本刊得到了陕西省重点研发计划：2023-ZDLSF-56和陕西省“科学家+工程师”团队建设：2022KXJ-019的支持。

本研究已获得北京中医药大学附属顺思淼医院机构评审委员会的批准。该患者是从孙思苗医院甲状腺科招募的。患者接受了甲状腺超声检查，并对该研究给予知情同意。在这项研究中，使用手持设备获取的 4D 超声数据用于重建甲状腺的三平面视图。此外，还实现了实时同步彩色多普勒成像。本研究中使用的软件工具列在 材料表中。
1. 数据收集和准备
<ol><li>使用便携式手持式超声设备，将线性阵列换能器横向放置在患者颈部，以在横截面上对甲状腺进行成像。沿着甲状腺的长度缓慢而稳定地滑动探头，同时保持探头的接触和方向。</li>
	<li>以 33 Hz 的帧速率获取一系列可视化甲状腺形态的横向 B 模式图像。</li>
	<li>同时，应用彩色多普勒来检测腺体和血管中的血流。从甲状腺上极到下甲状腺两极扫描，覆盖整个腺体。由此产生的动态成像序列包括形成两个 4D 数据集的连续横向切片。</li>
	<li>加载和浏览 4D B 模式超声数据<ol><li>将所有 DICOM 数据复制到自定义的工作目录。 注意：操作系统和 MATLAB 中的工作目录是相同的。键入每行后按 Enter 键以在 MATLAB 中运行该命令。</li>
		<li>使用 dicomread 函数将 B 模式 US 数据文件导入 MATLAB，并使用 size 函数查看数据的维度。<ol><li>在计算机上打开 MATLAB。</li>
			<li>在 “命令 ”窗口中，键入： VB0 = dicomread（'fname.dcm'）; 其中“fname.dcm”可以替换为 DICOM 数据的实际文件名。这将读取 DICOM 文件并将图像数据存储在变量 VB0 中。</li>
			<li>若要查看加载数据的大小，请键入： 尺寸（VB0）， 注意：此处导入的 4D 数据的尺寸为 768 像素 x 1024 像素 x 3 x 601 层。768 像素 x 1024 像素 x 3 对应于标准 RGB 图像，其中每个像素由三个 24 位深度的通道表示。601 层表示扫描切片的总数。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>调用 US_B_Show 函数将4D矩阵数据转换为连续的灰度视频序列，连续回放进行详细检查（见 图1）。<ol><li>要使用 DICOM 文件上的 dicomread 函数将步骤 1.4.2.2 中导入的 4D 超声数据矩阵 VB0 转换为连续播放的灰度视频序列，请通过在 MATLAB 命令窗口中键入以下命令来调用 US_B_Show 函数： US_B_Show（VB0） 其中 VB0 是包含之前导入的超声数据的 4D 矩阵变量。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>图 1 中的 GUI 显示了用于暂停、前进、快退等的播放按钮。<ol><li>按 播放 按钮开始连续播放帧序列的视频。使用 暂停和播放控制工具图标 可灵活导航任何帧。使用 放大/缩小 按钮在播放过程中动态放大或缩小图像，使用默认 缩放 按钮重置为原始 1 倍视图。</li>
			<li>单击“ 检查像素值 ”按钮，然后将鼠标移到某个区域上，以将十字准线与像素坐标和强度叠加在一起，以便进行局部分析。 注意：这些交互式控件可以灵活地检查空间和时间上的超声数据特性。</li>
		</ol></li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>加载和浏览 4D 彩色多普勒超声数据<ol><li>使用 dicomread 函数将彩色多普勒超声数据文件导入 MATLAB，并使用 size 函数查看数据的尺寸。 注意：此处导入的 4D 数据的尺寸为 768 像素 x 1024 像素 x 3 x 331 层。768 像素 x 1024 像素 x 3 对应于标准 RGB 图像，红色和蓝色代表不同方向的血流。331 层表示扫描切片的总数。</li>
