这项研究得到了北京智能熵科技有限公司研发部门的大力支持和建模协助。

本研究经中国北京东直门医院机构审查委员会批准。MRI 扫描仪与基于涡轮梯度自旋回波 （TGSE） 的脉冲 ASL （PASL） 序列用于 3D 动脉自旋标记 （3D-ASL），参数如下：TR 4000 ms，TE 25 ms，推注持续时间 700 ms，反转时间 1990 ms。本研究中使用的软件工具列在 材料表中。
1. 数据收集和准备
注意：参数的差异不受研究方法的影响。DICOM 和 NIFTI 格式都用于存储数字医学成像数据，其中 DICOM 是临床成像设备的常见输出。然而，为了在研究活动中方便计算，NIFTI 格式通常是首选。从 DICOM 转换为 NIFTI 是一种简单而常见的做法17。在本研究中，获取了真实的 DICOM 数据并将其转换为 NIFTI 格式。数据是使用 1.5 特斯拉 MRI 扫描仪采集的。在本研究的交叉图像配准过程中，主要使用流体衰减反转恢复 （FLAIR） 序列，并与 CBF 图像融合。本研究中使用的 CBF Atlas 工具 （Table of Materials） 是商业软件。
<ol><li>将数据复制到指定的工作目录。<ol><li>将所有 NIFTI 数据复制到自定义工作目录。 注意：操作系统和 MATLAB 中的工作目录相同。该研究遵循右前上位 （RAS） 定向标准。</li>
		<li>转到 MATLAB 当前工作目录中包含数据的目录，然后使用 niftiread 函数将 FLAIR 数据加载到工作区中。使用 size 函数检查 FLAIR 序列的维度。调用 Flair_Slice 命令以查看 FLAIR 序列（如图 1 所示）。使用特定命令，如下所示： FLAIR_XLF = niftiread（'FLAIR_XFL.nii'）; 尺寸（FLAIR_XLF） Flair_Slice（FLAIR_XLF）;</li>
		<li>请参阅 图 1 以获取 FLAIR 序列的交互式图形用户界面 （GUI） 的图像。使用底部滚动条可快速浏览不同的序列。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>快速检查 CBF 的图像。<ol><li>使用 niftiread 函数将 CBF 数据加载到工作区中。使用 size 函数检查 CBF 序列的维度。调用 CBF_Slice 命令以查看 CBF 序列（如图 2 所示）。使用特定命令，如下所示： CBF_XLF = niftiread（'CBF_XFL.nii'）; 尺寸（CBF_XLF） CBF_Slice（CBF_XLF）;</li>
		<li>请参阅 图 2 以获取 CBF 序列的交互式 GUI 屏幕截图。使用底部滚动条可快速浏览不同的序列。 注：在 图 2 中，CBF 值范围通常为 0-120 mL/100 g/min。 图 2 使用彩图以不同颜色表示不同的 CBF 水平。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 从 FLAIR 序列中分割大脑功能区
注：FLAIR 序列既可作为结构成像，又可提供出色的病理诊断能力。因此，将 FLAIR 与 CBF 融合在临床上具有重要的诊断价值。本研究从 FLAIR 序列中分割出主要的大脑功能区域。
