<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>小鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的闭胸技术

<ol><li>Bryda, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+mighty+mouse%3A+The+impact+of+rodents+on+advances+in+biomedical+research%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mo+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">The mighty mouse: The impact of rodents on advances in biomedical research.</a> Mo Med. 110 (3), 207-211 (2013).</li>
<li>Fishbein, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Early+phase+acute+myocardial+infarct+size+quantification%3A+Validation+of+the+triphenyl+tetrazolium+chloride+tissue+enzyme+staining+technique%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+Heart+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">Early phase acute myocardial infarct size quantification: Validation of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride tissue enzyme staining technique.</a> Am Heart J. 101 (5), 593-600 (1981).</li>
<li>Ibáñez, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evolving+therapies+for+myocardial+ischemia%2Freperfusion+injury%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Am+Coll+Cardiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 65 (14), 1454-1471 (2015).</li>
<li>Dąbrowska, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+immune+response+to+surgery+and+infection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cent+Eur+J+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The immune response to surgery and infection.</a> Cent Eur J Immunol. 39 (4), 532-537 (2014).</li>
<li>Muthuramu, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Permanent+ligation+of+the+left+anterior+descending+coronary+artery+in+mice%3A+a+model+of+post-myocardial+infarction+remodelling+and+heart+failure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice: a model of post-myocardial infarction remodelling and heart failure.</a> J Vis Exp. (94), e52206(2014).</li>
<li>Nickles, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+ventilation+causes+airway+distension+with+proinflammatory+sequelae+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol-Lung+C%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical ventilation causes airway distension with proinflammatory sequelae in mice.</a> Am J Physiol-Lung C. 307 (1), L27-L37 (2014).</li>
<li>Reed, G. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Acute+myocardial+infarction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Lancet%22%5BJournal%5D)">Acute myocardial infarction.</a> Lancet. 389 (10065), 197-210 (2017).</li>
<li>Rittié, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Method+for+picrosirius+red-polarization+detection+of+collagen+fibers+in+tissue+sections%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Method for picrosirius red-polarization detection of collagen fibers in tissue sections.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1627, 395-407 (2017).</li>
<li>Schwarte, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+ventilation+of+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Basic+Res+Cardiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical ventilation of mice.</a> Basic Res Cardiol. 95 (6), 510-520 (2000).</li>
<li>Vaneker, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+ventilation+induces+a+Toll%2FInterleukin-1+receptor+domain-containing+adapter-inducing+interferon+%CE%B2-dependent+inflammatory+response+in+healthy+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anesthesiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical ventilation induces a Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β-dependent inflammatory response in healthy mice.</a> Anesthesiology. 111, 836-843 (2009).</li>
<li>Van Allen, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+role+of+volatile+anesthetics+in+cardioprotection%3A+A+systematic+review%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Med+Gas+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">The role of volatile anesthetics in cardioprotection: A systematic review.</a> Med Gas Res. 2, 22(2012).</li>
<li>Kumar, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Distinct+mouse+coronary+anatomy+and+myocardial+infarction+consequent+to+ligation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Coron+Artery+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Distinct mouse coronary anatomy and myocardial infarction consequent to ligation.</a> Coron Artery Dis. 16 (1), 41-44 (2005).</li>
<li>Bayat, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Progressive+heart+failure+after+myocardial+infarction+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Basic+Res+Cardiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Progressive heart failure after myocardial infarction in mice.</a> Basic Res Cardiol. 97 (3), 206-213 (2002).</li>
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<table><tbody><tr><td>2-0 silk suture</td><td>Sharpoint Products</td><td>DC-2515N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-0 polypropylene suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8710H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7-0 polypropylene suture</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8206H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ACCLARENT Balloon Inflation Device</td><td>Johnson&amp;amp;Johnson MedTech</td><td>BID30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acepromazine</td><td>Kela</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Vialon 18 G</td><td>BD</td><td>381347</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Vialon 20 G</td><td>BD</td><td>381334</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betadine Solution</td><td>Purdue Pharma</td><td>25655-41-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine (Buprenex Injectable)</td><td>Reckitt Benkiser Healthcare</td><td>NDC 12496-0757-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carp Zoom Styl Knijplood 2.1 g (lead fishing weights)</td><td>Visdeal.nl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #3 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11231-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14040-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fucidine gel</td><td>Leo Pharma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Abbott</td><td>NDC 5260-04-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KD Mouse/Rat Eye Speculum</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>501897</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KD mouse/rat eye speculum</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>501897</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Dechra</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light source</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>KL 1500 LCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MRI system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany</td><td>BioSpec 70/30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NatriumChloride 0.9%</td><td>Baxter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nocturnal Infrared Heat Lamp</td><td>Zoo Med Laboratories, Inc.</td><td>RS-75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ParaVision software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker BioSpin</td><td>version 6.0.1&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polyethylene tubing PE-10</td><td>SAI Infusion technologies</td><td>PE-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polyethylene tubing PE-50</td><td>SAI Infusion technologies</td><td>PE-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>remote IRI tool (PMMA)</td><td>homemade</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodent Surgical Monitor</td><td>Indus instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Segment v4.0</td><td>Medviso, segment.heiberg.se</td><td>R12067</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Self-gated gradient echo sequence&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany</td><td>IntraGate, ParaVision 6.0.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slim Elongated Needle Holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12005-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sure-Seal Mouse/Rat Induction Chamber</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>EZ-178</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing Connectors, Poly, Y Shape</td><td>Westlab</td><td>072025-0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultraverse 035 PTA Dilatation Catheter: 5mm x 40mm, 17 ATM RBP balloon on 130 cm long catheter</td><td>Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc.</td><td>00801741092671</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Veet (depilatory creme)</td><td>Reckitt Benkiser Healthcare</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ventilator, MiniVent Model 845</td><td>Hugo Sachs</td><td>73-0043</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vidisic</td><td>BAUSCH &amp;amp; LOMB PHARMA</td><td>685313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Bayer</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