		<li>使用 US_C_Show 功能将4D矩阵数据转换为连续的彩色视频序列，以便连续播放以进行详细检查（见 图2）。 注意 图 2 中的 GUI 具有与 图 1 的步骤 1.4.4 中描述的相同的交互式控件和操作集。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. B模和彩色多普勒超声同步观察
注： 图 1 所示的 4D B 模式超声数据和 图 2 所示的 4D 彩色多普勒超声数据在沿时间轴的第四维中包含相同的绝对时间戳。此字段在 DICOM 元数据中记录为 FrameTimeVector。根据该字段中的时间值，可以实时同步 图 1 和 图 2 。
<ol><li>使用 dicomread 命令读取两个 4D 文件后，使用两个 4D 矩阵作为输入执行 Synchronize_B_C 函数。 注意： 图 3 显示了仍然可以连续播放的结果视频。现在的不同之处在于，4D B模式超声数据和4D彩色多普勒超声数据在同一视频帧内实时同步。 图 3 中的 GUI 具有与 前面图 1 的步骤 1.4.4 中描述的相同的交互式控件和操作集。</li>
</ol>3. 甲状腺同步三平面重建
注意：为了能够更精确地定位和量化病变，本研究根据获取的 4D 超声数据对甲状腺进行了三平面重建，并具有实时交互性。这使临床医生能够快速准确地确定病变，为随后对受影响区域的定量奠定坚实的基础。
<ol><li>使用图 1 中的 4D B 模式超声数据作为输入调用 thyroid_triplanar 函数，以推导出三个正交平面（日冕平面、矢状平面和轴向平面），如图 4 所示。</li>
	<li>图 4 中的十字准线相互作用可以实时检查甲状腺的不同部位。单击并拖动十字准线的中心，对从超声重建的甲状腺解剖结构进行任意 3D 检查。 注意： 图 4 中的 GUI 还可以调整三平面视图的灰度强度范围、对比度和亮度。</li>
	<li>在图像的任何区域上按住鼠 标左键 并拖动，以实时修改 亮度 和 对比度 级别。松开鼠标按钮以确认并完成调整。</li>
</ol>4. 三维血流场同步三平面重建
注意：基于 3D 彩色多普勒超声数据重建 4D 血流场的同步三平面视图对于表征桥本氏甲状腺炎 （HT） 在临床上也很重要。
<ol><li>使用图 2 中的 4D C 模式超声数据作为输入调用 thyroid_3D_blood 函数，以推导出三个正交平面（日冕平面、矢状面和轴向平面），如图 5 所示。</li>
	<li>图 5 中的十字准线相互作用可以实时检查甲状腺的不同部位。单击并拖动十字准线的中心，对从超声重建的甲状腺解剖结构进行任意 3D 检查。 注： 图 5 中的 GUI 还可以调整三平面视图的灰度强度范围、对比度和亮度。</li>
	<li>在图像的任何区域上按住鼠 标左键 并拖动，以实时修改 亮度 和 对比度 级别。松开鼠标按钮以确认并完成调整。</li>
</ol>5. B模三平面视图和彩色多普勒三平面视图同步
注意：基于 图 4 所示的三平面视图，将相应的彩色多普勒血流图像同步到病变位置无疑将有助于桥本甲状腺炎 （HT） 病理进展的诊断和量化。
<ol><li>拖动 图 4 中的十字准线交互以定位感兴趣区域，并执行 US_B2C 以获得彩色多普勒三平面视图中的相应位置。</li>
	<li>拖动 图 5 中的十字准线交互以定位感兴趣区域，并执行 US_C2B 以获得 B 模式三平面视图中的相应位置。 注： 图6 为桥本氏甲状腺炎（HT）病变的精确定位和明确诊断奠定了坚实的超声基础。</li>
</ol>