<ol><li>在工作区中，调用 FLAIR_Segment 函数并运行预训练的基于 3-D U-Net 的图像分割程序，以自动生成大脑功能区域分割的三平面视图，如图 3 所示。 图 3 中的每种颜色都代表一个不同的功能区域。</li>
	<li>要实时检查不同的大脑功能区域，请使用十字准线交互（图 3）。单击并拖动十字准线的中心，对重建的大脑解剖结构进行任意 3D 检查。 注意： 图 3 中的 GUI 还支持调整三平面视图的灰度强度范围、对比度和亮度。</li>
	<li>在图像的任何区域上按住并拖动鼠标左键，以实时修改亮度和对比度级别。松开鼠标按钮以确认并完成调整。</li>
</ol>3. CBF 跨大脑功能区分布的三平面视图
注意：检查 CBF 在不同大脑功能区域的分布有助于对患者病情进行精确的临床判断。在 图 3 的功能区域框架下，结合 CBF 序列中的确切 CBF 值并以三平面视图呈现它们，可以让医生进行全面的检查。
<ol><li>调用 CBF_triplanar 函数以生成 图 4 中所示的三平面 GUI 视图，显示跨功能区域的 CBF 空间分布。移动十字准线以允许检查感兴趣区域中的 CBF 分布。</li>
	<li>单击 GUI 右上角的 Data Tips 按钮，在任何位置显示 CBF 值。</li>
	<li>在图像的任何区域上按住并拖动鼠标左键，以实时修改亮度和对比度级别。松开鼠标按钮以确认并完成调整。</li>
</ol>4. 跨主要大脑功能区域的 CBF 图谱
注意：对不同功能区的 CBF 概率分布进行标准化会生成大脑功能区 CBF 图谱，表示受试者大脑功能区的 CBF 水平。
<ol><li>调用 CBF_Atlas 函数，将 图 4 中所示的 CBF 空间分布转换为 CBF 图集（如图 5 所示）。 注意：在 图 5 中，x 轴代表不同的大脑功能区域，y 轴代表不同的 CBF 水平;不同的颜色表示不同的概率级别（颜色越红，存在的体素越多）。</li>
	<li>单击图 5 所示的 GUI 右上角的 Zoom In/Out 按钮以缩放部分图像。 注意： 图 5 中的曲线连接了不同地区的平均 CBF。</li>
</ol>5. 健康受试者和 CCI 患者CBF_Atlas差异显著
注意：使用第 1-4 节中描述的相同过程，可以获得 CCI 患者不同大脑功能区域的平均 CBF 值。
<ol><li>利用 CBF_Compare 函数生成健康受试者与 CCI 患者的 CBF 曲线比较图（图 6）。</li>
	<li>观察患者的 CBF 曲线（黑色）和健康曲线（红色）之间的显着差异（图 6）。确定患者 CBF 下降更明显的功能区域。整合步骤 3.3，重新检查与其他区域相比患者表现较差的区域。 注意：步骤 3.3 允许在三维空间中查看患者的 CBF 水平，这意味着医生可以利用 图 4 所示的三平面 GUI 视图来检查患者任何位置的 CBF。在这里，CCI 患者的 CBF 下降程度在不同地区有所不同。医生可以重新访问 图 4 以关注 CBF 显着下降的大脑区域。</li>
	<li>使用 GUI 右上角的图标（图 5）访问缩小、放大、返回全局视图和标记所选像素的坐标等功能。 注意：使用相同的原理，也可以使用 图 6 中的方法比较同一患者的治疗前和治疗后结果，以评估一段时间内的临床疗效。</li>
</ol>