remotely triggered lad occlusion using a balloon catheter in spontaneously breathing mice

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: A Novel Standardized Technique for Real-Time Biomedical Imaging of Acute Myocardial Injury at JoVE.com

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:一种用于急性心肌损伤实时生物医学成像的新型标准化技术

在自主呼吸小鼠中使用球囊导管远程触发 LAD 闭塞

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent and high-mortality cardiovascular condition. Despite advancements in revascularization strategies for ...

remotely-triggered-lad-occlusion-using-balloon-catheter-spontaneously

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Remotely Triggered LAD Occlusion Using a Balloon Catheter in Spontaneously Breathing Mice

962 次观看.  KU Leuven. 我们的研究范围是开发一种新的标准化技术来治疗海洋缺血再灌注损伤。这使我们能够获得实时生物医学成像，从而对急性心肌损伤的机制影响产生新的见解。该模型开发中最具挑战性的部分是创建一条控制良好的冠状动脉直接通道。这需要发生在一米远的活的、自发繁殖的动物身上。它减少手术创伤、增强对缺血时间的控制和提高实验一致性...

视频: 作者聚焦:一种用于急性心肌损伤实时生物医学成像的新型标准化技术

Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice

Murine studies of acute injury are an area of intense investigation, as knockout mice for different genes are becoming increasingly available 1-38. Cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning (IP) remains an area of intense investigation. To further elucidate its molecular basis, the use of knockout mouse studies is particularly important 7, 14, 30, 39. Despite the fact that previous studies have already successfully performed cardiac ischemia and reperfusion in mice, this model is technically very challenging. Particularly, visual identification of the coronary artery, placement of the suture around the vessel and coronary occlusion by tying off the vessel with a supported knot is technically difficult. In addition, re-opening the knot for intermittent reperfusion of the coronary artery during IP without causing surgical trauma adds additional challenge. Moreover, if the knot is not tied down strong enough, inadvertent reperfusion due to imperfect occlusion of the coronary may affect the results. In fact, this can easily occur due to the movement of the beating heart.
Based on potential problems associated with using a knotted coronary occlusion system, we adopted a previously published model of chronic cardiomyopathy based on a hanging weight system for intermittent coronary artery occlusion during IP 39. In fact, coronary artery occlusion can thus be achieved without having to occlude the coronary by a knot. Moreover, reperfusion of the vessel can be easily achieved by supporting the hanging weights which are in a remote localization from cardiac tissues.
We tested this system systematically, including variation of ischemia and reperfusion times, preconditioning regiments, body temperature and genetic backgrounds39. In addition to infarct staining, we tested cardiac troponin I (cTnI)
as a marker of myocardial infarction in this model. In fact, plasma levels of cTnI correlated with infarct sizes (R2=0.8). Finally, we could show in several studies that this technique yields highly reproducible infarct sizes during murine IP and myocardial infarction6, 8, 30, 40, 41. Therefore, this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in cardioprotection by IP using a genetic approach in mice with targeted gene deletion. Further studies on cardiac IP using transgenic mice may consider this technique.

