解决方案<ul><li>神经节细胞的胞内解决方案（毫米）：100 K，葡萄糖酸钙，8氯化钾，氯化镁，1 EGTA，2，4 ATP，0.5的GTP，90微米Sulforhodamine B（染色），10 HEPES调节pH值= 7.4与氢氧化钾</li><li>细胞内的解决方案，为双极细胞（毫米）：90 K -葡萄糖酸钙，1 8氯化钾， 氯化镁 2，10 BAPTA，10 HEPES，4个ATP的，0.5的GTP，90微米Sulforhodamine乙（染色），调整pH值= 7.4与氢氧化钾</li><li>林格外的解决方案（毫米）：112氯化钠，5葡萄糖，5 HEPES，2 2 1 2氯化钙，氯化钾，氯化镁2，调整pH值用NaOH = 7.75 。充氧的解决方案是没有必要的。 </li></ul>准备录音房我们的录音室，包括一个与粘合剂在小硅块切​​割出的另一种粘合剂，以及提供稳定的组织切片放置显微镜幻灯片。 视网膜片的制备为了避免漂白的光感受器，夹层进行了红外或暗红色光灯。如果一个人在录音杆通路的反应感兴趣，应该用只有红外光（红外解剖显微镜并没有室内光线应在显微镜下做的程序中使用额外的红外护目镜）。如果一个主要是在录音锥光反应，暗红色房间的灯或红色闪光灯的光线都可以使用。然而，显微镜，仍然有红外镜片。 如果感光输入实验无关，程序可以进行正常的室内光线下，使用常规显微镜。 <ol><li>准备两个显微镜玻片上，用粘合剂硅：创建两条平行带硅脂（相距约.5 CM）和每张幻灯片上放置一块长方形的滤纸上的幻灯片的一侧，跨油脂阶（推过滤器与刀片的一部分文件，以便它是连接到幻灯片） </li><li>牺牲一个蝾螈：根据既定协议的动物被放置在冰浴30分钟，然后断头和双pithed。 </li><li>删除从蝾螈的头眼睛，并置于解剖显微镜下一块纸巾蘸冰冷的林格氏液</li><li>从眼睛中取出的结缔组织</li><li>用刀片在角膜上的一小截</li><li>按住沿及其附件，同时消除眼睛用剪刀切割钳角膜</li><li>用镊子取出镜头</li><li>握住钳沿锯齿缘削减删除虹膜虹膜</li><li>切成两个矩形件眼罩</li><li>拿起件之一，并将其​​放置在滤纸上巩膜侧（确保扁平化片的同时，也会非常仔细） </li><li>轻轻抬离视网膜巩膜，现在应附文件管理器文件</li><li>快速添加冰冷的林格氏液井</li><li>重复相同的第二件</li><li>使用放置在一个定制的切片，以削减200 -300μm宽片刀片。 </li><li>使用一对镊子拿起侧的滤纸片，将它们使视网膜层变得可见，并放在真空润滑脂带</li><li>选择一个切片，看起来完好无损并显示表明视网膜层（层有时很难看到解剖显微镜下放大倍率不够高，但是如果人们能够认识到一些分层切片通常是不够好的水平带。最终决定是否使用片，然而，一旦直立显微镜下观察）。将它移动到录音室幻灯片建设的两个幻灯片之间的林格氏桥</li><li>确保滤纸反对在录音室的橡胶块推片，使不倾斜（神经节细胞和光感受器的同时应重点） </li></ol>配售组织在录音装置<ol><li>录制幻灯片被放在显微镜下，灌注林格氏解决方案通过重力灌注syste </li><li>该制剂是10倍和40倍的水浸泡的目的直立显微镜观察。 </li><li>同样，我们只用红外光，以防止光感受器漂白。红外摄像机连接到显微镜的侧端口，这是连接到电视屏幕上。 </li></ol>视觉刺激视觉刺激在使用的Psychtoolbox MATLAB编程，并通过显微镜的使用显微镜图像喷油器（MBF生物科学）的顶部端口，投射到视网膜。 A位+ +数字视频处理器（剑桥研究中心系统）是用来获取一个14bit的亮度规模和synchronize刺激呈现与数据采集。在这个视频中使用的视觉刺激的亮点或暗的酒吧（宽度为460μm），100％的对比，这是两秒钟一个稳定统一的背景（亮度= 8 × 10 4光子/微米/秒，尺寸：1.84 x 1.38毫米）。 电<ul><li>补丁电极是由硼硅玻璃（外径：1.5毫米，身份证84毫米）与微量拉马拉。神经节细胞，是2至4兆欧电阻。对于双极细胞，高出4和8兆欧电阻的使用。 </li><li>使用一个Multiclamp 700A（Molecular Devices公司），放大器和实验室内部软件LabVIEW编程电压钳记录。 </li><li>毒品是通过一个8通道灌注系统灌注。 microperfusion电极放置在靠近片（当您打开和关闭灌注组织应明显移动，但需要小心的压力不是太强，使可能成为脱离滤纸片）。在实验过程中microperfusion应不断地被打开（如果没有药物灌注控制解决方案），因此录音没有得到通过开关开启和关闭的灌注不安。 </li></ul>