MRI-动脉自旋标记集成以检测和监测脑血流 

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软件工具 CBF Atlas V1.0 是北京智能熵科技有限公司的产品。本软件工具的知识产权归本公司所有。作者没有需要声明的利益冲突。

关键步骤（第 3 节和第 4 节）构成了构建 CBF 图谱的基础，量化了 CBF 在大脑功能区的分布。步骤 4.2 明确描述了每个大脑区域的 CBF 水平，开创了一项新技术。这不仅为医生提供了患者 CBF 的全局视图，还为各个功能区域提供了定量测量。步骤 5.1 表明 CBF 图谱具有区分 CCI 与健康对照的重要临床诊断效用。
一些技术改进可以增强这个有前途的协议，主要是通过利用 MRI-ASL 成像?...

在神经影像学领域，寻求精确、无创的工具来评估脑功能和病理学仍然至关重要。其中，脑血流量 （CBF） 是一个重要的指标，反映了脑组织的代谢需求和健康状况1。传统方法通常需要实证评估，严重依赖临床医生的专业知识来解释图像和辨别病理变化2。然而，磁共振成像 （MRI） 技术的进步，尤其是动脉自旋标记 （ASL）3，为以更高的准确性和客观性量化 CBF 提供了一条有前途的途径 4,5。
本研究提出了一种开创性的方法，该方法将三维 ASL （3D-ASL） 与结构 MRI 相结合，以构建跨大脑功能区域的综合 CBF 图谱6。通过利用这种新方法，临床医生不仅可以获得 CBF 的全局视角，还可以深入研究特定的功能领域，从而对脑灌注模式有细致入微的理解 7,8。分辨率的这种提高是成像设备技术进步的直接结果，而不是使用插值体素。值得注意的是，当今市场上的大多数主流 MRI 设备通常提供优于 1.5 mm9 的成像精度。成像技术的这些进步为更详细和准确的 CBF 评估铺平了道路。这代表了与传统成像的范式转变，传统成像通常缺乏检测与早期病理相关的 CBF 细微变化的分辨率10。
这种方法的起源在于必须解决脑部疾病带来的诊断挑战，包括慢性脑缺血 （CCI） 和其他神经系统疾病11,12。这些情况需要精确和及时的评估，以有效地指导治疗干预13,14。通过比较健康个体和 CCI 患者的 CBF 图谱，本研究揭示了区域 CBF 分布的显着差异，为疾病病理学和可能的治疗途径提供了见解。
这种 MRI-ASL 方法的效用超出了诊断范围，包括治疗评估和疾病进展监测15。纵向 CBF 图谱有望跟踪治疗反应和康复结果，为临床医生提供个性化患者管理的宝贵工具。此外，辨别细微 CBF 变化的能力可以作为即将发生的组织异常的早期生物标志物，从而能够主动干预以减轻神经损伤，以免其变得不可逆16。
虽然这种方法代表了一种高级工具，但值得考虑的几种改进和扩展途径。标准化扫描方案、CBF 标准化技术和构建多受试者健康 CBF 图谱是提高诊断准确性和临床实用性的关键步骤。跨不同脑病理学的协作努力对于验证和改进这种方法以进行广泛的临床采用至关重要。
本研究引入了一种新方法，MRI 衍生的 CBF 图谱为临床医生提供了对脑功能和病理学的深入见解。通过弥合成像组和临床解释之间的差距，这种方法有可能彻底改变无数神经系统疾病的诊断和管理，开创针对每位患者独特需求量身定制的精准医学的未来。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CBF Atlas</td>
			<td>Intelligent Entropy</td>
			<td>CBF Atlas V1.0</td>
			<td>Beijing Intelligent Entropy Science &#38; Technology Co Ltd. 
			Modeling for Thyroid Disease</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>2023B</td>
			<td>Computing and visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI Device</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>Amria 1.5 T</td>
			<td>MRI scanner</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction and application of cerebral functional region-based cerebral blood flow atlas using magnetic resonance imaging-arterial spin labeling

脑部疾病通常需要精确的诊断和监测，因此需要先进的成像技术。目前的方法可能无法充分检测可逆组织损伤的早期迹象，这凸显了对创新诊断工具的需求，这些工具可以以高特异性和敏感性量化脑血流 （CBF） 的变化。本研究将三维动脉自旋标记 （3D-ASL） 与结构 MRI 相结合，以开发涵盖大脑所有主要功能区域的综合 CBF 图谱。这种创新的磁共振成像-动脉自旋标记 （MRI-ASL） 方法提供了一种快速且无创的量化区域特异性 CBF 的方法，提供了不同功能区域的 CBF 水平的详细视图。慢性脑缺血 （CCI） 患者与健康受试者之间的比较显示，在为前者构建的 CBF 图谱中，大脑功能区域的 CBF 显着降低。这种方法不仅可以通过分析关键区域相对于健康分布的 CBF 同时减少来有效识别 CCI，还可以通过纵向 CBF 图谱跟踪治疗反应和康复进展。使用 MRI-ASL 技术开发的 CBF 图谱代表了脑诊断和患者护理领域的新进展。通过将区域 CBF 水平与规范标准进行比较，该方法增强了诊断能力，使临床医生能够为脑部疾病患者提供个性化护理。