A murine model for myocardial ischemia and ischemic preconditioning is an important tool study cardioprotective mechanisms in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for cardiac IP using a hanging-weight system for coronary artery occlusion.

悬重系统的使用在小鼠冠状动脉闭塞

Murine studies of acute injury are an area of intense investigation, as knockout mice for different genes are becoming increasingly available 1-38. ...

科研

医学

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

改性技术在小鼠冠状动脉结扎

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We have established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in C57Bl6/J mice. In this video, we will demonstrate the methodology used for this study.

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning (PC) &#x2013; a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance (IT) to transient focal cerebral ischemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in C57Bl6/J mice.

双侧颈总动脉闭塞足够的预处理刺激诱导局灶性脑缺血早期缺血耐受

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

LAD-Ligation: A Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Research models of infarction and myocardial ischemia are essential to investigate the acute and chronic pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in myocardial ischemia and to develop and optimize future treatment.
Two different methods of creating myocardial ischemia are performed in laboratory rodents. The first method is to create cryo infarction, a fast but inaccurate technique, where a cryo-pen is applied on the surface of the heart (1-3). Using this method the scientist can not guarantee that the cryo-scar leads to ischemia, also a vast myocardial injury is created that shows pathophysiological side effects that are not related to myocardial infarction. The second method is the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Here the LAD is ligated with one single stitch, forming an ischemia that can be seen almost immediately. By closing the LAD, no further blood flow is permitted in that area, while the surrounding myocardial tissue is nearly not affected. This surgical procedure imitates the pathobiological and pathophysiological aspects occurring in infarction-related myocardial ischemia.
The method introduced in this video demonstrates the surgical procedure of a mouse infarction model by ligating the LAD. This model is convenient for pathobiological and pathophysiological as well as immunobiological studies on cardiac infarction. The shown technique provides high accuracy and correlates well with histological sections.

This video demonstrates how to use a fast and reliable model to study pathobiological and pathophysiological processes of myocardial ischemia.

法援署结扎：有心肌梗死的小鼠模型

Research models of infarction and myocardial ischemia are essential to investigate the acute and chronic pathobiological and pathophysiological processes ...

生物学

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) measurements and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling are essential to experimental asthma models, but repeated procedures to obtain such measurements in the same animal are generally not feasible.  Here, we demonstrate protocols for obtaining from mice repeated measurements of AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples.  Mice were challenged intranasally seven times over 14 days with a potent allergen or sham treated.  Prior to the initial challenge, and within 24 hours following each intranasal challenge, the same animals were anesthetized, orally intubated and mechanically ventilated.  AHR, assessed by comparing dose response curves of respiratory system resistance (RRS) induced by increasing intravenous doses of acetylcholine (Ach) chloride between sham and allergen-challenged animals, were determined.  Afterwards, and via the same intubation, the left lung was lavaged so that differential enumeration of airway cells could be performed.  These studies reveal that repeated measurements of AHR and BAL fluid collection are possible from the same animals and that maximal airway hyperresponsiveness and airway eosinophilia are achieved within 7-10 days of initiating allergen challenge.  This novel technique significantly reduces the number of mice required for longitudinal experimentation and is applicable to diverse rodent species, disease models and airway physiology instruments.  