甲状腺结构和功能信息的同步可视化

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甲状腺疾病精准定量软件工具，在本研究 材料表 中列为甲状腺疾病精准定量V1.0，是北京智能熵科技有限公司的产品。本软件工具的知识产权归本公司所有。作者没有利益冲突需要声明。

协议中的关键步骤 虽然 图 1 和 图 2 对检查和诊断具有价值，但从其他角度确定病变位置和视图需要专家经验。对于桥本氏甲状腺炎（HT）的诊断，实时同步 图1 和 图2 也是一个重要而关键的步骤。协议步骤 3.3 是关键步骤之一，如 图 4 所示，主治医师可以交互式检查 3D...

桥本氏甲状腺炎 （HT） 是最常见的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病 （AITD），是世界上碘充足地区甲状腺功能减退的主要原因1。它的特征是淋巴细胞浸润和针对甲状腺抗原的自身抗体，导致甲状腺结构的破坏和甲状腺功能减退症2。HT 的分期旨在评估严重程度并指导治疗决策。它依赖于促甲状腺激素 （TSH） 和甲状腺自身抗体3 等生化标志物的组合，以及甲状腺超声上可见的超声特征 4,5,6。
超声检查显示特征性发现，包括彩色多普勒 6,7 上的弥漫性回声、异质性回声纹理、微结节和血流量增加。然而，传统的二维 （2D） 灰度超声缺乏定量方法来系统地分析 HT 分期的这些特征8。血管变化的评估也仅限于 2D 模式下的定性目视检查。甲状腺复杂的三维 （3D） 结构进一步阻碍了使用传统 2D 切片进行全面评估 9,10。这些因素会导致影像学盲点和误解，导致敏感性和特异性低，特别是对于经验不足的从业者11,12。
传统的手持式超声扫描集成了实时采集和诊断功能。这种耦合的工作流程依赖性增加了扫描过程中出现疏忽错误的可能性。缺乏空间定位和跟踪也使病变识别和监测不精确12,13。专用的 3D 超声系统已经出现以解决这些限制，并显示出有希望的结果14,15。然而，大多数 3D 超声技术需要复杂的机械扫描机制和专门的换能器，导致成本高昂且采用障碍。
为了克服传统2D和3D超声技术的局限性，本研究提出了一种针对甲状腺检查的新型3D重建和可视化解决方案。使用广泛使用的手持式超声，首先获得多个 2D 扫描以扫描整个甲状腺。然后通过二维序列的空间配准和融合来实现三维体积重建。同时，彩色多普勒帧被共同配准，以创建可视化血流变化的血管图。重建的 3D 灰度体积和彩色血管图最终集成到一个平台中，从而实现同步的多平面可视化和组合结构功能检查。
该三维融合技术从不同方面对复杂的甲状腺形态进行了系统、全面的评估。通过最大限度地减少盲点和实现全局概览，它可以帮助提高诊断准确性并减少监督错误，特别是使新手从业者受益。多模态可视化还有助于快速准确地定位病变，为甲状腺结节和肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗带来希望。此外，该方法还引入了定量 3D 特征分析，该分析以前从未研究过 HT 分期。随着广泛采用，它有可能使目前依赖于经验的超声诊断程序标准化和客观化。通过将手持式 3D 重建、多模态融合、定量特征分析和灵活的可视化协同集成到简化的工作流程中，这种低成本、易于使用的技术代表了传统 2D 超声在推进甲状腺检查方面的诊断强大飞跃。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks&#160;</td>
			<td>2023B</td>
			<td>Computing and visualization&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools for Thyroid Disease Precision Quantification</td>
			<td>Intelligent Entropy</td>
			<td>Thyroid-3D V1.0</td>
			<td>Beijing Intelligent Entropy Science &#38; Technology Co Ltd. 
			Modeling for Thyroid Disease</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synchronous triplanar reconstruction integrated with color doppler mapping for precise and rapid localization of thyroid lesions

该文提出了一种基于超声数据五维同步重建的新型甲状腺检查技术。原始时间序列被重建为反映解剖结构的 3D 体积数据。实现了三个正交平面的三平面可视化，对整个压盖进行了系统检测。彩色多普勒成像被集成到每个三平面切片中，以绘制血管变化图。这种多模态融合可以在重建的 5D 空间中同步显示结构、功能和血流信息。与传统扫描相比，该技术具有灵活的离线诊断、减少对扫描的依赖、增强的直观解释和全面的多方面评估等优点。通过最大限度地减少监督错误，它可以提高诊断的准确性，特别是对于新手从业者。所提出的5D融合方法可以快速、精确地定位病灶，以便及早发现。未来的工作将探索与生化标志物的整合，以进一步提高诊断精度。该技术在推进甲状腺检查方面具有相当大的临床价值。