这项调查利用使用 1.5 T MRI 扫描仪获取的实际患者数据来验证脑血流 （CBF） 量化和图谱构建方法。预处理步骤包括 FLAIR 结构图像（图 1）、CBF 图像（图 2）和三平面融合图像（图 3 和 图 4）。
使用预先训练的深度学习模型从 FLAIR 扫描中分割出大脑功能区域（图 3?...

作者聚焦：用于诊断神经系统疾病的人类功能脑区无创脑血流测定

本研究整合了磁共振成像-动脉自旋标记图像，以得出脑功能区的脑血流 （CBF） 图谱。比较典型的健康和慢性脑缺血 CBF 图谱揭示了区域 CBF 分布的显着差异，从而能够快速、无创地评估功能性 CBF，以协助诊断和评估治疗。

基于磁共振成像-动脉自旋标记的基于脑功能区的脑血流图谱的构建与应用

Cerebral conditions often require precise diagnosis and monitoring, necessitating advanced imaging techniques. Current modalities may not adequately ...

基于 MRI 的 CBF 图谱提供了一种非侵入性的方式来给出功能性脑区区域的脑血流分布，可能成为脑部疾病领域的重要工具。将成像中的高价值典型指标与生理结构和生化标志物相结合，为医生提供更精确的直径信息。放射成像中的每屏多模态融合、基于 AI 的成像识别和医学专业处理。安全管理 CBF 在患者功能脑区区域的分布的唯一方法是临床诊断和应用脑部疾病的首要方法。使用磁共振成像-动脉自旋标记的基于脑功能区的脑血流图谱提供了技术优势，并准确获取了患者功能性脑区的详细 CBF 信息。

construction-application-cerebral-functional-region-based-cerebral

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Construction and Application of Cerebral Functional Region-Based Cerebral Blood Flow Atlas Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Arterial Spin Labeling

389 次观看.  Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. 基于 MRI 的 CBF 图谱提供了一种非侵入性的方式来给出功能性脑区区域的脑血流分布，可能成为脑部疾病领域的重要工具。将成像中的高价值典型指标与生理结构和生化标志物相结合，为医生提供更精确的直径信息。放射成像中的每屏多模态融合、基于 AI 的成像识别和医学专业处理。安全管理 CBF 在患者功能脑区区域的分布的唯一方法是临床诊断和应用脑部疾病的首要方...