Repeated measurements of rodent respiratory physiology and sampling of airway inflammatory cells are desirable, but generally not feasible. Here we describe a repeatable method for orally intubating mice that permits repeated measurements of airway hyperreactivity and sampling of airway inflammatory cells.

一个可逆的，非侵入性方法，气道阻力测量和支气管肺泡灌洗小鼠流体取样

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) measurements and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampling are essential to experimental asthma models, but repeated ...

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload. Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hr after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.
Besides the model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented in detail.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.

左冠状动脉前降支的小鼠结扎:对心肌梗死后重塑和心衰模型

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

微创横向主动脉缩窄小鼠

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

Murine Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Coronary Artery Ligation: An Improved and Simplified Model for Myocardial Infarction

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. IHD is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart, resulting in the loss of oxygen to and the ensuing necrosis of the heart muscle. The MI model has gained popularity for its use as a short-term ischemia-reperfusion model and a long-term permanent ligation model. Below, we describe a reliable method for the permanent ligation of the LAD. With mouse genetic engineering technology becoming more advanced, and with an increasing availability of quality murine surgical instruments, the mouse has become a popular model for MI surgeries. Our surgical model incorporates the use of an easily reversible anesthetic for the rapid recovery of the mouse; a minimally invasive endotracheal intubation without involving a tracheotomy; and a thoracentesis through the original thoracotomy site without creating an additional incision in the chest, as is done in some other methods, to effectively remove excess blood and air from the chest cavity. This method is comparatively less invasive than other methods, which dramatically reduces surgical and post-surgical complications and mortality and improves reproducibility.

Murine Left Anterior Descending LAD Coronary Artery Ligation: An Improved and Simplified Model for Myocardial Infarction

We provide a reliable method for left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation in a mouse model. This method is comparatively less invasive than other methods, involving endotracheal intubation, a left-sided thoracotomy approach, and thoracentesis. This method can be used as a model for both acute and chronic myocardial infarction (MI).

鼠左前降支（LAD）冠状动脉结扎:改进和简化模型的心肌梗死

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. IHD is characterized by ...

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. To investigate pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia, relevant experimental models need to be developed. Anatomically, a main retinal blood supplying vessel is the ophthalmic artery (OpA) and OpA originates from the internal carotid artery of the common carotid artery (CCA). Thus, disruption of CCA could effectively cause retinal ischemia. Here, we established a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAO) to tie the right CCA with 6-0 silk sutures and to occlude the left CCA transiently for 2 seconds via a clamp, and showed that tBCCAO could induce acute retinal ischemia leading to retinal dysfunction. The current method reduces reliance on surgical instruments by only using surgical needles and a clamp, shortens occlusion time to minimize unexpected animal death, which is often seen in mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and maintains reproducibility of common retinal ischemic findings. The model can be utilized to investigate the pathophysiology of ischemic retinopathies in mice and further can be used for in vivo drug screening.

Here, we describe a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion using simple sutures and a clamp. This model can be useful for understanding the pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia caused by cardiovascular abnormalities.

由瞬态双边常见胡萝卜动脉闭塞引起的缺血性视网膜损伤的 Murine 模型

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. ...

Left Coronary Artery Ligation: A Surgical Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Ischemic heart disease and subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States and around the world. In order to explore the pathophysiological changes after myocardial infarction and design future treatments, research models of MI are required. Permanent ligation of the left coronary artery (LCA) in mice is a popular model to investigate cardiac function and ventricular remodeling post MI. Here we describe a less invasive, reliable, and reproducible surgical murine MI model by permanent ligation of the LCA. Our surgical model comprises of an easily reversible general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation that does not require a tracheotomy, and a thoracotomy. Electrocardiography and troponin measurement should be performed to ensure MI. Echocardiography at day 28 after MI will discern heart function and heart failure parameters. The degree of cardiac fibrosis can be evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining and cardiac MRI. This MI model is useful for studying the pathophysiological and immunological alterations after MI.

Presented here is a surgical procedure for permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in mice. This model can be used to investigate the pathophysiology and associated inflammatory response after myocardial infarction.

左冠状动脉结扎术:心肌梗死的外科小鼠模型

Ischemic heart disease and subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States and around the world. In ...