如 图 1 和 图 2 中的图形用户界面 （GUI） 所示，可以连续检查超声扫描序列。 然而，这种二维检查在很大程度上依赖于甲状腺学家的解剖学知识来在精神上重建病变的位置，这对新手来说是一个挑战，并导致缺乏定量一致性。 图 3 将 B 模式灰度与彩色多普勒流图像融合在一起，以便对 2D 扫描进行更明智的检查。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：将超声成像与生化标志物相结合用于甲状腺疾病诊断

在这里，我们介绍了一种结合多平面 3D 重建和彩色多普勒融合的 5D 超声技术，该技术可以同步可视化甲状腺结构和功能信息。通过最大限度地减少盲点，该方法可以快速、精确地定位病变，从而提高诊断准确性，特别是使新手从业者受益。

与彩色多普勒映射相结合的同步三平面重建，可精确快速定位甲状腺病变

This paper proposes a novel thyroid examination technique based on five-dimensional (5D) synchronous reconstruction of ultrasound data. The raw temporal ...

我们的研究范围集中在甲状腺疾病的精确、定量诊断上，特别是探索如何准确量化疾病的不同状态。目前，超声成像和固体生化标志物的融合诊断正被用于推进我们领域的研究。通过在3D空间中同步超声和彩色多普勒超声来诊断固体成像指标并将其与生化指标集成，我们在我们的领域建立了重要的发现。通过我们的协议，我们正在通过利用便携式手持式超声设备来实现固体超声成像的三平面视图的全景观察和诊断，从而弥补研究空白。与其他技术相比，我们的方案具有高成本效益和全面精确诊断的优势。

synchronous-triplanar-reconstruction-integrated-with-color-doppler

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

507 次观看.  Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. 我们的研究范围集中在甲状腺疾病的精确、定量诊断上，特别是探索如何准确量化疾病的不同状态。目前，超声成像和固体生化标志物的融合诊断正被用于推进我们领域的研究。通过在3D空间中同步超声和彩色多普勒超声来诊断固体成像指标并将其与生化指标集成，我们在我们的领域建立了重要的发现。通过我们的协议，我们正在通过利用便携式手持式超声设备来实现?...

视频: 作者聚焦：将超声成像与生化标志物相结合用于甲状腺疾病诊断

Monitoring Tumor Metastases and Osteolytic Lesions with Bioluminescence and Micro CT Imaging

Following intracardiac delivery of MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN cells to Nu/Nu mice, systemic metastases developed in the injected animals. Bioluminescence imaging using IVIS Spectrum was employed to monitor the distribution and development of the tumor cells following the delivery procedure including DLIT reconstruction to measure the tumor signal and its location.
Development of metastatic lesions to the bone tissues triggers osteolytic activity and lesions to tibia and femur were evaluated longitudinally using micro CT. Imaging was performed using a Quantum FX micro CT system with fast imaging and low X-ray dose. The low radiation dose allows multiple imaging sessions to be performed with a cumulative X-ray dosage far below LD50. A mouse imaging shuttle device was used to sequentially image the mice with both IVIS Spectrum and Quantum FX achieving accurate animal positioning in both the bioluminescence and CT images. The optical and CT data sets were co-registered in 3-dimentions using the Living Image 4.1 software. This multi-mode approach allows close monitoring of tumor growth and development simultaneously with osteolytic activity.

An experimental mouse model of bone metastasis was established following intracardiac delivery of luciferase expressing mammary tumor cells. Tumor development and resulted osteolytic lesion were monitored longitudinally with bioluminescence and micro CT imaging.

生物发光和微型CT成像监测肿瘤转移和溶骨性病变

Following intracardiac delivery of MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN cells to Nu/Nu mice, systemic metastases developed in the injected animals. Bioluminescence ...

科研

医学

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

部分原位肝移植大鼠模型的肝动脉重建的外科手术

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and electrophysiological phenotype in the atria. That encourages us to utilize a genetically-engineered mouse model to elucidate the mechanism of AF. However, it is difficult to evaluate the electrophysiological properties in murine atria due to their small size. This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of atria using an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution in Langendorff perfused murine hearts. The optical mapping system is assembled with dual high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and high magnification objective lenses, to detect the fluorescence of a voltage-sensitive dye and Ca2+ indicator. To focus on the assessment of murine atria, optical mapping is performed with an area of 2 mm &#215; 2 mm or 10 mm x 10 mm, with a 100 &#215; 100 resolution (20 &#181;m/pixel or 100 &#181;m/pixel) and sampling rate of up to 10 kHz (0.1 ms) at maximum. A 1-French size quadripolar electrode pacing catheter is placed into the right atrium through the superior vena cava avoiding any mechanical damage to the atrium, and pacing stimulation is delivered through the catheter. An electrophysiological study is performed with programmed stimulation including constant pacing, burst pacing, and up to triple extrastimuli pacing. Under a spontaneous or pacing rhythm, the optical mapping recorded the action potential duration, activation map, conduction velocity, and Ca2+ transient individually in the right and left atria. In addition, the programmed stimulation also determines the inducibility of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Precise activation mapping is performed to identify the propagation of the excitation in the atrium during an induced atrial tachyarrhythmia. Optical mapping with a specialized setting enables a thorough electrophysiological evaluation of the atrium in murine pathological models.

This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of murine atria utilizing an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution, including dual recordings of the membrane voltage and Ca2+ transient under programmed stimulation through a specialized electrode catheter.

高分辨率光学制图对小鼠心房电生理的评价

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy mainly results from endocardial scars after myocardial infarction; those scars represent zones of slow conduction that allow the occurrence and maintenance of reentrant circuits. Catheter ablation enables substrate modification of those low voltage areas and thus can help to alter the scar tissue in such a way that arrhythmias cannot appear anymore. Hospitalizations of concerned patients decrease, quality of life and outcome rise. Consequently, VT ablation represents a growing field in electrophysiology, especially for patients with endocardial scars in ischemic heart disease after myocardial infarction. However, ablation of ventricular tachycardia remains one of the most challenging procedures in the electrophysiology lab. Precise scar definition and localization of abnormal potentials are critical for ablation success. The following manuscript describes the use of a multipolar mapping catheter and 3-dimensional (3D) mapping system to create a high density electro-anatomical map of the left ventricle including a precise scar representation as well as mapping of fractionated and late potentials in order to allow a highly accurate substrate modification.

With the following protocol, we provide an approach to Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) ablation using high density mapping with a multipolar catheter and 3D mapping system enhancing the success of the procedure.

采用多极导管三维测图系统进行缺血性室性心动过速的高密度电解剖重建

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy mainly results from endocardial scars after myocardial infarction; those scars ...

Murine Appendectomy Model of Chronic Colitis Associated Colorectal Cancer by Precise Localization of Caecal Patch

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and Parkinson&#8217;s disease. To study the function of the appendix, a gut disease-associated murine appendectomy model has been established and its step-by-step protocol is described here. This report introduces a facile protocol for caecal patch removal in mice followed by the chemical induction of chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer using a combination of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and azoxymethane (AOM). IgA specific cells and IgA concentration were significantly reduced upon removal of the caecal patch in male C57BL/6 mice&#160;compared to those in the sham group. Simultaneously administering 2% DSS and AOM resulted in nearly 80% mice survival in both sham and appendectomy groups without significant body weight loss. Histological results confirmed colonic inflammation and different degrees of adenocarcinoma. This model can be used for the study of the functional role of the appendix in maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and pathogenesis of gut colitis and malignancies, as well as for the potential development of drug targeting therapies.

The presented protocol describes a facile surgical removal of the appendix (caecal patch) in a mouse followed by the induction of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. This murine appendectomy model enables investigation of the biological role of the appendix in the pathogenesis of human gastrointestinal disease.