<ol>
	<li>Cook, P. B., Lukasiewicz, P. D., McReynnolds, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABA(C)+receptors+control+adaptive+changes+in+a+glycinergic+inhibitory+pathway+in+salamander+retina.">GABA(C) receptors control adaptive changes in a glycinergic inhibitory pathway in salamander retina.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20, 806-812 (2000).</li><li>Heflin, S. J., Cook, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narrow+and+wide+field+amacrine+cells+fire+action+potentials+in+response+to+depolarization+and+light+stimulation.">Narrow and wide field amacrine cells fire action potentials in response to depolarization and light stimulation.</a> Visual Neuroscience. 24, 197-206 (2007).</li><li>Ichinose, T., Shields, C. R., Lukasiewicz, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+Channels+in+the+Transient+Retinal+Bipolar+Cells+Enhance+Visual+Responses+in+Ganglion+Cells.">Sodium Channels in the Transient Retinal Bipolar Cells Enhance Visual Responses in Ganglion Cells.</a> J Neurosci.. 25, 1856-1865 (2005).</li></ol>

优点： <ol><li>所有类型的细胞都可以访问 </li><li>类型的细胞容易识别，特别是如果一个荧光染料添加到电极解决方案 </li><li>药理代理可以方便地到达靶细胞 </li><li>膜片钳技术，允许在视网膜计算调查不同的离​​子通道的作用。不能得到相同的信息，通过胞穗录音或录音尖锐电极。 </li><li>这种技术可以应用到其他的动物模型 </li></ol>缺点： <ol><li>在切片过程中，进程可能会切断。因...

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		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Multiclamp 700A</td>
<td>Patch Clamp Amplifier</td>
<td>Molecular Devices</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SZX9</td>
<td>Dissection Micropscope</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BX50WI</td>
<td>Upright Microscope</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Equipped with 40x, 10x water immersion objective, fluorescent filters and mercury lamp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P-97</td>
<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lucivid</td>
<td>Microscope image injector</td>
<td>Mbf bioscience</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>8-channel perfusion system</td>
<td>Microperfusion</td>
<td>Parker Hannfin corporation</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bits++</td>
<td>Digital Video Processor</td>
<td>Cambridge Research Systems</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Infrared Oculars</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>ITT</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adhesive silicone wells</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Molecular Probes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>20mm diameter, 1.0mm deep</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Membrane Filters</td>
<td>Filter</td>
<td>Milipore</td>
<td>HAWPO1300</td>
<td>.45&#181;m HA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
<td>Electrode glass</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>1B150-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe Filters</td>
<td>Filter</td>
<td>Whatman</td>
<td>6789-0402</td>
<td>4mm filters, .2um Nylon Membrane, Polypropylene housing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IR camera</td>
<td>Micropscope mounted camera</td>
<td>Sony</td>
<td>SPT-M324</td>
<td>Extrawave HAD, B7W video camera</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Picrotoxin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1675</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Strychnine</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S0532</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Imidazole-4-acetic acid sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I7013</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Larval tiger salamanders</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles E. Sullivan (Nashville, TN)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

whole-cell recordings of light evoked excitatory synaptic currents in the retinal slice

我们采用全细胞膜片钳技术，研究突触电路，基础在视网膜的视觉信息处理。在这段视频中，我们将引导您通过光诱发电流的单个细胞在视网膜切片准备执行的全细胞记录的过程中。我们使用的动物模型水产品虎蝾螈。我们首先描述了眼睛的解剖，并显示如何安装电生理记录片。一旦切片是在录音室中，我们将演示如何执行全细胞电压钳记录。然后，我们项目切片中的视觉刺激，引起光诱发的电流反应到的光感受器。在录制过程中，我们灌注与药理代理切片，即一个8声道的灌注系统，让我们之间快速切换不同的代理。在视网膜上，视网膜片制剂被广泛用于膜片钳记录，特别是研究无长突或双极细胞，这是在整个安装准备。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice

录像显示，水产品虎蝾螈视网膜片全细胞电压钳记录的过程。我们示范片的准备，以及如何执行膜片钳记录在视网膜的视觉刺激。

全细胞记录的光在视网膜切片诱发兴奋性突触电流

We use the whole-cell patch clamp technique to study the synaptic circuitry that underlies visual information processing in the retina. In this video, we ...

whole-cell-recordings-light-evoked-excitatory-synaptic-currents

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K 次观看.  Boston University. 录像显示，水产品虎蝾螈视网膜片全细胞电压钳记录的过程。我们示范片的准备，以及如何执行膜片钳记录在视网膜的视觉刺激。

视频: Whole-cell Recordings of Light Evoked Excitatory Synaptic Currents in the Retinal Slice

Horizontal Slice Preparation of the Retina

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of retinal neurons, such as amacrine cells, expand their dendrites horizontally, so that the morphology of the cells is supposed to be severely damaged in the vertical slices. In the whole-mount preparation, especially for patch-clamp recordings, retinal neurons in the middle layer are not easily accessible due to the extensive coverage of glial cell (Mueller cell) s endfeets. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact. The slice was made horizontally at the inner layer of the retina using a vibratome slicer after the retina was embedded in the low-temperature melting agarose gel. In this horizontal slice preparation of the retina, we studied the function of retinal neurons compared with their morphology, by using patch-clamp recording, calcium imaging technique, immunocytochemistry, and single-cell RT-PCR.

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. Here, we describe the novel slicing method to preserve the dendritic morphology of retinal neurons intact.

视网膜水平切片制备

Traditionally the vertical slice and the whole-mount preparation of the retina have been used to study the function of retinal circuits. However, many of ...

科研

生物学

Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons. We begin by describing the dissecting solution and capture of the adult females used in our studies. The procedure for removing the whole brain intact, including both optic lobes, is illustrated. Dissection of the overlying trachea is also shown.  The isolated brain is not only small but needs special care in handling at this stage to prevent damage to the neurons, many of which are close to the outer surface of the tissue. We show how a special holder we developed is used to stabilize the brain in the recording chamber. A standard electrophysiology set up is used for recording from single neurons or pairs of neurons. A fluorescent image, viewed through the recording microscope, from a GAL4 line driving GFP expression (GH146) illustrates how projection neurons (PNs) are identified in the live brain. A high power Nomarski image shows a view of a single neuron that is being targeted for whole cell recording. When the brain is successfully removed without damage, the majority of the neurons are spontaneously active, firing action potentials and/or exhibiting spontaneous synaptic input. This in situ preparation, in which whole cell recording of identified neurons in the whole brain can be combined with genetic and pharmacological manipulations, is a useful model for exploring cellular physiology and plasticity in the adult CNS.

This video demonstrates the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons using standard whole cell technology. It includes images of GFP labeled cells and neurons viewed during recording.

从整个成年果蝇大脑细胞记录

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for isolating whole brains from adult Drosophila in preparation for recording from single neurons. We begin by ...

Major Components of the Light Microscope

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for different applications, and how it should be maintained as required to obtain maximum image-forming capacity and resolution. The components of the microscope are described in detail here.

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for different applications, and how it should be maintained as required to obtain maximum image-forming capacity and resolution. The components of the microscope are described in detail here.

光镜下的主要组成部分

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for ...

Recordings of Neural Circuit Activation in Freely Behaving Animals

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. Traditional non-invasive methods require at least partially restrained research subjects, and they only allow identification of large numbers of simultaneously activated neurons. On the other hand, small ensembles of neurons or individual neurons can only be measured using single-cell recordings obtained from largely reduced preparations. Since the expression of natural behavior is limited in restrained and dissected animals, the underlying neural mechanisms that control such behavior are difficult to identify. 
Here, I present a non-invasive physiological technique that allows measuring neural circuit activation in freely behaving animals. Using a pair of wire electrodes inside a water-filled chamber, the bath electrodes record neural and muscular field potentials generated by juvenile crayfish during natural or experimentally evoked escape responses. The primary escape responses of crayfish are mediated by three different types of tail-flips which move the animals away from the point of stimulation. Each type of tail-flip is controlled by its own neural circuit; the two fastest and most powerful escape responses require activation of different sets of large &#8220;command&#8221; neurons. In combination with behavioral observations, the bath electrode recordings allow unambiguous identification of these neurons and the associated neural circuits. Thus activity of neural circuitry underlying naturally occurring behavior can be measured in unrestrained animals and in different behavioral contexts.

