Kapitel 13
Carbonsäuren
IUPAC Nomenklatur der Carbonsäuren
IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...
Physikalische Eigenschaften von Carbonsäuren
Carboxylic acids with lower molecular weight exhibit a sharp and unpleasant odor. They also have higher boiling and melting points than analogous ...
Acidität von Carbonsäuren
Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in ...
Auswirkungen von Substituenten auf die Acidität von Carbonsäuren
The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the ...
IR und UV-Vis-Spektroskopie von Carbonsäuren
In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a ...
NMR und Massenspektroskopie von Carbonsäuren
In ¹H NMR spectroscopy, acidic protons (–COOH) of carboxylic acids are highly deshielded and absorb far downfield, at around 9–12 ppm. ...
Herstellung von Carbonsäuren: Überblick
There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents ...
Herstellung von Carbonsäuren: Hydrolyse von Nitrilen
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...
Herstellung von Carbonsäuren: Carboxylierung von Grignard-Reagenzien
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary ...
Reaktionen der Carbonsäuren: Einführung
Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate ...
Carbonsäuren zu Estern: Überblick über die säurekatalysierte (Fischer)Veresterung
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids ...
Carbonsäuren zu Estern: Säurekatalysierter (Fischer)Veresterungsmechanismus
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a ...
Carbonsäuren zu Methylestern: Alkylierung mit Diazomethan
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the ...
Carbonsäuren zu Säurechloriden
Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and ...
Umwandlung von Carbonsäuren in primäre Alkohole: Hydridreduktion
Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary ...
Verlust der Carboxygruppe als CO2: Decarboxylierung von β-Ketosäuren
Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation ...
Verlust der Carboxygruppe als CO2: Decarboxylierung von Malonsäurederivaten
Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate ...
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