovascular diseases, exploring its extensive but not fully understood impact on heart health.

每个测试 （n = 3） 都基于压力容积电导率导管进入左心室。当导管从颈动脉进入左心室时，信号会发生显著变化，例如压力范围明显增加（图 1）。通过绘制 Y 轴上的体积 （μL） 和 X 轴上的压力 （mmHg） 来完成压力-体积关系的图形分析。大鼠左心室压在10-105 mmHg以内，体积电导值在65-115 μL以内。
完整的心动周期由逆时针压力-容积环形成（<strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Advantages of Pressure-Volume Loop Measurement Method in Cardiovascular Research at JoVE.com

该协议描述了一种使用压力 - 体积电导技术测量左心室压力和体积的方法。这种方法可以连续实时监测药物对心脏的影响。

Decreased cardiac function can have a negative impact on other organs. The left ventricular pressure-volume relationship is considered to be a valid ...

麻醉是动物实验中不可避免的问题。在本实验中，不同程度的麻醉对实验结果有显著影响。与开胸法相比，这种压力-容积环测量方法更易于学习，包括更少的实验工具和更少的实验人员学习时间。我们的实验室将研究中医对心血管疾病的影响，探索其对心脏健康的广泛但尚未完全了解的影响。

real-time-detection-ferulic-acid-effects-on-rat-left-ventricle-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Real-Time Detection of Ferulic Acid Effects on Rat Left Ventricle Using Pressure-Volume Conductivity Catheter

319 次观看.  Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 麻醉是动物实验中不可避免的问题。在本实验中，不同程度的麻醉对实验结果有显著影响。与开胸法相比，这种压力-容积环测量方法更易于学习，包括更少的实验工具和更少的实验人员学习时间。我们的实验室将研究中医对心血管疾病的影响，探索其对心脏健康的广泛但尚未完全了解的影响。

视频: 作者聚焦：压力-体积环测量方法在心血管研究中的优势

Decreased cardiac function can have a negative impact on other organs. The left ventricular pressure-volume relationship is considered to be a valid method for evaluating cardiac function. Real-time monitoring of cardiac function is important for drug evaluation. Under closed-chest conditions, the miniature transducer, which is an important component of the pressure-volume catheter, enters the left ventricle of the rat through the right carotid artery. The device visualizes the changes in cardiac function during the experiment in the form of a pressure-volume loop. The actual volume of the ventricle is calculated by altering the conductivity of the blood by injecting 50 &#181;L of a 20% sodium chloride solution into the rat's left jugular vein. The actual volume of the rat's ventricular cavity is calculated by measuring the conductivity of the blood in a known volume using a pressure-volume conductance catheter. This protocol allows for continuous observation of the effects of drugs on the heart and will promote the rationale for the use of specialty ethnic drugs in cardiovascular disease.

This protocol describes a method for measuring left ventricular pressure and volume using the pressure-volume conductance technique. This method enables continuous real-time monitoring of the effects of drugs on the heart.