Non-invasive measurements of neural activity patterns in freely behaving animals are obtained by combining neurophysiological recordings with high speed videography.

自由表现动物的神经回路活化的录音

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

单从小鼠锥感光细胞吸录音

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) Currents in Human T Lymphocytes

In T lymphocytes, depletion of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ store leads to activation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels, called Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) channels. CRAC channels play important role in regulation of T cell proliferation and gene expression. Abnormal CRAC channel function in T cells has been linked to severe combined immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases 1, 2 . Studying CRAC channel function in human T cells may uncover new molecular mechanisms regulating normal immune responses and unravel the causes of related human diseases. Electrophysiological recordings of membrane currents provide the most accurate assessment of functional channel properties and their regulation. Electrophysiological assessment of CRAC channel currents in Jurkat T cells, a human leukemia T cell line, was first performed more than 20 years ago 3, however, CRAC current measurements in normal human T cells remains a challenging task. The difficulties in recording CRAC channel currents in normal T cells are compounded by the fact that blood-derived T lymphocytes are much smaller in size than Jurkat T cells and, therefore, the endogenous whole-cell CRAC currents are very low in amplitude. Here, we give a step-by-step procedure that we routinely use to record the Ca2+ or Na+ currents via CRAC channels in resting human T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. The method described here was adopted from the procedures used for recording the CRAC currents in Jurkat T cells and activated human T cells 4-8.

Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium CRAC Currents in Human T Lymphocytes

We provide a step-by-step protocol for whole-cell patch clamp recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) currents in peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived human T lymphocytes.

在人T淋巴细胞的全细胞钙释放激活的钙记录（CRAC）的电流

In T lymphocytes, depletion of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ store leads to activation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels, called Calcium Release-Activated ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

在整个细胞群在单细胞水平上研究细胞周期蛋白B的蛋白水解

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

切片培养法继牙胚在植文化的发展

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

在造血干细胞和祖细胞的成年小鼠颅骨骨髓体内四维跟踪

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of central nervous system injuries in vivo, possibly by reducing oxidative stress. However, effects of R/NIR-LT on oxidative stress have been shown to vary depending on wavelength or intensity of irradiation. Studies comparing treatment parameters are lacking, due to absence of commercially available devices that deliver multiple wavelengths or intensities, suitable for high through-put in vitro optimization studies. This protocol describes a technique for delivery of light at a range of wavelengths and intensities to optimize therapeutic doses required for a given injury model. We hypothesized that a method of delivering light, in which wavelength and intensity parameters could easily be altered, could facilitate determination of an optimal dose of R/NIR-LT for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro.
Non-coherent Xenon light was filtered through narrow-band interference filters to deliver varying wavelengths (center wavelengths of 440, 550, 670 and 810nm) and fluences (8.5 x 10-3 to 3.8 x 10-1 J/cm2) of light to cultured cells. Light output from the apparatus was calibrated to emit therapeutically relevant, equal quantal doses of light at each wavelength. Reactive species were detected in glutamate stressed cells treated with the light, using DCFH-DA and H2O2 sensitive fluorescent dyes.&#160;
We successfully delivered light at a range of physiologically and therapeutically relevant wavelengths and intensities, to cultured cells exposed to glutamate as a model of CNS injury. While the fluences of R/NIR-LT used in the current study did not exert an effect on ROS generated by the cultured cells, the method of light delivery is applicable to other systems including isolated mitochondria or more physiologically relevant organotypic slice culture models, and could be used to assess effects on a range of outcome measures of oxidative metabolism.

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Non-coherent Xenon light was passed through narrow-band interference and neutral density filters to deliver light of varying wavelength and intensity to cultured cells. This protocol was used to assess the effects of red/near-infrared light therapy on production of reactive species in vitro: no effects were observed using the tested parameters.

对于波长和红/近红外光治疗对氧化应激强度的范围影响的评估方法<em&gt;在体外</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...