慢性结肠炎相关结肠直肠癌的肿瘤切除术模型，通过卡卡贴片的精确定位

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal ...

用于肺结节诊断和治疗的 3D 重建

A 3D Digital Model for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of pulmonary nodules using medical images has introduced new technical approaches for diagnosing and treating pulmonary nodules, and these approaches are progressively being acknowledged and adopted by physicians and patients. Nonetheless, constructing a relatively universal 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules for diagnosis and treatment is challenging due to device differences, shooting times, and nodule types. The objective of this study is to propose a new 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules that serves as a bridge between physicians and patients and is also a cutting-edge tool for pre-diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. Many AI-driven pulmonary nodule detection and recognition methods employ deep learning techniques to capture the radiological features of pulmonary nodules, and these methods can achieve a good area under-the-curve (AUC) performance. However, false positives and false negatives remain a challenge for radiologists and clinicians. The interpretation and expression of features from the perspective of pulmonary nodule classification and examination are still unsatisfactory. In this study, a method of continuous 3D reconstruction of the whole lung in horizontal and coronal positions is proposed by combining existing medical image processing technologies. Compared with other applicable methods, this method allows users to rapidly locate pulmonary nodules and identify their fundamental properties while also observing pulmonary nodules from multiple perspectives, thereby providing a more effective clinical tool for diagnosing and treating pulmonary nodules.

作者聚焦：用于肺结节诊断和治疗的 3D 数字模型  

The objective of this study is to develop a novel 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules that serves as a communication bridge between physicians and patients and is also a cutting-edge tool for pre-diagnosis and prognostic evaluation.

用于肺结节诊断和治疗的三维数字模型

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of pulmonary nodules using medical images has introduced new technical approaches for diagnosing and treating ...

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes while maintaining excellent cosmetic results. Among the available endoscopic procedures, the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) has gained popularity among surgeons. This is attributed to its straightforward cavity construction, spacious operating area, precise visual field exposure, and manageable learning curve. However, few studies have provided detailed descriptions of the specific surgical steps involved in GETTA. Drawing from a synthesis of existing literature and our own clinical expertise, we present a comprehensive outline of the GETTA procedure. This process can be categorized into five distinct stages: positioning and incision planning; establishment of surgical cavities; identification and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior parathyroid gland, and central neck dissection; localization and preservation of the superior laryngeal nerve, superior parathyroid gland, and dissection of the thyroid's superior pole; transection of the thyroid isthmus followed by en bloc resection of the thyroid gland and central neck lymph nodes. The five-step approach of GETTA is easy to learn and can be adapted for resecting both benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach (GETTA).

通过经腋窝入路进行无气内窥镜甲状腺切除术

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

使用全肺 3D 重建增强肺结节诊断

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for the Whole Lung with Early Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, and relationship with surrounding lung tissue of these nodules throughout the entire lung. This is crucial for identifying the primary lesion and developing more scientifically grounded treatment plans for doctors. However, pattern recognition methods based on machine vision are susceptible to false positives and false negatives and, therefore, cannot fully meet clinical demands in this regard. Visualization methods based on maximum intensity projection (MIP) can better illustrate local and individual pulmonary nodules but lack a macroscopic and holistic description of the distribution and spatial features of multiple pulmonary nodules.
Therefore, this study proposes a whole-lung 3D reconstruction method. It extracts the 3D contour of the lung using medical image processing technology against the background of the entire lung and performs 3D reconstruction of the lung, pulmonary artery, and multiple pulmonary nodules in 3D space. This method can comprehensively depict the spatial distribution and radiological features of multiple nodules throughout the entire lung, providing a simple and convenient means of evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple pulmonary nodules.

作者聚焦：推进 3D 建模以增强早期肺癌肺结节的诊断和治疗 

This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method for the entire lung in patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules. It offers a comprehensive visualization of nodule distribution and their interplay with lung tissue, simplifying the assessment of diagnosis and prognosis for these patients.

早期多发性肺结节全肺三维重建

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, ...