视频: 作者聚焦：用于诊断神经系统疾病的人类功能脑区无创脑血流测定

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, fraction (FIO2) = 0.21) hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.125), and hyperoxia 
(FIO2 = 1.00). In addition, the physiological responses of the subject are monitored in the MR scan environment. MR images 
were obtained on a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner during a breath hold from a sagittal slice in the right lung at functional residual capacity. An arterial 
spin labeling sequence (ASL-FAIRER) was used to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow 1,2 and a multi-echo fast 
gradient echo (mGRE) sequence 3 was used to quantify the regional proton (i.e. H2O) density, allowing the quantification 
of density-normalized perfusion for each voxel (milliliters blood per minute per gram lung tissue). 
With a pneumatic switching valve and facemask equipped with a 2-way non-rebreathing valve, different oxygen concentrations 
were introduced to the subject in the MR scanner through the inspired gas tubing. A metabolic cart collected expiratory gas via expiratory tubing. Mixed expiratory O2 and CO2 concentrations, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, 
respiratory frequency and tidal volume were measured. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored using pulse-oximetry. 
Data obtained from a normal subject showed that, as expected, heart rate was higher in hypoxia (60 bpm) than during normoxia (51) or hyperoxia (50) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was reduced during hypoxia to 86%. Mean ventilation was 8.31 L/min BTPS during hypoxia, 7.04 L/min during normoxia, and 6.64 L/min during hyperoxia. Tidal volume was 0.76 L during hypoxia, 0.69 L during normoxia, and 0.67 L during hyperoxia. 
Representative quantified ASL data showed that the mean density normalized perfusion was 8.86 ml/min/g during hypoxia, 8.26 ml/min/g during normoxia and 8.46 ml/min/g during hyperoxia, respectively. In this subject, the relative dispersion4, an index of global heterogeneity, was increased in hypoxia (1.07 during hypoxia, 0.85 during normoxia, and 0.87 during hyperoxia) while the fractal dimension (Ds), another index of heterogeneity reflecting vascular branching structure, was unchanged (1.24 during hypoxia, 1.26 during normoxia, and 1.26 during hyperoxia). 
Overview. This protocol will demonstrate the acquisition of data to measure the distribution of pulmonary perfusion noninvasively under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia using a magnetic resonance imaging technique known as arterial spin labeling (ASL). 
Rationale: Measurement of pulmonary blood flow and lung proton density using MR technique offers high spatial resolution images which can be quantified and the ability to perform repeated measurements under several different physiological conditions. In human studies, PET, SPECT, and CT are commonly used as the alternative techniques. However, these techniques involve exposure to ionizing radiation, and thus are not suitable for repeated measurements in human subjects.

A MR imaging method to study the distribution of pulmonary blood flow under a variety of physiological conditions, in this case exposure to three different inspired oxygen concentrations: hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia, is described. This technique utilizes human pulmonary physiology research techniques in an MR scanning environment.

使用校准动脉自旋标记磁共振肺灌注显像定量

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, ...

科研

医学

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

大脑中动脉闭塞的小鼠模型

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

在小鼠永久性大脑中动脉结扎术中的应用

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Utilizing a Cranial Window to Visualize the Middle Cerebral Artery During Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be performed in many locations overlying the rat cerebrum, but is most easily carried out by creating a craniectomy over the readily accessible frontal or parietal bones. Most frequently, we have used this technique in combination with the endothelin-1 middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke to quantify the changes in middle cerebral artery vessel diameter that occur with injection of endothelin-1 into the brain parenchyma adjacent to the proximal MCA4, 5. In order to visualize the proximal portion of the MCA during endothelin -1 induced MCAO, we use a technique to create a cranial window through the temporal bone on the lateral aspect of the rat skull (Figure 1). Cerebral arteries can be visualized either with the dura intact or with the dura incised and retracted. Most commonly, we leave the dura intact during visualization since endothelin-1 induced MCAO involves delivery of the vasoconstricting peptide into the brain parenchyma. This bypasses the need to incise the dura directly over the visualized vessels for drug delivery. This protocol will describe how to create a cranial window to visualize cerebral arteries in a step-wise fashion, as well as how to avoid many of the potential pitfalls pertaining to this method.

This article describes a method for visualizing rat cerebral arteries through a cranial window using temporal craniectomy in order to view proximal portions of the middle cerebral artery (Figure 1). This versatile method can be combined with various techniques of drug delivery to measure cerebral artery reactivity in vivo.

利用颅窗口，在可视化的大脑中动脉内皮素-1诱导大脑中动脉闭塞

Creation of a cranial window is a method that allows direct visualization of structures on the cortical surface of the brain1-3. This technique can be ...

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of tPA is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and by increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. There is an urgent need to develop suitable stroke models to study new thrombolytic agents and strategies for treatment of ischemic stroke. At present, two major types of ischemic stroke models have been developed in rats and mice: intraluminal suture MCAO and embolic MCAO. Although MCAO models via the intraluminal suture technique have been widely used in mechanism-driven stroke research, these suture models do not mimic the clinical situation and are not suitable for thrombolytic studies. Among these models, the embolic MCAO model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical investigation of thrombolytic therapy. This embolic model was first developed in rats by Overgaard et al.1 in 1992 and further characterized by Zhang et al. in 19972. Although embolic MCAO has gained increasing attention, there are technical problems faced by many laboratories. To meet increasing needs for thrombolytic research, we present a highly reproducible model of embolic MCAO in the rat, which can develop a predictable infarct volume within the MCA territory. In brief, a modified PE-50 tube is gently advanced from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip of the catheter reaches the origin of the MCA. Through the catheter, a single homologous blood clot is placed at the origin of the MCA. To identify the success of MCA occlusion, regional cerebral blood flow was monitored, neurological deficits and infarct volumes were measured. The techniques presented in this paper should help investigators to overcome technical problems for establishing this model for stroke research.

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

栓塞性脑梗塞（缺血）的大鼠缺血性中风与血同源凝块

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic ...

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

白细胞亚群在暂时或永久的脑缺血模型体视学和流式细胞仪鉴定

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

同时PET / MRI成像在小鼠脑缺氧缺血

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of cerebral malaria can be difficult. We present an experimental mouse model of cerebral malaria that shares multiple features of the human disease, including edema and microvascular pathology. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we can detect and track the blood-brain barrier disruption, edema development, and subsequent brain swelling. We describe multiple MRI techniques that can visualize these pertinent pathological changes. Thus, we show that MRI represents a valuable tool to visualize and track pathological changes, such as edema, brain swelling, and microvascular pathology, in vivo.

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria and show how inflammatory and microvascular pathology can be tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging.

使用磁共振成像实验性脑疟疾模型中的水肿发育​​和微血管病理学的体内追踪

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of ...

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This method was first used to monitor newborns after asphyxia, providing information about future neurological outcomes. The aEEG is also helpful to select newborns who benefit from cooling. The aEEG monitoring of preterm infants is becoming more widespread, as various studies have shown that neurodevelopmental outcome is related to early aEEG tracings. Here, we demonstrate the application of the aEEG monitoring system and present typical patterns that depend upon gestational age and pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, we mention pitfalls in the interpretation of the aEEG, as this method requires accurate fixation and localization of the electrodes. Additionally, the raw EEG can be used to detect neonatal seizures or to identify aEEG application problems. In conclusion, aEEG is a safe and generally well-tolerated method for the bedside monitoring of neonatal cerebral function; it can even provide information about long-term outcome.

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates

Here, we show how to apply amplitude-integrated electroencephalography to monitor cerebral function in neonates.

振幅综合脑电图监测仪 (脑功能监护仪) 在新生儿中的应用

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal ...

Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation in the Rat Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). This paper demonstrates a closed skull preparation that allows cerebral blood flow to be assessed without penetrating the skull or installing a chamber or cerebral window. To evaluate autoregulatory mechanisms, a model of controlled blood pressure reduction via graded hemorrhage can be utilized while simultaneously employing LDF. This enables the real time tracking of the relative changes in the blood flow in response to reductions in arterial blood pressure produced by the withdrawal of circulating blood volume. This paradigm is a valuable approach to study cerebral blood flow autoregulation during reductions in arterial blood pressure and, with minor modifications in the protocol, is also valuable as an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock. In addition to evaluating autoregulatory responses, LDF can be used to monitor the cortical blood flow when investigating metabolic, myogenic, endothelial, humoral, or neural mechanisms that regulate cerebral blood flow and the impact of various experimental interventions and pathological conditions on cerebral blood flow.

This article demonstrates the use of laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate the ability of the cerebral circulation to autoregulate its blood flow during reductions in arterial blood pressure.

使用激光多普勒流测量测量大鼠脑血流自动调节的评估

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained ...